FastNeutronFlux

Computes fast neutron flux.

Description

Fast neutron flux and fluence can be calculated as a material in FastNeutronFlux. The flux can be set in a variety of ways, including as a constant, a variable, a function, or a linear combination of functions. For example, the fast neutron flux may be estimated given the linear heat rate, $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-79669ce4-70d9-4980-be5b-e2be51091b83");katex.render("\\dot{\\phi}=c P", element, {displayMode:true,throwOnError:false});$ where $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-d8135a24-2ff6-4690-91d0-c9861999fbf1");katex.render("\\dot{\\Phi}", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false});$ is the fast neutron flux, $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-0788f6e9-9222-4a19-9d64-3011950d82d8");katex.render("c", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false});$ is a conversion factor, typically 3 $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-180650b4-bfe8-4ee3-84e0-69a38f7116d3");katex.render("\\times 10^{13}", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false});$ n/(m $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-3eccd7f8-6b21-41ac-b0ad-52d8baee571d");katex.render("^2", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false});$ s)/(W/m), and P is the linear heat rate (W/m).

The fast neutron fluence is calcualted via a average over the current and previous timestep, $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-62b498cf-fbf4-4a4d-a324-eb9c30562e60");katex.render("\\Phi = 0.5 \\Delta T \\left(\\dot{\\phi} + \\dot{\\phi}_{old} \\right)", element, {displayMode:true,throwOnError:false});$

Example Input Syntax

[Materials<<<{"href": "../../syntax/Materials/index.html"}>>>]
  [flux_1]
    type = FastNeutronFlux<<<{"description": "Computes fast neutron flux.", "href": "FastNeutronFlux.html"}>>>
    block<<<{"description": "The list of blocks (ids or names) that this object will be applied"}>>> = 1
    factor<<<{"description": "Constant multiplied against the function, rod average linear power, or q_variable."}>>> = 3
    outputs<<<{"description": "Vector of output names where you would like to restrict the output of variables(s) associated with this object"}>>> = all
    calculate_fluence<<<{"description": "Flag to calculate fluence from the flux."}>>> = true
  []
  [flux_2]
    type = FastNeutronFlux<<<{"description": "Computes fast neutron flux.", "href": "FastNeutronFlux.html"}>>>
    block<<<{"description": "The list of blocks (ids or names) that this object will be applied"}>>> = 2
    q_variable<<<{"description": "Variable holding linear heat rate in pellet in W/m"}>>> = q
    factor<<<{"description": "Constant multiplied against the function, rod average linear power, or q_variable."}>>> = 3
    outputs<<<{"description": "Vector of output names where you would like to restrict the output of variables(s) associated with this object"}>>> = all
    calculate_fluence<<<{"description": "Flag to calculate fluence from the flux."}>>> = true
  []
  [flux_3]
    type = FastNeutronFlux<<<{"description": "Computes fast neutron flux.", "href": "FastNeutronFlux.html"}>>>
    block<<<{"description": "The list of blocks (ids or names) that this object will be applied"}>>> = 3
    rod_ave_lin_pow<<<{"description": "Function that describes the linear power as a function of time."}>>> = 't'
    axial_power_profile<<<{"description": "Function that describes the axial power profile as a function of axial position and time."}>>> = 'y'
    factor<<<{"description": "Constant multiplied against the function, rod average linear power, or q_variable."}>>> = 3
    outputs<<<{"description": "Vector of output names where you would like to restrict the output of variables(s) associated with this object"}>>> = all
    calculate_fluence<<<{"description": "Flag to calculate fluence from the flux."}>>> = true
  []
  [flux_4]
    type = FastNeutronFlux<<<{"description": "Computes fast neutron flux.", "href": "FastNeutronFlux.html"}>>>
    block<<<{"description": "The list of blocks (ids or names) that this object will be applied"}>>> = 4
    factor<<<{"description": "Constant multiplied against the function, rod average linear power, or q_variable."}>>> = 3
    flux_function<<<{"description": "The function that describes the fast neutron flux"}>>> = flux_function
    outputs<<<{"description": "Vector of output names where you would like to restrict the output of variables(s) associated with this object"}>>> = all
    calculate_fluence<<<{"description": "Flag to calculate fluence from the flux."}>>> = true
  []
[]

Input Parameters

axial_power_profileFunction that describes the axial power profile as a function of axial position and time.
C++ Type:FunctionName
Unit:(no unit assumed)
Controllable:No
Description:Function that describes the axial power profile as a function of axial position and time.
blockThe list of blocks (ids or names) that this object will be applied
C++ Type:std::vector<SubdomainName>
Controllable:No
Description:The list of blocks (ids or names) that this object will be applied
boundaryThe list of boundaries (ids or names) from the mesh where this object applies
C++ Type:std::vector<BoundaryName>
Controllable:No
Description:The list of boundaries (ids or names) from the mesh where this object applies
calculate_fluenceFalseFlag to calculate fluence from the flux.
Default:False
C++ Type:bool
Controllable:No
Description:Flag to calculate fluence from the flux.
computeTrueWhen false, MOOSE will not call compute methods on this material. The user must call computeProperties() after retrieving the MaterialBase via MaterialBasePropertyInterface::getMaterialBase(). Non-computed MaterialBases are not sorted for dependencies.
Default:True
C++ Type:bool
Controllable:No
Description:When false, MOOSE will not call compute methods on this material. The user must call computeProperties() after retrieving the MaterialBase via MaterialBasePropertyInterface::getMaterialBase(). Non-computed MaterialBases are not sorted for dependencies.
constant_onNONEWhen ELEMENT, MOOSE will only call computeQpProperties() for the 0th quadrature point, and then copy that value to the other qps.When SUBDOMAIN, MOOSE will only call computeQpProperties() for the 0th quadrature point, and then copy that value to the other qps. Evaluations on element qps will be skipped
Default:NONE
C++ Type:MooseEnum
Options:NONE, ELEMENT, SUBDOMAIN
Controllable:No
Description:When ELEMENT, MOOSE will only call computeQpProperties() for the 0th quadrature point, and then copy that value to the other qps.When SUBDOMAIN, MOOSE will only call computeQpProperties() for the 0th quadrature point, and then copy that value to the other qps. Evaluations on element qps will be skipped
declare_suffixAn optional suffix parameter that can be appended to any declared properties. The suffix will be prepended with a '_' character.
C++ Type:MaterialPropertyName
Unit:(no unit assumed)
Controllable:No
Description:An optional suffix parameter that can be appended to any declared properties. The suffix will be prepended with a '_' character.
factor1Constant multiplied against the function, rod average linear power, or q_variable.
Default:1
C++ Type:double
Unit:(no unit assumed)
Controllable:No
Description:Constant multiplied against the function, rod average linear power, or q_variable.
flux_functionThe function that describes the fast neutron flux
C++ Type:FunctionName
Unit:(no unit assumed)
Controllable:No
Description:The function that describes the fast neutron flux
q_variableVariable holding linear heat rate in pellet in W/m
C++ Type:std::vector<VariableName>
Unit:(no unit assumed)
Controllable:No
Description:Variable holding linear heat rate in pellet in W/m
rod_ave_lin_powFunction that describes the linear power as a function of time.
C++ Type:FunctionName
Unit:(no unit assumed)
Controllable:No
Description:Function that describes the linear power as a function of time.

Optional Parameters

control_tagsAdds user-defined labels for accessing object parameters via control logic.
C++ Type:std::vector<std::string>
Controllable:No
Description:Adds user-defined labels for accessing object parameters via control logic.
enableTrueSet the enabled status of the MooseObject.
Default:True
C++ Type:bool
Controllable:Yes
Description:Set the enabled status of the MooseObject.
implicitTrueDetermines whether this object is calculated using an implicit or explicit form
Default:True
C++ Type:bool
Controllable:No
Description:Determines whether this object is calculated using an implicit or explicit form
seed0The seed for the master random number generator
Default:0
C++ Type:unsigned int
Controllable:No
Description:The seed for the master random number generator
use_displaced_meshFalseWhether or not this object should use the displaced mesh for computation. Note that in the case this is true but no displacements are provided in the Mesh block the undisplaced mesh will still be used.
Default:False
C++ Type:bool
Controllable:No
Description:Whether or not this object should use the displaced mesh for computation. Note that in the case this is true but no displacements are provided in the Mesh block the undisplaced mesh will still be used.

Advanced Parameters

output_propertiesList of material properties, from this material, to output (outputs must also be defined to an output type)
C++ Type:std::vector<std::string>
Controllable:No
Description:List of material properties, from this material, to output (outputs must also be defined to an output type)
outputsnone Vector of output names where you would like to restrict the output of variables(s) associated with this object
Default:none
C++ Type:std::vector<OutputName>
Controllable:No
Description:Vector of output names where you would like to restrict the output of variables(s) associated with this object

Outputs Parameters

prop_getter_suffixAn optional suffix parameter that can be appended to any attempt to retrieve/get material properties. The suffix will be prepended with a '_' character.
C++ Type:MaterialPropertyName
Unit:(no unit assumed)
Controllable:No
Description:An optional suffix parameter that can be appended to any attempt to retrieve/get material properties. The suffix will be prepended with a '_' character.
use_interpolated_stateFalseFor the old and older state use projected material properties interpolated at the quadrature points. To set up projection use the ProjectedStatefulMaterialStorageAction.
Default:False
C++ Type:bool
Controllable:No
Description:For the old and older state use projected material properties interpolated at the quadrature points. To set up projection use the ProjectedStatefulMaterialStorageAction.

Material Property Retrieval Parameters

Input Files

(assessment/MOX/JOYO/MK-I/analysis/MK-I_75MW_master_new_bubble_gb_lim.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_A/x441_1_5D_A.i)
(test/tests/triso/pyc_creep/ad_miller.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_G/x441_1_5D_G.i)
(examples/TRISO/failure_probability_direct_integration/ipyc_cracking.i)
(test/tests/triso_failure/triso_ipyc_characteristic_strength.i)
(test/tests/triso/pyc_creep/petti.i)
(test/tests/ADMetallicFuelWastage/ad_flux_ht9-jac.i)
(examples/TRISO/pebble/triso_1d.i)
(test/tests/solid_mechanics/HT9_eigenstrains/volumetric_swelling/coupled.i)
(test/tests/MetallicFuelWastage/flux_ss316.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_B/x441_leg_B.i)
(test/tests/triso/buffer_elasticity_tensor/buffer_elasticity_tensor.i)
(assessment/MOX/JOYO/MK-II/analysis/MK-II_master_new_bubble_gb_lim.i)
(examples/TRISO/correlation_function/h_asphericity/triso_1d.i)
(test/tests/solid_mechanics/SS316_volumetric_swelling/coupled.i)
(examples/TRISO/correlation_function/h_ipyc_sic_debonding/triso_debonding.i)
(test/tests/triso_failure/triso_1d_ipyc_failure.i)
(test/tests/triso/pyc_eigenstrains/thermal_expansion/thermal_expansion.i)
(test/tests/triso_failure/triso_1d_pd_penetration.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/TREAT/M7/analysis/binary_t427.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_A/x441_grp_A.i)
(test/tests/triso_pebble/1D_pebble_picard.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_C/x441_grp_C.i)
(examples/metal_fuel/x441_coarse/x441_group_A_nominal.i)
(assessment/TRISO/benchmark/IAEA_CRP-6/fuel_performance/case_4b/case_4b_1D.i)
(test/tests/ADMetallicFuelWastage/ad_flux_d9-jac.i)
(assessment/LWR/validation/ATF_SiC_HFIR/analysis/base.i)
(examples/TRISO/full_particle/2D/full_particle.i)
(assessment/TRISO/benchmark/IAEA_CRP-6/fuel_performance/case_6/case_6_1D.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/x441_base.i)
(test/tests/solid_mechanics/failurecladD9/cdf_transient/transienttest.i)
(examples/TRISO/pebble/3D_pebble.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_H/x441_1_5D_H.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_H/x441_grp_H.i)
(examples/TRISO/parfume/parfume_un.i)
(test/tests/solid_mechanics/SS316_creep/creep_SS316_rz_test.i)
(assessment/TRISO/benchmark/IAEA_CRP-6/fuel_performance/case_10/case_10_1D.i)
(assessment/MOX/JOYO/B14/PTM010/analysis/b14_ptm010_2DRZ_t.i)
(assessment/TRISO/benchmark/IAEA_CRP-6/fuel_performance/case_8/case_8_1D.i)
(test/tests/ADMetallicFuelWastage/ad_flux_burnup_ht9-jac.i)
(test/tests/triso/buffer_creep/buffer_creep.i)
(test/tests/solid_mechanics/SS316_creep/creep_SS316_rz_therm_only.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X447/analysis/legacy/x447_base.i)
(assessment/TRISO/benchmark/IAEA_CRP-6/fuel_performance/case_13/case_13_1D.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X447/analysis/enhancement/x447_enh_base.i)
(test/tests/triso_failure/triso_failure_diffusivity.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_H/x441_leg_H.i)
(test/tests/ADMetallicFuelWastage/ad_flux_ss316.i)
(test/tests/solid_mechanics/failurecladHT9/cdf_based/short_cdf_hightemp.i)
(test/tests/solid_mechanics/graphite_grade_elasticity_tensor/test.i)
(test/tests/triso_failure/ad_ipyc_characteristic_strength.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_G/x441_grp_G.i)
(examples/TRISO/full_particle/1D/full_particle_1D.i)
(test/tests/fast_neutron_flux/ad_test.i)
(test/tests/MetallicFuelWastage/flux_burnup_ht9.i)
(test/tests/triso/buffer_elasticity_tensor/buffer_CEGA.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_A/x441_leg_A.i)
(examples/TRISO/failure_probability_monte_carlo/triso_1d_function.i)
(test/tests/triso/buffer_irradiation_eigenstrain/buffer_irradiation_eigenstrain.i)
(assessment/TRISO/validation/AGR-34/Compacts/AGR-34_base.i)
(assessment/TRISO/benchmark/IAEA_CRP-6/fuel_performance/case_4c/case_4c_1D.i)
(test/tests/MetallicFuelWastage/flux_d9.i)
(test/tests/solid_mechanics/sic_creep/ad_monolithic_sic_creep.i)
(test/tests/triso/kernel_migration/kernel_migration_distance.i)
(test/tests/triso/mesh/ipyc_crack.i)
(assessment/MOX/JOYO/B14/PTM002/analysis/b14_ptm002_2DRZ_t.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_F/x441_leg_F.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/WPF/analysis/FM-1/FM_base.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/x441_base_legacy_swell.i)
(assessment/MOX/JOYO/B14/PTM003/analysis/b14_ptm003_2DRZ_t.i)
(test/tests/triso_failure/triso_1d_failure.i)
(test/tests/triso/pyc_creep/miller.i)
(examples/TRISO/accident_simulation/triso1D_accident.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X423/analysis/x423_lm_base.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/x441_base_1_5D.i)
(examples/TRISO/failure_probability_direct_integration/triso_1d.i)
(test/tests/triso/pyc_elasticity_tensor/anisotropic_exact.i)
(test/tests/solid_mechanics/failurecladHT9/cdf_based/both_cdf_hightemp.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/FBTA/analysis/steady_state/AK181/181193/IFR1_181193.i)
(examples/metal_fuel/X447_coarse/DP21_test.i)
(assessment/TRISO/validation/AGR-34/SharedFiles/capsule_dtf.i)
(assessment/MOX/JOYO/MK-II/analysis/MK-II_master_old_bubble_gb_lim.i)
(test/tests/ADMetallicFuelWastage/ad_flux_ht9.i)
(assessment/TRISO/benchmark/IAEA_CRP-6/fuel_performance/case_7/case_7_1D.i)
(test/tests/triso_pebble/1D_pebble_from_csv.i)
(test/tests/ADMetallicFuelWastage/ad_flux_ss316-jac.i)
(examples/accident_tolerant_fuel/u3si2_sic/u3si2_outer_monolith_1.5D.i)
(test/tests/triso_pebble/triso_1d.i)
(test/tests/MetallicFuelWastage/flux_ht9.i)
(examples/TRISO/accident_simulation/triso2D_accident.i)
(test/tests/triso/base_irradiation/triso1D_accident.i)
(test/tests/standard_metallic_outputs_action/x441_mini_fuel_rod.i)
(examples/TRISO/correlation_function/h_ipyc_cracking/triso_cracking.i)
(test/tests/triso_failure/triso_1d_layer_stress_strength.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X423/analysis/x423_vp_base.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_F/x441_1_5D_F.i)
(assessment/MOX/JOYO/B14/PTM001/analysis/b14_ptm001_2DRZ_t.i)
(examples/thor_capsule_transfer/pin_with_heat_sink.i)
(examples/TRISO/pebble/3D_pebble_with_failed_particles.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_E/x441_grp_E.i)
(examples/TRISO/parfume/parfume.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_E/x441_1_5D_E.i)
(test/tests/triso_failure/ad_triso_1d_weibull_probability.i)
(test/tests/solid_mechanics/ad_ss316_volumetric_swelling/coupled.i)
(test/tests/triso/buffer_thermal_expansion/buffer_thermal_expansion.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_G/x441_leg_G.i)
(test/tests/solid_mechanics/failurecladHT9/cdf_based/short_cdf_hightemp_whc.i)
(assessment/TRISO/benchmark/IAEA_CRP-6/fuel_performance/case_4d/case_4d_1D.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_B/x441_1_5D_B.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/WPF/analysis/X425_T418/X425_base.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_E/x441_leg_E.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_B/x441_grp_B.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_C/x441_1_5D_C.i)
(assessment/TRISO/validation/AGR-34/SharedFiles/capsule_driver.i)
(test/tests/solid_mechanics/failurecladHT9/cdf_based/lowtemp_cdf_mfh.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_C/x441_leg_C.i)
(test/tests/triso_failure/ad_triso_1d_failure.i)
(test/tests/triso_failure/triso_1d_weibull_probability.i)
(assessment/MOX/JOYO/MK-I/analysis/MK-I_50MW_master_new_bubble_gb_lim.i)
(examples/TRISO/correlation_function/h_asphericity/triso_asphericity_mortar.i)
(test/tests/metallic_fuel_wastage_damage/coupledHT9.i)
(test/tests/solid_mechanics/failurecladHT9/cdf_based/axisymm_thin_cyl_q4_cdf.i)
(assessment/nitride/JOYO/JOYO_L4C4/analysis/JOYO_Pin_base.i)
(test/tests/solid_mechanics/ad_ht9_volumetric_swelling/coupled.i)
(examples/TRISO/accident_simulation/triso2D_accident_ad.i)
(test/tests/solid_mechanics/failurecladHT9/cdf_based/lowtemp_cdf.i)
(test/tests/solid_mechanics/SS316_creep/creep_SS316_3d_test.i)
(test/tests/triso_pebble/3D_pebble_from_csv.i)
(examples/TRISO/failure_probability_direct_integration/asphericity.i)
(test/tests/solid_mechanics/ad_d9_volumetric_swelling/coupled.i)
(test/tests/ADMetallicFuelWastage/ad_flux_burnup_ht9.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/FBTA/analysis/steady_state/common_inputs/test_base.i)
(assessment/TRISO/benchmark/IAEA_CRP-6/fuel_performance/case_9/case_9_1D.i)
(test/tests/fast_neutron_flux/test.i)
(test/tests/solid_mechanics/d9_volumetric_swelling/coupled.i)
(test/tests/solid_mechanics/SS316_volumetric_swelling/swelling.i)
(test/tests/solid_mechanics/SS316_volumetric_swelling/swelling_transient.i)
(test/tests/triso_failure/triso_1d_kernel_migration.i)
(assessment/TRISO/validation/AGR-34/Compacts/AGR-34_dtf_base.i)
(test/tests/ADMetallicFuelWastage/ad_flux_d9.i)
(examples/TRISO/failure_probability_monte_carlo/triso_1d_constant.i)
(examples/TRISO/pebble/triso_1d_failed.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_D/x441_1_5D_D.i)
(test/tests/triso/pyc_creep/ad_petti.i)
(assessment/TRISO/benchmark/IAEA_CRP-6/fuel_performance/case_12/case_12_1D.i)
(assessment/TRISO/benchmark/IAEA_CRP-6/fuel_performance/case_5/case_5_1D.i)
(test/tests/triso_pebble/3D_pebble.i)
(examples/TRISO/accident_simulation/triso2D_accident_mortar.i)
(test/tests/triso/buffer_creep/ad_buffer_creep.i)
(assessment/MOX/JOYO/MK-I/analysis/MK-I_75MW_master_old_bubble_gb_lim.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_D/x441_leg_D.i)
(test/tests/standard_metallic_outputs_action/x441_mini_fuel_rod_no_std_blk.i)
(test/tests/triso_failure/higher_order_correlation.i)
(assessment/MOX/JOYO/MK-I/analysis/MK-I_50MW_master_old_bubble_gb_lim.i)
(test/tests/triso_pebble/3D_pebble_location_from_file.i)
(test/tests/solid_mechanics/sic_creep/monolithic_sic_creep.i)
(test/tests/triso_failure/sub.i)
(assessment/TRISO/validation/AGR-34/SharedFiles/capsule_base.i)
(test/tests/triso_failure/triso_1d_asphericity_failure.i)
(test/tests/triso_failure/triso_1d_ipyc_weibull_probability.i)
(assessment/TRISO/benchmark/IAEA_CRP-6/fuel_performance/case_11/case_11_1D.i)
(test/tests/triso_failure/ad_triso_1d_ipyc_weibull_probability.i)
(examples/TRISO/correlation_function/h_asphericity/triso_asphericity.i)
(test/tests/triso_pebble/1D_pebble.i)
(test/tests/solid_mechanics/failurecladHT9/ccg_short/ccgtest.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_D/x441_grp_D.i)
(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_F/x441_grp_F.i)
(examples/metal_fuel/uzr_densification/ebr2_2d_interpores_densification.i)

(test/tests/fast_neutron_flux/test.i)

# This test checks FastNeutronFlux calculation based on the different input options, either input
# via a variable, function, constant value, or combination of functions. Four blocks are created for
# each input parameter type, resulting in the same element average value for each block. For blocks
# 2-4, the axial profile should be exactly the same.

[Problem]
  solve = false
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [mesh]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 2
    nx = 8
    ny = 8
    xmax = 8
  []
  [split_1]
    type = SubdomainBoundingBoxGenerator
    block_id = 1
    bottom_left = '0 0 0'
    top_right = '2 1 0'
    input = mesh
  []
  [split_2]
    type = SubdomainBoundingBoxGenerator
    block_id = 2
    bottom_left = '2 0 0'
    top_right = '4 1 0'
    input = split_1
  []
  [split_3]
    type = SubdomainBoundingBoxGenerator
    block_id = 3
    bottom_left = '4 0 0'
    top_right = '6 1 0'
    input = split_2
  []
  [split_4]
    type = SubdomainBoundingBoxGenerator
    block_id = 4
    bottom_left = '6 0 0'
    top_right = '8 1 0'
    input = split_3
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [q]
    initial_condition = 1
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [q_aux]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = q
    function = flux_function
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [flux_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'y*t'
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [flux_1]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = 1
    factor = 3
    outputs = all
    calculate_fluence = true
  []
  [flux_2]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = 2
    q_variable = q
    factor = 3
    outputs = all
    calculate_fluence = true
  []
  [flux_3]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = 3
    rod_ave_lin_pow = 't'
    axial_power_profile = 'y'
    factor = 3
    outputs = all
    calculate_fluence = true
  []
  [flux_4]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = 4
    factor = 3
    flux_function = flux_function
    outputs = all
    calculate_fluence = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  num_steps = 2
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [flux_avg_1]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    block = 1
  []
  [flux_avg_2]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    block = 2
  []
  [flux_avg_3]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    block = 3
  []
  [flux_avg_4]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    block = 4
  []
  [fluence_avg_1]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = 1
  []
  [fluence_avg_2]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = 2
  []
  [fluence_avg_3]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = 3
  []
  [fluence_avg_4]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = 4
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  exodus = true
[]

(assessment/MOX/JOYO/MK-I/analysis/MK-I_75MW_master_new_bubble_gb_lim.i)


initial_fuel_density = 10836.8

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  initial_porosity = 0.065
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]
[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  reference_vector = 'ref'
[]
[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    pellet_quantity = 1
    pellet_height = 0.6
    pellet_outer_radius = 0.0027
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    clad_gap_width = 0.000100
    clad_thickness = 0.00035
    clad_bot_gap_height = 1.0e-3
    bottom_clad_height = 2.24e-3
    top_clad_height = 2.24e-3
    clad_top_gap_height = 0.599
    elem_type = QUAD8
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 200
    nx_p = 20
    ny_p = 200
    ny_cu = 3
    ny_cl = 3
  []
  patch_size = 50
  patch_update_strategy = iteration
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]
[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = FuelPinGeometry
  []
[]
[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 295.0
  []
[]
[AuxVariables]
  [pore]
  []
  [fission_rate]
    block = pellet
  []
  [burnup]
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_gen_3]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_grn_3]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_bdr_3]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_rel_3]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [bbl_bdr_2]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [vcn_bdr_2]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [atm_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [vcn_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [prs_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [prseq_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [rad_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [vol_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [GBCoverage]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [eff_diff_coeff]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [deltav_v0_bd]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [radial_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [effective_creep_strain]
    block = clad
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history] #related to the LHGR at the midplane
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 70000 25000000'
    y = '0 38974.7  38974.7'
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux_function]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 70000 25000000'
    y = '0 1.9e+19 1.9e+19'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PiecewiseBilinear
    x = '0  0.071  0.146  0.221  0.296  0.37  0.443  0.566'
    y = '0 25000000'
    z = '0.889  1.041  1.152  1.173  1.129  0.971  0.782  0.672 0.889  1.041  1.152  1.173  1.129  0.971  0.782  0.672'
    scale_factor = 1
    axis = 1
  []
  [q]
    type = CompositeFunction
    functions = 'power_history axial_peaking_factors'
  []
  [average_power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 70000 25000000'
    y = '0 32000 32000'
  []
  [clad_surface_temp]
    type = PiecewiseBilinear
    x = '0  0.071  0.146  0.221  0.296  0.37  0.443  0.566'
    y = '0 25000000'
    z = '295 295 295 295 295 295 295 295 593.58  606.36  619.13  630.26  640.87  651.76  662.67 673.67'
    scale_factor = 1
    axis = 1
  []
  [pressure_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1'
    y = '1 1'
  []
[]
[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [pellets]
    block = pellet
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain fuel_volumetric_strain'
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz'
    use_finite_deform_jacobian = true
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [clad]
    block = clad
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz'
    use_finite_deform_jacobian = true
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]
[Kernels]
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]
[AuxKernels]
  [fission_rate]
    type = FissionRateGeneral
    fission_rate_formulation = MOX
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
    initial_porosity = 0.065
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    rod_ave_lin_pow = power_history
    pellet_diameter = 0.0054
    execute_on = timestep_begin
    porosity = pore
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    variable = burnup
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fggen]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_gen_3
    property = gas_concentration_generated_total
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fggrn]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_grn_3
    property = gas_concentration_intra_total
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fgbdr]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_bdr_3
    property = gas_concentration_GB_bubble_volume
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fgrel]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_rel_3
    property = gas_concentration_release_total
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [nbbl2]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = bbl_bdr_2
    property = bubble_GB_surface_density
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [nvcn2]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = vcn_bdr_2
    property = vacancy_concentration_GB_surface
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [atmbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = atm_bbl_bdr
    property = atom_per_bubble_GB
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [vcnbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = vcn_bbl_bdr
    property = vacancy_per_bubble_GB
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [prsbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = prs_bbl_bdr
    property = bubble_GB_pressure
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [prseqbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = prseq_bbl_bdr
    property = bubble_GB_pressure_equilibrium
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [radbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = rad_bbl_bdr
    property = bubble_radius_GB
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = vol_bbl_bdr
    property = bubble_GB_volume
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [frcvrg]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = GBCoverage
    property = GBCoverage
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [diffc]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = eff_diff_coeff
    property = eff_diff_coeff
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [dvv0bd]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = deltav_v0_bd
    property = deltav_v0_bubble_GB
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [radial_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = radial_strain
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 0
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [effective_creep_strain]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = effective_creep_strain
    variable = effective_creep_strain
    block = clad
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
[]
[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    formulation = kinematic
    model = frictionless
    penalty = 1e7
  []
[]
[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = fis_gas_released
    contact_pressure = contact_pressure
    quadrature = true
  []
[]
[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = '12'
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad_bottom]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel_bottom]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [temp_clad_out]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = '2'
    function = clad_surface_temp
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      factor = 101325
      function = pressure_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 300000
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      material_input = fis_gas_released
      output = plenum_pressure
    []
  []
[]
[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    block = clad
    flux_function = fast_neutron_flux_function
  []
  [fuel_thermal]
    type = MAMOXThermal
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    Am_content = 0.0
    Np_content = 0.0
    porosity = pore
    output_properties = 'thermal_conductivity'
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MAMOXElasticityTensor
    block = pellet
  []
  [elastic_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = MAMOXThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    oxygen_to_metal_ratio = 1.98
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [fuel_volumetric_swelling]
    type = UO2VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    gas_swelling_model_type = SIFGRS
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    initial_fuel_density = 10836.8
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_volumetric_strain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = SS316Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 8000
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = SS316ElasticityTensor
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    elastic_constants_model = legacy_ifr
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = SS316ThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_ss316creep]
    type = SS316CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = elastic
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ss316creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    diff_coeff_option = TURNBULL_D1_4D2_4D3
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    grain_radius_const = 8.01e-6 #I'm keeping the grain radius const because the grain growth in MOX is probably different due to high Temp
    bubble_gb_limit = 1.0e+11
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
[]
[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]
[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist'
  line_search = 'none'
  fixed_point_abs_tol = 1e-5
  fixed_point_rel_tol = 1e-5
  fixed_point_max_its = 1
  l_max_its = 70
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 70
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-5
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-5
  start_time = 0
  n_startup_steps = 1
  end_time = 25000000
  dtmax = 1e6
  dtmin = 0.25
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 5000
    optimal_iterations = 15
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
    growth_factor = 2
    cutback_factor = .5
    force_step_every_function_point = true
    timestep_limiting_function = power_history
  []
[]
[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 7
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_released_percentage]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_grain]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGrainSifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_boundary]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasBoundarySifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [rod_input_power]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = average_power_history
    scale_factor = 0.6 # rod height
  []
  [average_vonMises_fuel]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = pellet
  []
  [average_vonMises_clad]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = clad
  []
  [average_strain_rr_fuel]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = radial_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [average_strain_rr_clad]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = radial_strain
    block = clad
  []
  [average_creep_strain_clad]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = effective_creep_strain
    block = clad
  []
  [ave_pore]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = pore
  []
  [max_pore]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = pore
  []
  [min_pore]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    value_type = min
    variable = pore
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  exodus = true
  color = true
  csv = true
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    execute_on = FINAL
    show = 'ave_temp_interior fis_gas_released_percentage max_pore'
  []
[]
[MultiApps]
  [sub]
    type = TransientMultiApp
    app_type = BisonApp
    execute_on = timestep_end
    catch_up = true
    max_catch_up_steps = 10
    positions_file = positions.txt
    input_files = MK-I_75MW_sub_new_bubble_gb_lim.i
  []
[]
[Transfers]
  [temp_to_sub]
    type = MultiAppProjectionTransfer
    to_multi_app = sub
    source_variable = temp
    variable = temp
  []
  [pore_from_sub]
    type = MultiAppGeometricInterpolationTransfer
    from_multi_app = sub
    source_variable = pore
    variable = pore
  []
[]
[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
  show_var_residual = 'temp disp_x disp_y'
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_A/x441_1_5D_A.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [layered1D_mesh]
    type = Layered1DMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    fuel_height = ${pellet_height}
    plenum_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    nx_c = 4
    slices_per_block = 10
    elem_type = EDGE2
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = Layered1DFuelPinGeometry
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [disp_y]
  []
  [disp_z]
  []

  # Aux variables for output
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '1.0 1.0'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
  [clad_axial_pressure]
    type = CladdingAxialPressureFunction
    plenum_pressure = plenum_pressure
    coolant_pressure = coolant_press_ramp
    coolant_pressure_scaling_factor = 0.151e6
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [fuel_axial_pressure]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = plenum_pressure
    symbol_names = plenum_pressure
    symbol_values = plenum_pressure
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/Layered1D]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = true
    add_scalar_variables = true
    out_of_plane_strain_name = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_pressure_function = fuel_axial_pressure
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain gas_swelling_eigenstrain solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = true
    add_scalar_variables = true
    out_of_plane_strain_name = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_pressure_function = clad_axial_pressure
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = fuel
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '2'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '2'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux = 5261.5 # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material = sodium
    rod_diameter = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = fuel
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = fuel
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = UPuZrGaseousEigenstrain
    temperature = temp
    eigenstrain_name = gas_swelling_eigenstrain
    initial_porosity = 0.0
    bubble_number_density = 1e20
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'porosity gaseous_porosity'
    block = fuel
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = BurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = fuel
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = fuel
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 100
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior] # average temperature of the cladding interior and all pellet exteriors
    type = LayeredSideAverageValuePostprocessor
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [clad_inner_vol] # volume inside of cladding
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 7
    component = 0
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    #outputs = exodus
  []
  [pellet_volume] # fuel pellet total volume
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 8
    component = 0
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    #outputs = exodus
  []
  [avg_clad_temp] # average temperature of cladding interior
    type = LayeredSideAverageValuePostprocessor
    boundary = 7
    variable = temp
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    component = 0
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [flux_from_clad] # area integrated heat flux from the cladding
    type = LayeredSideFluxIntegralPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [flux_from_fuel] # area integrated heat flux from the fuel
    type = LayeredSideFluxIntegralPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralPowerPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = fuel
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralFisGasProducePostprocessor
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralFisGasReleasePostprocessor
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = fuel
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = fuel
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = fuel
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = fuel
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [gaseous_porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gaseous_porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 41991000'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(test/tests/triso/pyc_creep/ad_miller.i)

#
# Test of PyC creep model using the Miller correlation
#
# This is a uniaxial test, axisymmetric coordinates, with a constant axial pressure.
#
# Given the temperature (1200 K), flux (1.25e18 n/m^2), and pressure (-1e5 Pa),
# the total creep strain can be calculated by hand as 6.5587e-5.
#
# BISON computes this strain precisely.  Check creep_strain_yy.
#

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.00
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  use_displaced_mesh = false
  [mesh]
    type = FileMeshGenerator
    file = creep_pyc.e
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1200
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [flux]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '1.25e18'
  []
[]

[Physics]
  [SolidMechanics]
    [QuasiStatic]
      [all]
        strain = SMALL
        incremental = true
        add_variables = true
        generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz vonmises_stress'
        use_automatic_differentiation = true
      []
    []
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [Pressure]
    [the_pressure]
      boundary = 4
      factor = -1e5
    []
  []
  [y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 3
    value = 0.0
  []
  [temperature]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    value = 1200
    boundary = '3 4'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat]
    type = ADHeatConduction
    variable = temperature
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [flux]
    type = ADFastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = false
    flux_function = flux
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    normal_x = 1
    normal_y = 0
  []
  [elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 1
    youngs_modulus = 4.74e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.3
  []
  [solid1]
    type = ADPyCCEGACreep
    block = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [thermal]
    type = ADHeatConductionMaterial
    block = 1
    thermal_conductivity = 1.0
    specific_heat = 1.0
  []
  [density]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    block = 1
    strain_free_density = 2200
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [creep_strain_yy]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = 1
    variable = creep_strain_yy
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp '
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'
  l_max_its = 60
  nl_max_its = 15
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-8
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-6
  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 80e6
  dtmax = 5e6
  dtmin = 1
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 0
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
  [Predictor]
    type = SimplePredictor
    scale = 1.0
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  csv = true
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_G/x441_1_5D_G.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [layered1D_mesh]
    type = Layered1DMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    fuel_height = ${pellet_height}
    plenum_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    nx_c = 4
    slices_per_block = 10
    elem_type = EDGE2
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = Layered1DFuelPinGeometry
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [disp_y]
  []
  [disp_z]
  []

  # Aux variables for output
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '1.0 1.0'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
  [clad_axial_pressure]
    type = CladdingAxialPressureFunction
    plenum_pressure = plenum_pressure
    coolant_pressure = coolant_press_ramp
    coolant_pressure_scaling_factor = 0.151e6
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [fuel_axial_pressure]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = plenum_pressure
    symbol_names = plenum_pressure
    symbol_values = plenum_pressure
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/Layered1D]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = true
    add_scalar_variables = true
    out_of_plane_strain_name = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_pressure_function = fuel_axial_pressure
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain gas_swelling_eigenstrain solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = true
    add_scalar_variables = true
    out_of_plane_strain_name = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_pressure_function = clad_axial_pressure
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = fuel
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '2'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '2'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux = 5261.5 # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material = sodium
    rod_diameter = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = fuel
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = fuel
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = UPuZrGaseousEigenstrain
    temperature = temp
    eigenstrain_name = gas_swelling_eigenstrain
    initial_porosity = 0.0
    bubble_number_density = 1e20
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'porosity gaseous_porosity'
    block = fuel
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = BurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = fuel
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = fuel
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 15800
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 100
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior] # average temperature of the cladding interior and all pellet exteriors
    type = LayeredSideAverageValuePostprocessor
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [clad_inner_vol] # volume inside of cladding
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 7
    component = 0
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    #outputs = exodus
  []
  [pellet_volume] # fuel pellet total volume
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 8
    component = 0
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    #outputs = exodus
  []
  [avg_clad_temp] # average temperature of cladding interior
    type = LayeredSideAverageValuePostprocessor
    boundary = 7
    variable = temp
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    component = 0
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [flux_from_clad] # area integrated heat flux from the cladding
    type = LayeredSideFluxIntegralPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [flux_from_fuel] # area integrated heat flux from the fuel
    type = LayeredSideFluxIntegralPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralPowerPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = fuel
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralFisGasProducePostprocessor
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralFisGasReleasePostprocessor
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = fuel
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = fuel
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = fuel
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = fuel
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [gaseous_porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gaseous_porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 41991000'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(examples/TRISO/failure_probability_direct_integration/ipyc_cracking.i)

kernel_radius = 213.35e-6
buffer_thickness = 98.9e-6
IPyC_thickness = 40.4e-6
SiC_thickness = 35.2e-6
OPyC_thickness = 43.4e-6
aspect_ratio = 1.04

coordinates1 = '${fparse kernel_radius}'
coordinates2 = '${fparse coordinates1+buffer_thickness}'
coordinates3 = '${fparse coordinates2+IPyC_thickness}'
coordinates4 = '${fparse coordinates3+SiC_thickness}'
coordinates5 = '${fparse coordinates4+OPyC_thickness}'

initial_fuel_density = 10966

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  initial_enrichment = 0.14029 # [wt-]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0 # convert E>0.10 to E>0.18 MeV
  stress_free_temperature = 481 # used for thermal expansion
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 # [J/fission]
  O_U = 1.428 # Initial Oxygen to Uranium atom ratio
  C_U = 0.392 # Initial Carbon to Uranium atom ratio
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [gen]
    type = TRISO2DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = quad4
    coordinates = '0 ${coordinates1} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates3} ${coordinates4} '
                  '${coordinates5}'
    mesh_density = '20 8 0 4 4 4'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    num_sectors = 60
    aspect_ratio = ${aspect_ratio}
    all_bottom_left = true
  []
[]

[XFEM]
  qrule = volfrac
  output_cut_plane = true
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[UserObjects]
  [ipyc_crack]
    type = LineSegmentCutUserObject
    cut_data = '0.0000 0.0 0.001 0.0'
    #cut_data = '0 0 0.00174 -0.00257'
    time_start_cut = 0.0
    time_end_cut = 0.0
    block = IPyC
  []
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_OPyC = OPyC_outer_boundary
    outer_SiC = SiC_outer_boundary
    outer_IPyC = IPyC_outer_boundary
    inner_IPyC = IPyC_inner_boundary
    outer_buffer = buffer_outer_boundary
    outer_kernel = fuel_outer_boundary
    include_particle = true
    include_pebble = false
    mesh_generator = 'gen'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 481
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [temp_bc]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = outer_temp.csv
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 1
    format = columns
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 5.75e19
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz '
                    'max_principal_stress'
  add_variables = true
  strain = FINITE
  incremental = true
  [fuel]
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'UCO_swelling_eigenstrain UCO_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [buffer]
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_names = 'Buffer_IIDC_strain Buffer_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [IPyC]
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'IPyC_IIDC_strain IPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    eigenstrain_names = 'SiC_thermal_eigenstrain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [OPyC]
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'OPyC_IIDC_strain OPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [burnup]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = burnup
    property = burnup
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe'
    released_fractions = '0.185 0.815'
    tangential_tolerance = 5e-6
    quadrature = false
    min_gap = 1e-7
    max_gap = 50e-6
    gap_geometry_type = sphere
    sphere_origin = '0 0 0'
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_disp_y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = '2001 2002 2004 2005'
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    function = temp_bc
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [Pressure]
    [exterior]
      boundary = exterior
      factor = 0.1e6
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      startup_time = 1e4
      initial_pressure = 0
      R = 8.3145
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_gas_temp
      volume = 'gap_volume buffer_void_volume kernel_void_volume'
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released'
      output = gas_pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 6.2425e+17
  []
  [UCO_burnup]
    type = TRISOBurnup
    initial_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_thermal]
    type = UCOThermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UCOElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain]
    type = UCOVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_swelling_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10.0e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_TE_strain
  []
  [UCO_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UCOFGR
    block = fuel
    average_grain_radius = 10e-6
    temperature = temperature
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    cutoff_neutron_flux = 0.0
  []
  [BAF_IPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0465
    block = IPyC
  []
  [BAF_OPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0429
    block = OPyC
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = BufferElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_stress]
    type = BufferCEGACreep
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_thermal]
    type = BufferThermal
    block = buffer
    initial_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = buffer
    strain_free_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_TE]
    type = BufferThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_IIDC]
    type = BufferCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = IPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [IPyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [IPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = IPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1890
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
  []
  [IPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [IPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MonolithicSiCElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    elastic_modulus_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_thermal]
    type = MonolithicSiCThermal
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = SiC
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
  []
  [SiC_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = SiC_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [OPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = OPyC
    temperature = temperature
    initial_BAF = 1.0
  []
  [OPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = OPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [OPyC_thermal_conductivity]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = OPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [OPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = OPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1900
  []
  [OPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [OPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [characteristic_strength_SiC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '9640000'
    block = SiC
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
  []
  [characteristic_strength_PyC]
    type = PyCCharacteristicStrength
    temperature = temperature
    X = 1.02
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 100
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-11
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-11
  nl_max_its = 20

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 4.831315e7

  # For testing, we only run 20 time steps
  num_steps = 20

  dtmin = 1e-4
  dt = 6e5
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_gas_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = buffer
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [gap_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [buffer_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = buffer
    theoretical_density = 2250
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [kernel_th_density]
    type = UCOTheoreticalDensity
    execute_on = initial
  []
  [kernel_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = fuel
    theoretical_density = kernel_th_density
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [particle_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_fluence]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    block = SiC
    value_type = max
    mat_prop = max_principal_stress
  []
  [strength_SiC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [weibull_failure_probability_SiC_crackedIPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureProbability
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    characteristic_strength = characteristic_strength
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = false
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = false
  perf_graph = true
  exodus = false
[]

(test/tests/triso_failure/triso_ipyc_characteristic_strength.i)

[GlobalParams]
  density = 10810.0
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DFiveLayerMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    kernel_radius = 2.485e-4
    buffer_thickness = 9.4e-5
    IPyC_thickness = 4.1e-5
    SiC_thickness = 3.6e-5
    OPyC_thickness = 4.0e-5
    kernel_mesh_density = 6
    buffer_mesh_density = 6
    IPyC_mesh_density = 6
    SiC_mesh_density = 8
    OPyC_mesh_density = 6
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 1346.0
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [radial_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(4.52013e-4/6.0*t*t*t*t*t - 8.36313e-3/5.0*t*t*t*t + 5.67549e-2/4.0*t*t*t - 1.74247e-1/3.0*t*t + 2.62692e-1/2.0*t - 1.43234e-1)'
  []
  [tangential_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(1.30457e-4/4.0*t*t*t - 2.10029e-3/3.0*t*t + 9.07826e-3/2.0*t - 3.24737e-2)'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 7.75e19 # units of fissions/m**3
  []
  [k_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '4.93e-29'
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1000000 1000000'
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedOPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1000000 1000000'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedOPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1 1'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedIPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '100 100'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    block = fuel
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  strain = small
  [fuel_buffer_sic]
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
    eigenstrain_names = thermal_strain
  []
  [ipyc_opyc]
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    incremental = true
    eigenstrain_names = 'thermal_strain pyc_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    function = fission_rate
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    molecular_weight = 0.270 # units of kg/mole
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    penalty = 1e5
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    # coupling to a postprocessor
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released co_production'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe;
                          CO'
    released_fractions = '0.153 0.847;
                          1'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
  []
[]

[BCs]
  # pin particle along symmetry planes
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  # fix temperature on free surface
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = exterior
    value = 1346.0
  []
  # exterior and internal pressures
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  #  apply gas pressure on buffer and IPyC boundaries
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      use_displaced_mesh = false
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      initial_pressure = 0
      startup_time = 1.0e4
      R = 8.3143
      # coupling to post processor
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = volumeGas
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released co_production'
      output = plenum_pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [max_principal_stress]
    type = RankTwoInvariant
    property_name = max_principal_stress
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    invariant = MaxPrincipal
  []
  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 1.708707e18
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    grain_radius_const = 5.0e-6
  []
  [stress]
    type = ComputeLinearElasticStress
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
  []
  [PyC_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    k = k_function
    poissons_ratio = 0.4
    temperature = temp
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [PyC_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    radial_eigenstrain_function = radial_eigenstrain
    tangential_eigenstrain_function = tangential_eigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = pyc_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [PyC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.5e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [SiC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_thermal]
    type = UO2Thermal
    thermal_conductivity_model = FINK_LUCUTA
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [fuel_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 10810.0
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [buffer_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = buffer
    thermal_conductivity = 0.5
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [buffer_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1000
    block = buffer
  []
  [PyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []
  [PyC_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [PyC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1880.0
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.7e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.13
  []
  [SiC_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = SiC
    thermal_conductivity = 13.9
    specific_heat = 620.0
  []
  [SiC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
    block = SiC
  []
  [characteristic_strength_SiC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '9640000'
    block = SiC
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
  []
  [characteristic_strength_PyC]
    type = PyCCharacteristicStrength
    temperature = temp
    X = 1.02
    flux_conversion_factor = 0.85
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temp
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart -pc_type -pc_hypre_type -pc_hypre_boomeramg_max_iter'
  petsc_options_value = '201                hypre    boomeramg      4'
  line_search = 'none'
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 15
  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50
  start_time = 0.0
  num_steps = 10
  dtmax = 2e5
  dtmin = 1
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 20
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [dt]
    type = TimestepSize
  []
  [burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumeTotal]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [volumeFuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel_outer_boundary
  []
  [volumeGas]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_boundary IPyC_inner_boundary'
    addition = -5.53e-11
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeBufferShell]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  # Postprocessors for CO production
  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
  []
  [avg_surface_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temp
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [time_int_surf_temp]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = avg_surface_temp
  []
  [co_production]
    type = CarbonMonoxideProduction
    total_fissions = total_fissions
    time_integrated_triso_temperature = time_int_surf_temp
    initial_enrichment = 0.14029
  []
  [tang_SiC]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = stress_yy
    elementid = 18
  []
  [strength_SiC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_SiC
  []
  [strength_IPyC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [failure_indicator_IPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_IPyC
  []
  [strength_OPyC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = OPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [failure_indicator_OPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = OPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_OPyC
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedIPyC'
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC_crackedOPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedOPyC'
  []
  [triso_failure]
    type = TRISOFailureEvaluation
    IPyC_failure = failure_indicator_IPyC
    OPyC_failure = failure_indicator_OPyC
    SiC_failure = failure_indicator_SiC
    SiC_failure_crackedIPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC
    SiC_failure_crackedOPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedOPyC
  []
  [characteristic_strength]
    type = ElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = characteristic_strength
    block = IPyC
    value_type = max
  []
  [flence]
    type = ElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = IPyC
    value_type = max
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = true
[]

(test/tests/triso/pyc_creep/petti.i)

#
# Test of PyC creep model using the Petti correlation.
#
# This is a uniaxial test, axisymmetric coordinates, with a constant axial pressure.
#
# Given the temperature (1200 K), flux (1.25e18 n/m^2), and pressure (-1e5 Pa),
# the total creep strain can be calculated by hand as 5.9675e-5.
#
# BISON computes this strain precisely.  Check creep_strain_yy.
#

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.00
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  use_displaced_mesh = false
  [mesh]
    type = FileMeshGenerator
    file = creep_pyc.e
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1200
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [flux]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '1.25e18'
  []
[]

[Physics]
  [SolidMechanics]
    [QuasiStatic]
      [all]
        strain = SMALL
        incremental = true
        add_variables = true
        generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz vonmises_stress'
      []
    []
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [Pressure]
    [the_pressure]
      boundary = 4
      factor = -1e5
    []
  []
  [y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 3
    value = 0.0
  []
  [temperature]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    value = 1200
    boundary = '3 4'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = false
    flux_function = flux
  []
  [elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 1
    youngs_modulus = 4.74e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.3
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    normal_x = 1
    normal_y = 0
  []
  [solid1]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = 1
    thermal_conductivity = 1.0
    specific_heat = 1.0
  []
  [density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = 1
    strain_free_density = 2200
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [creep_strain_yy]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = 1
    variable = creep_strain_yy
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp '
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'
  l_max_its = 60
  nl_max_its = 15
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-8
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-6
  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 80e6
  dtmax = 5e6
  dtmin = 1
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 0
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
  [Predictor]
    type = SimplePredictor
    scale = 1.0
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  csv = true
[]

(test/tests/ADMetallicFuelWastage/ad_flux_ht9-jac.i)

# This tests the AD jacobian for ADMetallicFuelWastage (flux_ht9)

[Mesh]
  [mesh]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 2
    nx = 2
    ny = 2
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
  []
[]

[ICs]
  [temp]
    type = ConstantIC
    variable = temp
    value = 300
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [left]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = 3
    value = 1000
  []
  [right]
    type = ADFunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = 1
    function = right_temp
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [temp_diff]
    type = ADHeatConduction
    variable = temp
    thermal_conductivity = 15.0
  []
  [temp_dt]
    type = ADHeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    specific_heat = 100.0
    density_name = 7900
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [right_temp]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 1000.0/(1.0+wt*1000)
    symbol_names = 'wt'
    symbol_values = 'avg_wastage'
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    factor = 1E19
    outputs = all
  []
  [converter]
    type = MaterialADConverter
    reg_props_in = 'fast_neutron_flux'
    ad_props_out = 'ad_fast_neutron_flux'
  []
  [wastage]
    type = ADMetallicFuelWastage
    fast_neutron_flux = 'ad_fast_neutron_flux'
    method = flux_ht9
    temperature = temp
    burnup = 0.0
    scale_factor = 1.0
    boundary = 3
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  num_steps = 15
  dt = 1.0e6
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [avg_wastage]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = wastage_thickness
  []
  [avg_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
  []
[]

(examples/TRISO/pebble/triso_1d.i)

kernel_radius = 213.35e-6
buffer_thickness = 98.9e-6
IPyC_thickness = 40.4e-6
SiC_thickness = 35.2e-6
OPyC_thickness = 43.4e-6

coordinates1 = '${fparse kernel_radius}'
coordinates2 = '${fparse coordinates1+buffer_thickness}'
coordinates3 = '${fparse coordinates2+IPyC_thickness}'
coordinates4 = '${fparse coordinates3+SiC_thickness}'
coordinates5 = '${fparse coordinates4+OPyC_thickness}'

[GlobalParams]
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  initial_enrichment = 0.14029 # [wt-]
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 # [J/fission]
  O_U = 1.428 # Initial Oxygen to Uranium atom ratio
  C_U = 0.392 # Initial Carbon to Uranium atom ratio
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [mesh]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '0 ${coordinates1} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates3} ${coordinates4} ${coordinates5}'
    mesh_density = '18 14 12 16 16'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[UserObjects]
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_OPyC = OPyC_outer_boundary
    outer_SiC = SiC_outer_boundary
    outer_IPyC = IPyC_outer_boundary
    inner_IPyC = IPyC_inner_boundary
    outer_buffer = buffer_outer_boundary
    outer_kernel = fuel_outer_boundary
    include_particle = true
    include_pebble = false
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 773.15
  []
  [conc_Cs]
    initial_condition = 0.0
    scaling = 1e18
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [Cs_diff_coef]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e3 4.51008e7' #change time (s) for desired EFPD
    y = '0 1 1'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = LinearCombinationFunction
    functions = power_history
    w = 2.927e18
  []
  [temp_bc_func]
    type = ParsedFunction
    value = temp_bc
    symbol_names = temp_bc
    symbol_values = temp_bc
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_Cs_dt]
    type = TimeDerivative
    variable = conc_Cs
  []
  [mass_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusion
    variable = conc_Cs
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_source_Cs]
    type = SpeciesSourceRate
    variable = conc_Cs
    property_name = Cs_generation
    block = fuel
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [burnup]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = burnup
    property = burnup
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [Cs_diff_coef]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = Cs_diff_coef
    property = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    function = temp_bc_func
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [freesurf_conc_Cs]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = conc_Cs
    boundary = exterior
    value = 0.0
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = power_history
    factor = 1.109e18
  []
  [UCO_burnup]
    type = TRISOBurnup
    initial_density = 10966.0
  []

  [UCO_thermal]
    type = UCOThermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [UCO_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 10966.0
  []

  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UCOFGR
    block = fuel
    average_grain_radius = 10e-6
    temperature = temperature
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
  []

  # Arrhenius diffusion coefficients for kernel, PyC, and SiC
  #   come from IAEA TECDOC-978, French parameters.
  [fuel_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = fuel
    d1 = 5.6e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 209e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []

  [mass_source_Cs_property]
    type = SpeciesSourceMaterial
    property_name = Cs_generation
    kind = Cs
    block = fuel
  []

  ### Buffer Properties

  [buffer_thermal]
    type = BufferThermal
    block = buffer
    initial_density = 1050.0
  []

  [Buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = buffer
    strain_free_density = 1050.0
  []

  [buffer_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = buffer
    d1 = 1e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []

  ### IPyC  properties

  [IPyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []

  [IPyC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = IPyC
    strain_free_density = 1907.0
  []

  [IPyC_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = IPyC
    d1 = 6.3e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 222e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []

  ### SiC properties

  [SiC_thermal]
    type = MonolithicSiCThermal
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = miller
  []

  [SiC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = SiC
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
  []

  [SiC_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = SiC
    d1 = 5.5e-14 # m^2/s
    q1 = 125e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []

  ###  OPyC properties

  [OPyC_thermal_conductivity]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = OPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []

  [OPyC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = OPyC
    strain_free_density = 1907.0
  []

  [OPyC_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = OPyC
    d1 = 6.3e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 222e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-8
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-6
  nl_max_its = 20

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 50

  dt = 500000
  num_steps = 10
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [temp_bc]
    type = Receiver
  []
  [release_heat_inc]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    arrhenius_prpty_name = thermal_conductivity
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [release_Cs_inc]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc_Cs
    boundary = exterior
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [released_Cs]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = release_Cs_inc
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [total_Cs]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = Cs_generation_total
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [x_Cs_released]
    type = FractionalRelease
    released = released_Cs
    total = total_Cs
  []
  [retained_Cs]
    type = ElementIntegralVariablePostprocessor
    variable = conc_Cs
  []

  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_produced
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  ### Postprocessors for CO production
  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  ##### irradiation conditions

  [particle_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_fluence]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [aver_temp_exterior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  print_linear_residuals = true
  print_linear_converged_reason = false
  print_nonlinear_converged_reason = false
[]

(test/tests/solid_mechanics/HT9_eigenstrains/volumetric_swelling/coupled.i)

# This test calculates the volumetric swelling calculated by HT9VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
# with the fluence ramped from 0 to 22e26. A low and high temperature response is tested on
# the left and right sides respectively. The flux is varied axially to test the swelling
# response to flux and fluencee.

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [gen]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 2
    nx = 10
    ny = 10
    xmin = 0.01
    xmax = 0.02
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 600
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [all]
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = swelling
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [temp]
    type = Diffusion
    variable = temp
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [dt]
    type = TimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = left
    value = 0.0
  []
  [disp_y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = bottom
    value = 0.0
  []
  [temp_left]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = left
    function = '850 + y * 100'
  []
  [temp_right]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = left
    function = '650 + y * 100'
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fluence]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = '(1 - y) * 22e30'
    outputs = all
  []
  [elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.0e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.3
  []
  [stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
  []
  [swelling]
    type = HT9VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = swelling
    fast_neutron_fluence = fast_neutron_fluence
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu'
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  dt = 1e-4
  num_steps = 3
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [fluence_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
  []
  [left_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temp
    boundary = left
  []
  [left_swelling]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_swelling_strain
    boundary = left
  []
  [right_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temp
    boundary = right
  []
  [right_swelling]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_swelling_strain
    boundary = right
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  exodus = true
[]

(test/tests/MetallicFuelWastage/flux_ss316.i)

# This test is to verify the calculation in MetallicFuelWastage (flux_ss316)

# avo = 6.02E+23
# density = 100
# X_Zr = 0.1
# X_Pu = 0.1
# A_U = 0.2380289
# A_Pu = 0.244
# A_Zr = 0.091224
# M_avg = X_Zr * A_Zr + X_Pu * Z_Pu + (1 - X_Zr - X_Pu) * A_U = 0.22394552
# atoms = density / M_avg * (1 - X_Zr) * avo = 2.42014E+26
#
# Burnup = Burnup_old + (fsnrate + fsnrate_old) / 2.0 * dt / atoms
#
#time     flux_avg   wastage_avg
#0        0          0
#1000000  1e+19      8.7314191801172e-05
#2000000  1e+19      0.0001490546489176
#3000000  1e+19      0.00019946552105808
#4000000  1e+19      0.00024312261695867
#5000000  1e+19      0.00028217071061224
#6000000  1e+19      0.00031781658014831
#7000000  1e+19      0.00035081824263866
#8000000  1e+19      0.00038168847119688
#9000000  1e+19      0.00041079320179727
#10000000 1e+19      0.00043840437361212
#11000000 1e+19      0.00046473059298281
#12000000 1e+19      0.00048993602905305
#13000000 1e+19      0.00051415262871573
#14000000 1e+19      0.00053748832805309
#15000000 1e+19      0.00056003275543532

[Mesh]
  [mesh]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 1
  []
[]

[Problem]
  solve = false
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 1000
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [temp]
    type = ConstantAux
    variable = temp
    value = 1000
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    factor = 1E19
    outputs = all
  []
  [wastage]
    type = MetallicFuelWastage
    method = flux_ss316
    temperature = temp
    burnup = 0.0
    scale_factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  num_steps = 15
  dt = 1.0e6
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [wastage_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = wastage_thickness
  []
  [temp_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
  []
  [flux_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  csv = true
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_B/x441_leg_B.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11  # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    pellet_height = ${pellet_height}
    clad_top_gap_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    bottom_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    top_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    clad_bot_gap_height = 0.2e-3 # arbitrary
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    ny_p = 260
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 260
    ny_cu = ${ny_cu}
    ny_cl = ${ny_cl}
    pellet_quantity = 1
    elem_type = QUAD8
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_size = 30
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  # Aux variables for output
  [porosity]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [element_failed]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '0.151e6 0.151e6'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = pellet
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain fuel_volumetric_swelling'
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [porosity]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = porosity
    property = porosity
    block = pellet
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [failed_element]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = element_failed
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = pellet
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-3
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature   = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure      = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux      = 5261.5   # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material    = sodium
    rod_diameter        = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch           = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate    = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [fuel_volumetric_swelling]
    type = UPuZrVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
#    hydrostatic_stress = hydrostatic_stress
    hydrostatic_stress = 1e6
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_volumetric_swelling
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = pellet
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [longHT9_failure]
    type = HT9FailureClad
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    method = cdf_long
    temperature = temp
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 100
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [flux_from_clad]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_prod
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_rel
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = pellet
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'all_pellet_exterior'
  []
  [max_clad_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'clad_outside_top clad_outside_right'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [clad_total_hoop_strain]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    start_point = '2.90e-3 2.55e-3 0.0'
    end_point = '2.90e-3 0.725 0.0'
    num_points = 300
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec6'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 42000400'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_fuel_elongation max_clad_elongation max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec6]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec6
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(test/tests/triso/buffer_elasticity_tensor/buffer_elasticity_tensor.i)

#Elastic Properties of the Buffer
#The geometry is a cube (edge length = 5 cm) made of buffer material (initial density = 1.0 g/cm^3) subject to elastic strain.
#A displacement boundary condition is applied to induce a 2% strain in the x-axis.
#The Poisson's ratio is equal to 0.33.
#The temperature is varied from 673.15 to 1673.15 K.
#The fast neutron flux (E>0.10 MeV) is ramped linearly from 0 to 7.5e18 n/m^2-s over 1e4 seconds and then remains constant.

# The analytical and BISON values for the elastic modulus are compared and verified through the resulting stress induced by the displacement boundary condition.
# The analytical stress is calculated by multiplying the strain (2%) by the analytical elastic modulus.
# A sample of the analytical and BISON values for the elastic modulus and induced stress is shown below.
#
# | Analytical E (Pa) | BISON E (Pa) | Analytical Stress (MPa) | BISON Stress (MPa) |
# |-------------------|--------------|-------------------------|--------------------|
# | 1.914548E+10      | 1.914542E+10 | -382.9095               | -382.9084          |
# | 2.149116E+10      | 2.149107E+10 | -429.8232               | -429.8214          |
# | 2.570889E+10      | 2.570878E+10 | -514.1777               | -514.1757          |
# | 2.826919E+10      | 2.826908E+10 | -565.3838               | -565.3816          |
# | 3.244135E+10      | 3.244123E+10 | -648.8270               | -648.8245          |
# | 3.720024E+10      | 3.720011E+10 | -744.0049               | -744.0021          |
# | 4.177332E+10      | 4.177332E+10 | -835.4664               | -835.4664          |

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y disp_z'
  volumetric_locking_correction = true
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  flux_conversion_factor = 0.85
[]

[Mesh]
  use_displaced_mesh = false
  [gen]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 3
    xmin = 0.0
    xmax = 0.05
    ymin = 0.0
    ymax = 0.05
    zmin = 0.0
    zmax = 0.05
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [disp_z]
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 673.15
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [flux_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0    1e4    1e8'
    y = '0 7.5e18 7.5e18'
  []
  [temp_function]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0        5.3e6'
    y = '673.15 1673.15'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [perm_Buffer]
    strain = SMALL
    eigenstrain_names = ' '
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [temp]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = temp
    function = temp_function
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_z_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    preset = true
    variable = disp_z
    boundary = 'back'
    value = 0
  []
  [no_y_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    preset = true
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'bottom'
    value = 0
  []
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    preset = true
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'right'
    value = 0
  []
  [stress_source]
    type = DirichletBC
    preset = true
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'left'
    value = 1e-3 #applied displacement (m)
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = flux_history
  []
  [Buffer_stress]
    type = ComputeLinearElasticStress
  []
  [Buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = BufferElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus_scale_factor = 1.0
    poissons_ratio_scale_factor = 1.0
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
  []
  [Buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1000.0
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [limitX]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 1e-4
    variable = disp_x
  []
  [limitY]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 1e-4
    variable = disp_y
  []
  [limitZ]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 1e-4
    variable = disp_z
  []
[]

[Executioner]

  type = Transient

  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 50
  l_tol = 1e-2

  nl_max_its = 150
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-6

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 7.5e6
  num_steps = 140

  dtmax = 2e6
  dtmin = 1.0

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1e3
    time_t = '1e4 1e5'
    time_dt = '1e3 1e5'
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fluence]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [sigma_x_max]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = stress_xx
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [youngs_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = youngs_modulus
  []
  [poissons_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = poissons_ratio
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  csv = true
  exodus = false
  [console]
    type = Console
  []
[]

(assessment/MOX/JOYO/MK-II/analysis/MK-II_master_new_bubble_gb_lim.i)


initial_fuel_density = 10920.4

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  initial_porosity = 0.07
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]
[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  reference_vector = 'ref'
[]
[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    pellet_quantity = 1
    pellet_height = 0.55
    pellet_outer_radius = 0.002315
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    clad_gap_width = 0.000085
    clad_thickness = 0.00035
    clad_bot_gap_height = 1.0e-3
    bottom_clad_height = 2.24e-3
    top_clad_height = 2.24e-3
    clad_top_gap_height = 0.549
    elem_type = QUAD8
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 100
    nx_p = 10
    ny_p = 100
    ny_cu = 3
    ny_cl = 3
  []
  patch_size = 50
  patch_update_strategy = iteration
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]
[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = FuelPinGeometry
  []
[]
[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 295.0
  []
[]
[AuxVariables]
  [pore]
  []
  [fission_rate]
    block = pellet
  []
  [burnup]
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_gen_3]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_grn_3]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_bdr_3]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_rel_3]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [bbl_bdr_2]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [vcn_bdr_2]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [atm_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [vcn_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [prs_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [prseq_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [rad_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [vol_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [GBCoverage]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [eff_diff_coeff]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [deltav_v0_bd]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [radial_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [effective_creep_strain]
    block = clad
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]
[Functions]
  [power_history] #related to the LHGR at the midplane
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0  70000  12970000'
    y = '0  48827.8  48827.8'
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux_function]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0  70000  12970000'
    y = '0 2.6e+19 2.6e+19'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PiecewiseBilinear
    x = '0  0.065  0.134  0.202  0.271  0.339  0.406  0.519'
    y = '0 12970000'
    z = '0.889  1.041  1.152  1.173  1.129  0.971  0.782  0.672 0.889  1.041  1.152  1.173  1.129  0.971  0.782  0.672'
    scale_factor = 1
    axis = 1
  []
  [q]
    type = CompositeFunction
    functions = 'power_history axial_peaking_factors'
  []
  [average_power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0  70000  12970000'
    y = '0  40000  40000'
  []
  [clad_surface_temp]
    type = PiecewiseBilinear
    x = '0  0.065  0.134  0.202  0.271  0.339  0.406  0.519'
    y = '0 12970000'
    z = '295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295 416.36  422.49  428.63  434.27  439.36  444.71  450.07  455.48'
    scale_factor = 1
    axis = 1
  []
  [pressure_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1'
    y = '1 1'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [pellets]
    block = pellet
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain fuel_volumetric_strain'
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz'
    use_finite_deform_jacobian = true
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [clad]
    block = clad
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz'
    use_finite_deform_jacobian = true
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]
[Kernels]
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]
[AuxKernels]
  [fission_rate]
    type = FissionRateGeneral
    fission_rate_formulation = MOX
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
    initial_porosity = 0.07
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    rod_ave_lin_pow = power_history
    pellet_diameter = 0.00463
    execute_on = timestep_begin
    porosity = pore
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    variable = burnup
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fggen]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_gen_3
    property = gas_concentration_generated_total
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fggrn]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_grn_3
    property = gas_concentration_intra_total
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fgbdr]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_bdr_3
    property = gas_concentration_GB_bubble_volume
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fgrel]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_rel_3
    property = gas_concentration_release_total
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [nbbl2]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = bbl_bdr_2
    property = bubble_GB_surface_density
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [nvcn2]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = vcn_bdr_2
    property = vacancy_concentration_GB_surface
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [atmbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = atm_bbl_bdr
    property = atom_per_bubble_GB
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [vcnbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = vcn_bbl_bdr
    property = vacancy_per_bubble_GB
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [prsbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = prs_bbl_bdr
    property = bubble_GB_pressure
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [prseqbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = prseq_bbl_bdr
    property = bubble_GB_pressure_equilibrium
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [radbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = rad_bbl_bdr
    property = bubble_radius_GB
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = vol_bbl_bdr
    property = bubble_GB_volume
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [frcvrg]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = GBCoverage
    property = GBCoverage
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [diffc]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = eff_diff_coeff
    property = eff_diff_coeff
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [dvv0bd]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = deltav_v0_bd
    property = deltav_v0_bubble_GB
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [radial_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = radial_strain
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 0
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [effective_creep_strain]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = effective_creep_strain
    variable = effective_creep_strain
    block = clad
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
[]
[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    formulation = kinematic
    model = frictionless
    penalty = 1e7
  []
[]
[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = fis_gas_released
    contact_pressure = contact_pressure
    quadrature = true
  []
[]
[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = '12'
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad_bottom]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel_bottom]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [temp_clad_out]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = '2'
    function = clad_surface_temp
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      factor = 101325
      function = pressure_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 300000
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      material_input = fis_gas_released
      output = plenum_pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    block = clad
    flux_function = fast_neutron_flux_function
  []
  [fuel_thermal]
    type = MAMOXThermal
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    Am_content = 0.0
    Np_content = 0.0
    porosity = pore
    output_properties = 'thermal_conductivity'
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MAMOXElasticityTensor
    block = pellet
  []
  [elastic_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = MAMOXThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    oxygen_to_metal_ratio = 1.98
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [fuel_volumetric_swelling]
    type = UO2VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    gas_swelling_model_type = SIFGRS
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    initial_fuel_density = 10920.4
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_volumetric_strain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = SS316Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 8000
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = SS316ElasticityTensor
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    elastic_constants_model = legacy_ifr
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = SS316ThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_ss316creep]
    type = SS316CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = elastic
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ss316creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    diff_coeff_option = TURNBULL_D1_4D2_4D3
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    grain_radius_const = 8.01e-6
    bubble_gb_limit = 1.0e+11
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist'
  line_search = 'none'
  fixed_point_abs_tol = 1e-3
  fixed_point_rel_tol = 1e-3
  fixed_point_max_its = 1
  l_max_its = 70
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 70
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-3
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-3
  start_time = 0
  n_startup_steps = 1
  end_time = 12970000
  dtmax = 5e5
  dtmin = 0.25
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 5000
    optimal_iterations = 15
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
    growth_factor = 2
    cutback_factor = .5
    force_step_every_function_point = true
    timestep_limiting_function = power_history
  []
[]
[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 7
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_released_percentage]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_grain]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGrainSifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_boundary]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasBoundarySifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [rod_input_power]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = average_power_history
    scale_factor = 0.55 # rod height
  []
  [average_vonMises_fuel]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = pellet
  []
  [average_vonMises_clad]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = clad
  []
  [average_strain_rr_fuel]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = radial_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [average_strain_rr_clad]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = radial_strain
    block = clad
  []
  [average_creep_strain_clad]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = effective_creep_strain
    block = clad
  []
  [ave_pore]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = pore
  []
  [max_pore]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = pore
  []
  [min_pore]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    value_type = min
    variable = pore
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  exodus = true
  color = true
  csv = true
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    execute_on = FINAL
    show = 'ave_temp_interior fis_gas_released_percentage max_pore'
  []
[]
[MultiApps]
  [sub]
    type = TransientMultiApp
    app_type = BisonApp
    execute_on = timestep_end
    catch_up = true
    max_catch_up_steps = 10
    positions_file = positions.txt
    input_files = MK-II_sub_new_bubble_gb_lim.i
  []
[]
[Transfers]
  [temp_to_sub]
    type = MultiAppProjectionTransfer
    to_multi_app = sub
    source_variable = temp
    variable = temp
  []
  [pore_from_sub]
    type = MultiAppGeometricInterpolationTransfer
    from_multi_app = sub
    source_variable = pore
    variable = pore
  []
[]
[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
  show_var_residual = 'temp disp_x disp_y'
[]

(examples/TRISO/correlation_function/h_asphericity/triso_1d.i)

kernel_radius = 213.35e-6
buffer_thickness = 98.9e-6
IPyC_thickness = 40.4e-6
SiC_thickness = 35.2e-6
OPyC_thickness = 43.4e-6

coordinates1 = '${fparse kernel_radius}'
coordinates2 = '${fparse coordinates1+buffer_thickness}'
coordinates3 = '${fparse coordinates2+IPyC_thickness}'
coordinates4 = '${fparse coordinates3+SiC_thickness}'
coordinates5 = '${fparse coordinates4+OPyC_thickness}'

initial_fuel_density = 10966

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
  initial_enrichment = 0.14029 # [wt-]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0 # convert E>0.10 to E>0.18 MeV
  stress_free_temperature = 481 # used for thermal expansion
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 # [J/fission]
  O_U = 1.428 # Initial Oxygen to Uranium atom ratio
  C_U = 0.392 # Initial Carbon to Uranium atom ratio
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [mesh]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE2
    coordinates = '0 ${coordinates1} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates3} ${coordinates4} ${coordinates5}'
    mesh_density = '20 8 0 4 4 4'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[UserObjects]
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_OPyC = OPyC_outer_boundary
    outer_SiC = SiC_outer_boundary
    outer_IPyC = IPyC_outer_boundary
    inner_IPyC = IPyC_inner_boundary
    outer_buffer = buffer_outer_boundary
    outer_kernel = fuel_outer_boundary
    include_particle = true
    include_pebble = false
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 481
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [temp_bc]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = outer_temp.csv
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 1
    format = columns
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 5.75e19
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz max_principal_stress'
  add_variables = true
  strain = FINITE
  incremental = true
  [fuel]
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'UCO_swelling_eigenstrain UCO_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [buffer]
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_names = 'Buffer_IIDC_strain Buffer_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [IPyC]
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'IPyC_IIDC_strain IPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    eigenstrain_names = 'SiC_thermal_eigenstrain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [OPyC]
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'OPyC_IIDC_strain OPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [burnup]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = burnup
    property = burnup
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe'
    released_fractions = '0.185 0.815'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    quadrature = false
    min_gap = 1e-7
    max_gap = 50e-6
    gap_geometry_type = sphere
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    function = temp_bc
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      startup_time = 1e4
      initial_pressure = 0
      R = 8.3145
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_gas_temp
      volume = 'gap_volume buffer_void_volume kernel_void_volume'
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released'
      output = gas_pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 6.2425e+17
  []
  [UCO_burnup]
    type = TRISOBurnup
    initial_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_thermal]
    type = UCOThermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UCOElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain]
    type = UCOVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_swelling_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10.0e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_TE_strain
  []
  [UCO_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UCOFGR
    block = fuel
    average_grain_radius = 10e-6
    temperature = temperature
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [BAF_IPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0465
    block = IPyC
  []
  [BAF_OPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0429
    block = OPyC
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = BufferElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_stress]
    type = BufferCEGACreep
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_thermal]
    type = BufferThermal
    block = buffer
    initial_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = buffer
    strain_free_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_TE]
    type = BufferThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_IIDC]
    type = BufferCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = IPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [IPyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [IPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = IPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1890
  []
  [IPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [IPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MonolithicSiCElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    elastic_modulus_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_thermal]
    type = MonolithicSiCThermal
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = SiC
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
  []
  [SiC_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = SiC_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [OPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = OPyC
    temperature = temperature
    initial_BAF = 1.0
  []
  [OPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = OPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [OPyC_thermal_conductivity]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = OPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [OPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = OPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1900
  []
  [OPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [OPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [characteristic_strength_SiC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '9640000'
    block = SiC
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
  []
  [characteristic_strength_PyC]
    type = PyCCharacteristicStrength
    temperature = temperature
    X = 1.02
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 100
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-8
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-8
  nl_max_its = 20

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 4.831315e7

  dtmin = 1e-4
  dt = 6e5
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_gas_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = buffer
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [gap_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [buffer_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = buffer
    theoretical_density = 2250
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [kernel_th_density]
    type = UCOTheoreticalDensity
    execute_on = initial
  []
  [kernel_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = fuel
    theoretical_density = kernel_th_density
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [particle_power]
     type = ElementIntegralPower
     variable = temperature
     use_material_fission_rate = true
     fission_rate_material = fission_rate
     block = fuel
     execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_fluence]
     type = ElementExtremeValue
     variable = fast_neutron_fluence
     value_type = 'max'
     execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_burnup]
     type = ElementExtremeValue
     variable = burnup
     block = fuel
     value_type = 'max'
     execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [SiC_stress_max]
    type = ElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    block = SiC
    value_type = max
    mat_prop = stress_yy
  []
  [SiC_stress_min]
    type = ElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    block = SiC
    value_type = min
    mat_prop = stress_yy
  []
  [strength_SiC]
     type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
     block = SiC
     weibull_modulus = 6
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = false
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
  exodus = true
[]

(test/tests/solid_mechanics/SS316_volumetric_swelling/coupled.i)

# This test compares the calculated volumetric swelling calculated by SS316VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
# to the analytical solution. The fluence is ramped from 0 to 9.9e27. A ParsedMaterial is used to compare
# the SS316VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain calculated swelling to a hand calculation. The max difference
# between the two materials is the metric of success for this test, and shows comparison within
# numerical precision

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [gen]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 2
    nx = 10
    ny = 10
    xmin = 0.01
    xmax = 0.02
    ymin = 0
    ymax = 0.01
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 700
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [all]
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = swelling
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = left
    value = 0.0
  []
  [disp_y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = bottom
    value = 0.0
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fluence]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = '(1 - y) * 1e22'
    outputs = all
  []
  [elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.0e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.3
  []
  [stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
  []
  [swelling]
    type = SS316VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = swelling
    fast_neutron_fluence = fast_neutron_fluence
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  dt = 100000
  end_time = 1000000
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [fluence_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
  []
  [left_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temp
    boundary = left
  []
  [right_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temp
    boundary = right
  []
  [right_swelling]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_swelling_strain
    boundary = right
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  exodus = true
[]

(examples/TRISO/correlation_function/h_ipyc_sic_debonding/triso_debonding.i)

kernel_radius = 213.35e-6
buffer_thickness = 98.9e-6
IPyC_thickness = 40.4e-6
SiC_thickness = 35.2e-6
OPyC_thickness = 43.4e-6
aspect_ratio = 1.0

coordinates1 = '${fparse kernel_radius}'
coordinates2 = '${fparse coordinates1+buffer_thickness}'
coordinates3 = '${fparse coordinates2+IPyC_thickness}'
coordinates4 = '${fparse coordinates3+SiC_thickness}'
coordinates5 = '${fparse coordinates4+OPyC_thickness}'

initial_fuel_density = 10966

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  initial_enrichment = 0.14029 # [wt-]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0 # convert E>0.10 to E>0.18 MeV
  stress_free_temperature = 481 # used for thermal expansion
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 # [J/fission]
  O_U = 1.428 # Initial Oxygen to Uranium atom ratio
  C_U = 0.392 # Initial Carbon to Uranium atom ratio
  anisotropy = false
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [gen]
    type = TRISO2DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = quad4
    coordinates = '0 ${coordinates1} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates3} ${coordinates4} '
                  '${coordinates5}'
    mesh_density = '20 8 0 8 8 8'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    num_sectors = 60
    aspect_ratio = ${aspect_ratio}
    all_bottom_left = true
  []
  [breakmesh]
    input = gen
    type = BreakMeshByBlockGenerator
    block_pairs = '3 4'
    add_interface_on_two_sides = true
    split_interface = true
  []
  [opyc_node]
    type = ExtraNodesetGenerator
    input = breakmesh
    new_boundary = 'opyc_node'
    nodes = '4133'
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[UserObjects]
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_OPyC = OPyC_outer_boundary
    outer_SiC = SiC_outer_boundary
    outer_IPyC = IPyC_outer_boundary
    inner_IPyC = IPyC_inner_boundary
    outer_buffer = buffer_outer_boundary
    outer_kernel = fuel_outer_boundary
    include_particle = true
    include_pebble = false
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 481
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [bounds_dummy]
    order = FIRST
    family = LAGRANGE
  []
  [fission_rate]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [temp_bc]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = outer_temp.csv
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 1
    format = columns
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 5.75e19
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
  add_variables = true
  temperature = temperature
  strain = FINITE
  incremental = true
  decomposition_method = TaylorExpansion
  volumetric_locking_correction = true
  [fuel]
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'UCO_swelling_eigenstrain UCO_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [buffer]
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_names = 'Buffer_IIDC_strain Buffer_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [IPyC]
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'IPyC_IIDC_strain IPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    eigenstrain_names = 'SiC_thermal_eigenstrain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [OPyC]
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'OPyC_IIDC_strain OPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/CohesiveZone]
  [czm]
    boundary = 'IPyC_SiC'
    displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
    strain = FINITE
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [burnup]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = burnup
    property = burnup
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe'
    released_fractions = '0.185 0.815'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    quadrature = true
    min_gap = 1e-7
    max_gap = 50e-6
    gap_geometry_type = sphere
    sphere_origin = '0 0 0'
  []

  [thermal_contact_ipyc_sic]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_SiC
    secondary = SiC_IPyC
    quadrature = true
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    min_gap = 1e-7
    max_gap = 50e-6
    gap_conductivity = 100
    gap_geometry_type = sphere
    sphere_origin = '0 0 0'
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_disp_y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = '2001 2002 opyc_node'
    value = 0.0
  []

  [freesurf_temp]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    function = temp_bc
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [Pressure]
    [exterior]
      boundary = exterior
      factor = 0.1e6
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      startup_time = 1e4
      initial_pressure = 0
      R = 8.3145
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_gas_temp
      volume = 'gap_volume buffer_void_volume kernel_void_volume'
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released'
      output = gas_pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [tangential_stress]
    type = RankTwoCylindricalComponent
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    cylindrical_axis_point1 = '0 0 0'
    cylindrical_axis_point2 = '0 0 1'
    cylindrical_component = HoopStress
    property_name = tangential_stress
    outputs = all
  []
  [radial_stress]
    type = RankTwoCylindricalComponent
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    cylindrical_axis_point1 = '0 0 0'
    cylindrical_axis_point2 = '0 0 1'
    cylindrical_component = RadialStress
    property_name = radial_stress
    outputs = all
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
  []
  [normal_strength]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = 'N'
    prop_values = 'if(y>345e-6,0.5,1.0)*3e7'
    outputs = all
  []
  [czm]
    type = BiLinearMixedModeTraction
    boundary = 'IPyC_SiC'
    penalty_stiffness = 4e14
    lag_mode_mixity = true
    GI_c = 8
    GII_c = 4
    normal_strength = N
    shear_strength = 1e7
    displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
    eta = 2
    viscosity = 1
    alpha = 1e-10
    mixed_mode_criterion = POWER_LAW
    outputs = all
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 6.2425e+17
  []
  [UCO_burnup]
    type = TRISOBurnup
    initial_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_thermal]
    type = UCOThermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UCOElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain]
    type = UCOVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_swelling_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10.0e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_TE_strain
  []
  [UCO_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UCOFGR
    block = fuel
    average_grain_radius = 10e-6
    temperature = temperature
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    cutoff_neutron_flux = 0.0
  []
  [BAF_IPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0465
    block = IPyC
  []
  [BAF_OPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0429
    block = OPyC
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = BufferElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_stress]
    type = BufferCEGACreep
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_thermal]
    type = BufferThermal
    block = buffer
    initial_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = buffer
    strain_free_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_TE]
    type = BufferThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_IIDC]
    type = BufferCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = IPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [IPyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [IPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = IPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1890
  []
  [IPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [IPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MonolithicSiCElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    elastic_modulus_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_thermal]
    type = MonolithicSiCThermal
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = SiC
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
  []
  [SiC_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = SiC_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [OPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = OPyC
    temperature = temperature
    initial_BAF = 1.0
  []
  [OPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = OPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [OPyC_thermal_conductivity]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = OPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [OPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = OPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1900
  []
  [OPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [OPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [characteristic_strength_SiC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '9640000'
    block = SiC
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
  []
  [characteristic_strength_PyC]
    type = PyCCharacteristicStrength
    temperature = temperature
    X = 1.02
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Bounds]
  [temperature_lower_bound]
    type = ConstantBounds
    variable = bounds_dummy
    bounded_variable = temperature
    bound_type = lower
    bound_value = 1
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_shift_type -pc_factor_shift_amount -snes_type'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu nonzero 1e-10 vinewtonrsls'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-8
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-8
  nl_max_its = 15

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 4.831315e7

  dt =  86400
  dtmin = 1
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_gas_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = buffer
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [gap_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [buffer_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = buffer
    theoretical_density = 2250
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [kernel_th_density]
    type = UCOTheoreticalDensity
    execute_on = initial
  []
  [kernel_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = fuel
    theoretical_density = kernel_th_density
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [particle_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_fluence]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [strength_SiC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [weibull_failure_probability_SiC]
    type = WeibullFailureProbability
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    characteristic_strength = characteristic_strength
  []
  [weibull_failure_probability_IPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureProbability
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 9.5
    characteristic_strength = characteristic_strength
  []
  [max_radial_sic]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = radial_stress
    block = SiC
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = tangential_stress
    block = SiC
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = false
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
  exodus = true
[]

(test/tests/triso_failure/triso_1d_ipyc_failure.i)

[GlobalParams]
  density = 10810.0
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DFiveLayerMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    kernel_radius = 2.485e-4
    buffer_thickness = 9.4e-5
    IPyC_thickness = 4.1e-5
    SiC_thickness = 3.6e-5
    OPyC_thickness = 4.0e-5
    kernel_mesh_density = 6
    buffer_mesh_density = 6
    IPyC_mesh_density = 6
    SiC_mesh_density = 8
    OPyC_mesh_density = 6
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 1346.0
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [radial_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(4.52013e-4/6.0*t*t*t*t*t - 8.36313e-3/5.0*t*t*t*t + 5.67549e-2/4.0*t*t*t - 1.74247e-1/3.0*t*t + 2.62692e-1/2.0*t - 1.43234e-1)'
  []
  [tangential_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(1.30457e-4/4.0*t*t*t - 2.10029e-3/3.0*t*t + 9.07826e-3/2.0*t - 3.24737e-2)'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 7.75e19 # units of fissions/m**3
  []
  [k_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '4.93e-29'
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1000000 1000000'
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedOPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1000000 1000000'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedOPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1 1'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedIPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '100 100'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    block = fuel
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  strain = small
  [fuel_buffer_sic]
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
    eigenstrain_names = thermal_strain
  []
  [ipyc_opyc]
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    incremental = true
    eigenstrain_names = 'thermal_strain pyc_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    function = fission_rate
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    molecular_weight = 0.270 # units of kg/mole
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    penalty = 1e5
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    # coupling to a postprocessor
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released co_production'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe;
                          CO'
    released_fractions = '0.153 0.847;
                          1'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    #    contact_pressure_input = 10e6
    #    quadrature = true
  []
[]

[BCs]
  # pin particle along symmetry planes
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  # fix temperature on free surface
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = exterior
    value = 1346.0
  []
  # exterior and internal pressures
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  #  apply gas pressure on buffer and IPyC boundaries
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      use_displaced_mesh = false
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      initial_pressure = 0
      startup_time = 1.0e4
      R = 8.3143
      # coupling to post processor
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = volumeGas
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released co_production'
      output = plenum_pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [max_principal_stress]
    type = RankTwoInvariant
    property_name = max_principal_stress
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    invariant = MaxPrincipal
  []
  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 1.708707e18
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    grain_radius_const = 5.0e-6
  []
  [stress]
    type = ComputeLinearElasticStress
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
  []
  [PyC_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    k = k_function
    poissons_ratio = 0.4
    temperature = temp
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [PyC_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    radial_eigenstrain_function = radial_eigenstrain
    tangential_eigenstrain_function = tangential_eigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = pyc_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [PyC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.5e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [SiC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_thermal]
    type = UO2Thermal
    thermal_conductivity_model = FINK_LUCUTA
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [fuel_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 10810.0
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [buffer_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = buffer
    thermal_conductivity = 0.5
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [buffer_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1000
    block = buffer
  []
  [PyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []
  [PyC_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [PyC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1880.0
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.7e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.13
  []
  [SiC_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = SiC
    thermal_conductivity = 13.9
    specific_heat = 620.0
  []
  [SiC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
    block = SiC
  []
  [characteristic_strength_SiC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '9640000'
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
    block = SiC
  []

  [characteristic_strength_PyC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '964000'
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temp
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart -pc_type -pc_hypre_type -pc_hypre_boomeramg_max_iter'
  petsc_options_value = '201                hypre    boomeramg      4'
  line_search = 'none'
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 15
  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50
  start_time = 0.0
  num_steps = 10
  dtmax = 2e5
  dtmin = 1
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 20
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [dt]
    type = TimestepSize
  []
  [burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumeTotal]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [volumeFuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel_outer_boundary
  []
  [volumeGas]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_boundary IPyC_inner_boundary'
    addition = -5.53e-11
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeBufferShell]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  # Postprocessors for CO production
  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
  []
  [avg_surface_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temp
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [time_int_surf_temp]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = avg_surface_temp
  []
  [co_production]
    type = CarbonMonoxideProduction
    total_fissions = total_fissions
    time_integrated_triso_temperature = time_int_surf_temp
    initial_enrichment = 0.14029
  []
  [tang_SiC]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = stress_yy
    elementid = 18
  []
  [strength_SiC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_SiC
  []
  [strength_IPyC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [failure_indicator_IPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_IPyC
  []
  [strength_OPyC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = OPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [failure_indicator_OPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = OPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_OPyC
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedIPyC'
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC_crackedOPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedOPyC'
  []
  [triso_failure]
    type = TRISOFailureEvaluation
    IPyC_failure = failure_indicator_IPyC
    OPyC_failure = failure_indicator_OPyC
    SiC_failure = failure_indicator_SiC
    SiC_failure_crackedIPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC
    SiC_failure_crackedOPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedOPyC
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(test/tests/triso/pyc_eigenstrains/thermal_expansion/thermal_expansion.i)

# This test case is prepared to test PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
# using the correlation provided in:
#
# G. K. Miller, D. A. Petti, J. T. Maki, D. L. Knudson, and
# W. F. Skerjanc, "PARFUME Theory and Model Basis Report",
# Report INL/EXT-08-14497 Rev. 1, Idaho National Laboratory, September 2018
#
# In this test a single block (edge length=5cm) is exposed to a time varying temperature
# ramped from 300 K to 1200 K over 1 second in ten time steps. The stress free
# temperature is set to 300 K.
#
# The BISON results compared to the analytical solution are shown below:
# (see: post_processing.py --> thermal_expansion_results.csv) as:
#
# temp expected_volume  BISON_volume
#  300    1.2500E-04    0.0000E+00
#  390    1.2516E-04    1.2516E-04
#  480    1.2533E-04    1.2533E-04
#  570    1.2550E-04    1.2550E-04
#  660    1.2568E-04    1.2568E-04
#  750    1.2586E-04    1.2587E-04
#  840    1.2605E-04    1.2605E-04
#  930    1.2624E-04    1.2625E-04
# 1020    1.2644E-04    1.2645E-04
# 1110    1.2664E-04    1.2665E-04
# 1200    1.2685E-04    1.2686E-04

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y disp_z'
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  flux_conversion_factor = 0.85
[]

[Mesh]
  [cube]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 3
    xmax = 0.05
    ymax = 0.05
    zmax = 0.05
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [disp_z]
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 300.0
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [temperature_function]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    xy_data = '0 300.0
               1 1200.0'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [all]
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'thermal_strain'
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [left]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = left
    value = 0.0
  []
  [bottom]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = bottom
    value = 0.0
  []
  [back]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_z
    boundary = back
    value = 0.0
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [temperature]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = temperature
    function = temperature_function
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 7.5e18
  []
  [elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.4e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.17
  []
  [stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
  []
  [BAF]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.05
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    particle_center = '0 0 0'
  []
  [thermal_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    thermal_expansion_scale_factor = 1.0
    temperature = temperature
    stress_free_temperature = 300.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [temperature]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temperature
  []
  [volume]
    type = VolumePostprocessor
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = PJFNK
  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 1.0
  dt = 0.1
[]

[Outputs]
  csv = true
[]

(test/tests/triso_failure/triso_1d_pd_penetration.i)

[GlobalParams]
  density = 10810.0
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DFiveLayerMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    kernel_radius = 2.485e-4
    buffer_thickness = 9.4e-5
    IPyC_thickness = 4.1e-5
    SiC_thickness = 3.6e-5
    OPyC_thickness = 4.0e-5
    kernel_mesh_density = 6
    buffer_mesh_density = 6
    IPyC_mesh_density = 6
    SiC_mesh_density = 8
    OPyC_mesh_density = 6
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1346.0
  []
[]

[UserObjects]
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_OPyC = OPyC_outer_boundary
    outer_SiC = SiC_outer_boundary
    outer_IPyC = IPyC_outer_boundary
    inner_IPyC = IPyC_inner_boundary
    outer_buffer = buffer_outer_boundary
    outer_kernel = fuel_outer_boundary
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [radial_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(4.52013e-4/6.0*t*t*t*t*t - 8.36313e-3/5.0*t*t*t*t + 5.67549e-2/4.0*t*t*t - 1.74247e-1/3.0*t*t + 2.62692e-1/2.0*t - 1.43234e-1)'
  []
  [tangential_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(1.30457e-4/4.0*t*t*t - 2.10029e-3/3.0*t*t + 9.07826e-3/2.0*t - 3.24737e-2)'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 7.75e19 # units of fissions/m**3
  []
  [k_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '4.93e-29'
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1000000 1000000'
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedOPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1000000 1000000'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedOPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1 1'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedIPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '100 100'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    block = fuel
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  strain = small
  [fuel_buffer_sic]
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
    eigenstrain_names = thermal_strain
  []
  [ipyc_opyc]
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    incremental = true
    eigenstrain_names = 'thermal_strain pyc_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    function = fission_rate
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    molecular_weight = 0.270 # units of kg/mole
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    penalty = 1e5
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released co_production'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe;
                          CO'
    released_fractions = '0.153 0.847;
                          1'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
  []
[]

[BCs]
  # pin particle along symmetry planes
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  # fix temperature on free surface
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    value = 1346.0
  []
  # exterior and internal pressures
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  #  apply gas pressure on buffer and IPyC boundaries
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      use_displaced_mesh = false
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      initial_pressure = 0
      startup_time = 1.0e4
      # coupling to post processor
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = volumeGas
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released co_production'
      output = plenum_pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [max_principal_stress]
    type = RankTwoInvariant
    property_name = max_principal_stress
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    invariant = MaxPrincipal
  []
  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 1.708707e18
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    grain_radius_const = 5.0e-6
  []
  [stress]
    type = ComputeLinearElasticStress
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
  []
  [PyC_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    k = k_function
    poissons_ratio = 0.4
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [PyC_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    radial_eigenstrain_function = radial_eigenstrain
    tangential_eigenstrain_function = tangential_eigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = pyc_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [PyC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.5e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [fuel_thermal]
    type = UO2Thermal
    thermal_conductivity_model = FINK_LUCUTA
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    burnup = burnup
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [fuel_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 10810.0
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [buffer_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = buffer
    thermal_conductivity = 0.5
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [buffer_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1000
    block = buffer
  []
  [PyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []
  [PyC_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [PyC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1880.0
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.7e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.13
  []
  [SiC_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = SiC
    thermal_conductivity = 13.9
    specific_heat = 620.0
  []
  [SiC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
    block = SiC
  []
  [characteristic_strength_SiC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '9640000'
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
    block = SiC
  []

  [characteristic_strength_PyC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '964000'
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temperature]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart -pc_type -pc_hypre_type -pc_hypre_boomeramg_max_iter'
  petsc_options_value = '201                hypre    boomeramg      4'
  line_search = 'none'
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 15
  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50
  start_time = 0.0
  num_steps = 2
  dtmax = 2e5
  dtmin = 1
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 20
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [dt]
    type = TimestepSize
  []
  [burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumeTotal]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [volumeFuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel_outer_boundary
  []
  [volumeGas]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_boundary IPyC_inner_boundary'
    addition = -5.53e-11
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeBufferShell]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  # Postprocessors for CO production
  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
  []
  [avg_surface_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [time_int_surf_temp]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = avg_surface_temp
  []
  [co_production]
    type = CarbonMonoxideProduction
    total_fissions = total_fissions
    time_integrated_triso_temperature = time_int_surf_temp
    initial_enrichment = 0.14029
  []
  [tang_SiC]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = stress_yy
    elementid = 18
  []
  [strength_SiC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_SiC
  []
  [strength_IPyC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [failure_indicator_IPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_IPyC
  []
  [strength_OPyC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = OPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [failure_indicator_OPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = OPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_OPyC
  []
  [pd_penetration]
    type = PdPenetration
    boundary = SiC_inner_boundary
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [failure_indicator_pd_penetration]
    type = PdPenetrationFailureIndicator
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    pd_penetration = pd_penetration
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedIPyC'
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC_crackedOPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedOPyC'
  []
  [triso_failure]
    type = TRISOFailureEvaluation
    IPyC_failure = failure_indicator_IPyC
    OPyC_failure = failure_indicator_OPyC
    SiC_failure = failure_indicator_SiC
    SiC_failure_crackedIPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC
    SiC_failure_crackedOPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedOPyC
    SiC_failure_pd_penetration = failure_indicator_pd_penetration
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/TREAT/M7/analysis/binary_t427.i)

# TREAT M7 U-10Zr pin clad in HT9 transient only simulation.
#   Not using transferred initial condition.
# ANL-IFR-124 Test M7 T-427
# Units: m, W, kg, Pa

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temperature'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

[GlobalParams]
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.28451e-11
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  stress_free_temperature = 586.0
  temperature = temperature
  # Some calculated values, which are nice to know.
  # u_weight = 0.90126
  # pu_weight = 0.00115
  # zr_weight = 0.0976
  # X_U = 0.779
  X_Pu = 0.000969
  X_Zr = 0.22
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    clad_bot_gap_height = 0.38e-3
    clad_gap_width = 1e-6
    clad_thickness = 0.38e-3
    clad_top_gap_height = 252.35e-3
    pellet_height = 37.3e-2
    pellet_outer_radius = 2.54e-3
    pellet_quantity = 1
    bottom_clad_height = 1.9e-3
    top_clad_height = 1.9e-3

    elem_type = QUAD8
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_c = 3
    nx_p = 5
    ny_c = 150
    ny_cl = 3
    ny_cu = 3
    ny_p = 175
  []
  patch_size = 25
  partitioner = centroid
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history] # Peak power density
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = 'm7fa_digitized.csv'
    format = columns
    scale_factor = 78.8 # g; grams of fuel in pellet for W/g to W
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors] # Peak factor (1 max)
    type = PiecewiseBilinear
    data_file = 'm7_axial_tranAlone.csv'
    axis = 1
  []
  [q_heat]
    type = CompositeFunction
    functions = 'power_history axial_peaking_factors'
    scale_factor = 132273.8097 # m^-3; volume of fuel slug, 1/V, to make power density
  []
  [dt_fun]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0   6   7    9    15   20    25'
    y = '0.5 0.5 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.001 0.1'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 586.0
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  add_variables = true
  strain = FINITE
  generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
  [slug_mech]
    block = pellet
    additional_generate_output = 'creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz'
    eigenstrain_names = 'slug_thermal_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [clad_mech]
    block = clad
    additional_generate_output = 'creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz'
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = ConstitutiveHeatConduction
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    variable = temperature
    thermal_conductivity = 'thermal_conductivity'
    thermal_conductivity_args = 'temperature'
    thermal_conductivity_derivs = 'thermal_conductivity_dT'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = ConstitutiveHeatConductionTimeDerivative
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    variable = temperature
    specific_heat = 'specific_heat'
    specific_heat_args = 'temperature'
    specific_heat_derivs = 'specific_heat_dT'
  []
  [vol_heat_source]
    type = HeatSource
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = pellet
    function = q_heat
    variable = temperature
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [power_density]
    block = pellet
  []
  [fission_rate]
    block = pellet
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    block = clad
  []
  [creep_rate_aux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  # Aux variables for output
  [energy_density]
    block = pellet
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = clad
  []
  [coolant_temperature]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = clad
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = clad
  []
  [element_failed]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [eutectic_thickness_in]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = clad
  []
  [eutectic_thickness_out]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = clad
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [calc_fission_rate]
    type = FissionRateGeneral
    fission_rate_formulation = POWER_DENSITY
    block = pellet
    power_density_function = q_heat
    variable = fission_rate
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFluxAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    block = clad
    factor = 0.6e19
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = FastNeutronFluenceAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = clad
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [calc_power_density]
    type = FunctionAux
    block = pellet
    function = q_heat
    variable = power_density
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [calc_energy_density]
    type = VariableTimeIntegrationAux
    block = pellet
    order = 2
    variable_to_integrate = power_density
    variable = energy_density
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  # Hoop stress_zz.
  [creep_rate_aux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = creep_rate
    variable = creep_rate_aux
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [coolant_temperature]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = coolant_temperature
    variable = coolant_temperature
    boundary = 2
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = coolant_channel_htc
    variable = coolant_htc
    boundary = 2
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    block = clad
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [failed_element]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = element_failed
  []
  [fcci_eutectic_in]
    execute_on = timestep_end
    type = EutecticThicknessFCCI
    boundary = 5
    variable = eutectic_thickness_in
  []
  [fcci_eutectic_out]
    execute_on = timestep_end
    type = EutecticThicknessFCCI
    boundary = 2
    variable = eutectic_thickness_out
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [_dt]
    type = TimestepSize
    outputs = all
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_rel
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temperature
    outputs = all
    block = clad
  []
  [avg_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temperature
    outputs = all
    block = pellet
  []
  [max_outer_clad_temp]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    value_type = max
    boundary = 2
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    outputs = all
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [peak_outer_fuel_temp]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    value_type = max
    boundary = 10
  []
  [peak_coolant_temperature]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = coolant_temperature
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    outputs = all
  []
  [max_power_density]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = power_density
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [avg_power_density]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = power_density
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [total_deposit_pin_energy]
    type = ElementIntegralVariablePostprocessor
    variable = energy_density
    block = pellet
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    outputs = all
    addition = -2.0e-6 # m3; assuming all bond sodium displaced by closed gap
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
    outputs = all
  []
  [max_eutectic_pen_in]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = eutectic_thickness_in
    block = clad
    value_type = max
    execute_on = timestep_end
    outputs = all
  []
  [max_eutectic_pen_out]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = eutectic_thickness_out
    block = clad
    value_type = max
    execute_on = timestep_end
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-3
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 73.70
    min_gap = 1e-3
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = PenaltyDirichletBC
    penalty = 1e10
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      factor = 455054.0
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 1.41343e6
      initial_temperature = 309.0
      startup_time = 0.0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
      output_initial_moles = plenum_moles
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    variable = temperature
    inlet_temperature = 586.0
    inlet_pressure = 455054.0
    inlet_massflux = 4520.72
    coolant_material = sodium
    flow_area = 2.22e-5
    hydraulic_diameter = 2.057e-3
    heated_perimeter = 1.835e-2
    heated_diameter = 4.84e-3
    number_axial_zone = 50
    htc_correlation_type = 3
    compute_enthalpy = true
  []
[]

[Materials]
  # Fuel Slug Properties
  [set_porosity]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = pellet
    prop_names = porosity
    prop_values = 0.31
  []
  [set_mat_fission_rate]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = pellet
    coupled_variables = 'fission_rate'
    expression = 'fission_rate * 1.0'
    property_name = 'fission_rate'
  []
  [melted]
    type = GenericMaterialFailure
    block = pellet
    compared = greater_than
    variable_check = temperature
    constant_criteria = 1600.0
  []
  [for_youngs]
    # Pulled equation from Bison manual and added temperature limit.
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'youngs_modulus'
    property_name = 'youngs_modulus'
    coupled_variables = 'temperature'
    material_property_names = 'porosity'
    constant_names = 'T_limit E_U T_meltU W_Zr W_Pu B_E Ta_start Ta_end'
    constant_expressions = '1550.0 1.6e11 1405.0 0.0976 0.00115 1.2 923.0 973.0'
    expression = 'E_p := 1.0 - B_E * porosity; E_W := (1.0 + 0.17 * W_Zr) / (1.0 + 1.34 * W_Zr) - W_Pu; T_act := if(temperature > T_limit, T_limit, temperature); x_smooth := (T_act - Ta_start) / (Ta_end - Ta_start); f_smooth := if(T_act < Ta_start, 0.0, if(T_act > Ta_end, 1.0, 6.0 * pow(x_smooth, 5) - 15.0 * pow(x_smooth, 4) + 10.0 * pow(x_smooth, 3))); E_T := 1.0 - 1.06 * (T_act - 588.0) / T_meltU - f_smooth * 0.3 * (1.0 - 1.06 * (Ta_end - 588.0) / T_meltU); E_U * E_T * E_p * E_W'
  []
  [for_poissons]
    # Pulled equation from Bison manual and added temperature limit.
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'poissons_ratio'
    property_name = 'poissons_ratio'
    coupled_variables = 'temperature'
    material_property_names = 'porosity'
    constant_names = 'T_limit nu_U T_meltU W_Zr B_nu'
    constant_expressions = '1550.0 0.24 1405.0 0.0976 0.8'
    expression = 'nu_p := 1.0 - B_nu * porosity; nu_W := (1.0 + 3.4 * W_Zr) / (1.0 + 1.9 * W_Zr); T_act := if(temperature > T_limit, T_limit, temperature); nu_T := 1.0 + 1.2 * (T_act - 588.0) / T_meltU; nu_U *nu_p * nu_W * nu_T'
  []
  [slug_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeVariableIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = pellet
    args = temperature
    youngs_modulus = youngs_modulus
    poissons_ratio = poissons_ratio
  []
  [slug_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'slug_creep'
    block = pellet
  []
  [slug_creep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = pellet
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [slug_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    eigenstrain_name = slug_thermal_strain
  []
  [slug_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = pellet
    Na_depth = 0.0673
    fuel_outer_radius = 2.54e-3
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = billone
    porosity_model = partially_logged
    initiating_porosity = 0.24
    outputs = all
    output_properties = thermal_conductivity
    porosity = porosity
  []
  [slug_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = 15700.0
  []
  [slug_fission_gas_release]
    block = pellet
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []

  # Cladding Properties
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    block = clad
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_creep'
  []
  [clad_fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 0.6e19
  []
  [clad_creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [failclad]
    block = clad
    type = HT9FailureClad
    hoop_stress = stress_zz
    method = cdf_short
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
    solve_type = 'PJFNK'
    petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew -snes_converged_reason'
    petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
    petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  automatic_scaling = true
  compute_scaling_once = true
  line_search = 'none'
  l_max_its = 100
  l_tol = 1e-3
  nl_max_its = 200
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-9
  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 25.0
  dtmin = 0.0001
  dtmax = 1.0
  [TimeStepper]
    type = FunctionDT
    function = dt_fun
  []
  [Quadrature]
    order = FIFTH
    side_order = SEVENTH
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  exodus = true
  csv = true # Figures comparing to experiment results are based off this csv output.
  [console]
    type = Console
    output_linear = true
    output_nonlinear = true
  []
  [check]
    # Numerical assessment test check at points near important features.
    #  Checking near the feature but not during it hopefully will not affect the feature computation.
    type = CSV
    execute_on = TIMESTEP_END
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = '10 16.5 20'
  []
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_A/x441_grp_A.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11  # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    pellet_height = ${pellet_height}
    clad_top_gap_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    bottom_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    top_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    clad_bot_gap_height = 0.2e-3 # arbitrary
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    ny_p = 260
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 260
    ny_cu = ${ny_cu}
    ny_cl = ${ny_cl}
    pellet_quantity = 1
    elem_type = QUAD8
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_size = 30
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  # Aux variables for output
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [element_failed]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '0.151e6 0.151e6'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = pellet
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain gas_swelling_eigenstrain solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [failed_element]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = element_failed
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = pellet
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-3
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature   = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure      = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux      = 5261.5   # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material    = sodium
    rod_diameter        = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch           = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate    = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 2e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = UPuZrGaseousEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = gas_swelling_eigenstrain
    temperature = temp
    initial_porosity = 0.0
    bubble_number_density = 1e20
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'porosity gaseous_porosity'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = BurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = pellet
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = pellet
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [longHT9_failure]
    type = HT9FailureClad
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    method = cdf_long
    temperature = temp
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 10
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [flux_from_clad]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_prod
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_rel
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = pellet
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [gaseous_porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gaseous_porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'all_pellet_exterior'
  []
  [max_clad_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'clad_outside_top clad_outside_right'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [clad_total_hoop_strain]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    start_point = '2.90e-3 2.55e-3 0.0'
    end_point = '2.90e-3 0.725 0.0'
    num_points = 300
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec6'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 42000400'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_fuel_elongation max_clad_elongation max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec6]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec6
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(test/tests/triso_pebble/1D_pebble_picard.i)

[GlobalParams]
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  flux_conversion_factor = 0.85
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '0 0.0138 0.018 0.02'
    mesh_density = '5    10   10'
    block_names = 'core fuel shell'
  []
[]

[Distributions]
  [normal_kernel_r]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 213.35e-6
    standard_deviation = 4.4e-6
    lower_bound = 1.9575e-04
    upper_bound = 2.3095e-04
  []
  [normal_buffer_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 98.9e-6
    standard_deviation = 8.4e-6
    lower_bound = 6.53e-05
    upper_bound = 1.325e-04
  []
  [normal_ipyc_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 40.4e-6
    standard_deviation = 2.5e-6
    lower_bound = 3.0400e-05
    upper_bound = 5.0400e-05
  []
  [normal_sic_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 35.2e-6
    standard_deviation = 1.2e-6
    lower_bound = 3.0400e-05
    upper_bound = 4.0000e-05
  []
  [normal_opyc_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 43.4e-6
    standard_deviation = 2.9e-6
    lower_bound = 3.1800e-05
    upper_bound = 5.5000e-05
  []
[]

[Samplers]
  [sample]
    type = MonteCarlo
    num_rows = 10
    distributions = 'normal_kernel_r normal_buffer_t normal_ipyc_t normal_sic_t normal_opyc_t'
    execute_on = 'PRE_MULTIAPP_SETUP'
  []
[]

[MultiApps]
  [sub]
    type = SamplerTransientMultiApp
    input_files = triso_1d.i
    sampler = sample
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
    mode = normal
  []
[]

[DiracKernels]
  [vpp_point_source]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSource
    variable = temperature
    point_source_values = released_heat_inc
    value_name = released_heat_inc:released_heat_inc
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []
[]

[UserObjects]
  [point_source_location]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSourceLocation
    min_radius = 0.0138
    max_radius = 0.018
    geometry = SPHERE
    sampler = sample
    fuel_element_blocks = fuel
    execute_on = 'INITIAL'
  []
[]

[Transfers]
  [released_heat_inc]
    type = SamplerPostprocessorTransfer
    from_multi_app = sub
    sampler = sample
    to_vector_postprocessor = released_heat_inc
    from_postprocessor = released_heat_inc
  []
  [sub_temp_bc]
    type = SamplerPostprocessorTransfer
    from_multi_app = sub
    sampler = sample
    to_vector_postprocessor = temp_bc
    from_postprocessor = aver_temp_exterior
  []
  [temp_bc]
    type = MultiAppVectorPostprocessorTransfer
    to_multi_app = sub
    vector_postprocessor = sample_points
    postprocessor = temp_bc
    vector_name = temperature
  []
[]

[Controls]
  [cmdline]
    type = MultiAppSamplerControl
    multi_app = sub
    sampler = sample
    param_names = 'kernel_radius buffer_thickness IPyC_thickness SiC_thickness OPyC_thickness'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [sample_points]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointValueSampler
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []
  [sampler_data]
    type = SamplerData
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
    sampler = sample
  []
  [released_heat_inc]
    type = StochasticResults
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
  []
  [temp_bc]
    type = StochasticResults
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
  []
  [point_source_output]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSourceOutput
    vector_postprocessor = released_heat_inc
    value_name = released_heat_inc:released_heat_inc
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []
  [temp_bc_output]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSourceOutput
    vector_postprocessor = temp_bc
    value_name = sub_temp_bc:aver_temp_exterior
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 773.15
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [density]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [thermal_conductivity]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [specific_heat]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = FissionRateHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [density]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = density
    property = density
    block = 'core fuel shell'
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [thermal_conductivity]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = thermal_conductivity
    property = thermal_conductivity
    block = 'core fuel shell'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [specific_heat]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = specific_heat
    property = specific_heat
    block = 'core fuel shell'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [coolant_temp]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    value = 773.15
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 76e6'
    y = '1 1'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = LinearCombinationFunction
    functions = power_history
    w = 5.75e19
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = power_history
    factor = 6.28e17
  []
  [fueled_region_thermal]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    block = fuel
    graphite_grade = A3_27_1800
    packing_fraction = 0.22
    temperature = temperature
    initial_matrix_density = 1750.0
  []
  [fuel_region_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = fuel
    property_name = density
    expression = 1750.0
  []
  [shell_region_thermal]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    block = shell
    graphite_grade = A3_27_1800
    packing_fraction = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    initial_matrix_density = 1750.0
  []
  [shell_region_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = shell
    property_name = density
    expression = 1750.0
  []
  [core_region_thermal]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    block = core
    graphite_grade = A3_27_1800
    packing_fraction = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    initial_matrix_density = 1400.0
  []
  [core_region_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = core
    property_name = density
    expression = 1400.0
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
  show_var_residual = 'temperature'
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-12
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-12
  nl_max_its = 15

  nl_forced_its = 2

  l_tol = 1e-5
  l_max_its = 30

  start_time = 0.0
  dt = 20000
  num_steps = 2

  fixed_point_max_its = 20
  accept_on_max_fixed_point_iteration = true
  fixed_point_rel_tol = 1e-8
  fixed_point_abs_tol = 1e-10
[]

[Outputs]
  exodus = true
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_C/x441_grp_C.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11  # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    pellet_height = ${pellet_height}
    clad_top_gap_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    bottom_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    top_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    clad_bot_gap_height = 0.2e-3 # arbitrary
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    ny_p = 260
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 260
    ny_cu = ${ny_cu}
    ny_cl = ${ny_cl}
    pellet_quantity = 1
    elem_type = QUAD8
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_size = 30
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  # Aux variables for output
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [element_failed]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '0.151e6 0.151e6'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = pellet
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain gas_swelling_eigenstrain solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [failed_element]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = element_failed
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = pellet
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-3
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature   = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure      = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux      = 5261.5   # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material    = sodium
    rod_diameter        = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch           = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate    = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 2e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = UPuZrGaseousEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = gas_swelling_eigenstrain
    temperature = temp
    initial_porosity = 0.0
    bubble_number_density = 1e20
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'porosity gaseous_porosity'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = BurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = pellet
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = pellet
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [longHT9_failure]
    type = HT9FailureClad
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    method = cdf_long
    temperature = temp
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 10
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [flux_from_clad]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_prod
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_rel
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = pellet
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [gaseous_porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gaseous_porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'all_pellet_exterior'
  []
  [max_clad_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'clad_outside_top clad_outside_right'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [clad_total_hoop_strain]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    start_point = '2.90e-3 2.55e-3 0.0'
    end_point = '2.90e-3 0.725 0.0'
    num_points = 300
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec6'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 42000400'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_fuel_elongation max_clad_elongation max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec6]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec6
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(examples/metal_fuel/x441_coarse/x441_group_A_nominal.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = true
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = 0.38e-03
    pellet_outer_radius = 2.195e-03
    pellet_height = 343.0e-3
    clad_top_gap_height = 373.0e-3
    clad_gap_width = 0.345e-3
    bottom_clad_height = 7.9e-3
    top_clad_height = 7.9e-3
    clad_bot_gap_height = 0.2e-3 # arbitrary
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 3
    ny_p = 40
    nx_c = 2
    ny_c = 40
    ny_cu = 2
    ny_cl = 2
    pellet_quantity = 1
    elem_type = QUAD4
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_size = 10
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  # Aux variables for output
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [element_failed]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 0.151e6
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = 343.0e-3
    pellet_y_start = 8.1e-3
  []
  [engr_radial_strain_fuel]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'fuel_disp_rad / 2.195e-03'
    symbol_values = 'max_fuel_radial_disp'
    symbol_names = 'fuel_disp_rad'
  []
  [engr_axial_strain_fuel]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'fuel_disp_axial / 343.0e-3'
    symbol_values = 'max_fuel_elongation'
    symbol_names = 'fuel_disp_axial'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = true
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress
      hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz
      elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx
      strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = pellet
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain gas_swelling_eigenstrain
      solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = true
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress
      hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz
      elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx
      strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_strain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [failed_element]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = element_failed
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = pellet
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_zz
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = creep_strain_zz
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = elastic_strain_zz
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-3
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductance = 176811.6
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux = 5261.5 # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material = sodium
    rod_diameter = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = 2.195e-03
    X_Zr = 0.225
    X_Pu_function = 0.163
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = 0.225
    initial_X_Pu = 0.163
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = 0.225
    X_Pu = 0.163
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inlastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-2
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = UPuZrGaseousEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = gas_swelling_eigenstrain
    temperature = temp
    initial_porosity = 0.0
    bubble_number_density = 5e17
    interconnection_initiating_porosity = 0.29
    interconnection_terminating_porosity = 0.31
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'porosity gaseous_porosity'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = BurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = pellet
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = pellet
    X_Zr = 0.225
    X_Pu = 0.163
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = pellet
    critical_porosity = 0.30
    fractional_fgr_initial = 0.4
    fractional_fgr_post = 0.8
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []

  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_strain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [longHT9_failure]
    type = HT9FailureClad
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    method = cdf_long
    temperature = temp
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-5
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 1e7
  dtmin = 10
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 6
    optimal_iterations = 20
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = -1.53703e-6
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [flux_from_clad]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_prod
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_rel
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = pellet
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [gaseous_porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gaseous_porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = creep_strain_zz
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
  [max_fuel_radial_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
    variable = strain_xx
  []
  [max_fuel_axial_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
    variable = strain_yy
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'all_pellet_exterior'
  []
  [max_fuel_radial_disp]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'all_pellet_exterior'
  []
  [engr_strain_fuel_radial]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = engr_radial_strain_fuel
  []
  [engr_strain_fuel_axial]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = engr_axial_strain_fuel
  []
  [max_clad_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'clad_outside_top clad_outside_right'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  1
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 42000400'
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_group_A_nominal_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_fuel_elongation max_clad_elongation max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(assessment/TRISO/benchmark/IAEA_CRP-6/fuel_performance/case_4b/case_4b_1D.i)

#
# This case is taken from Advances in high temperature gas cooled reactor fuel
# technology. Technical Report IAEA-TECDOC-1674, International Atomic Energy
# Agency, 2012.
#
# See also Hales, et al., Multidimensional multiphysics simulation of TRISO
# particle fuel, JNM, 443, 2013.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.07.070
#
# The correctness of the results computed by this case must be checked against
# results from the IAEA benchmark.  The best way to do this is to compare
# results with information in the JNM article.
#

[GlobalParams]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  use_displaced_mesh = false
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '0 2.5e-4 2.5e-4 3.5e-4 3.5e-4 3.9e-4 4.25e-4'
    mesh_density = '12 0 20 0 16 16'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1273.0
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '-0.005*t'
  []
  [fluence]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '3.75e17*t'
  []
  [k_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '2.715e-29'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [stress_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_zz]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_xy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_yz]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_xz]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
  [fluence]
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [IPyC]
    block = IPyC
    strain = small
    incremental = true
  []
  [rest]
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
    strain = small
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_xx]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_xx
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 0
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [stress_zz]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_zz
    index_i = 2
    index_j = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [stress_xy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_xy
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [stress_yz]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yz
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [stress_xz]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_xz
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    scalar_type = hydrostatic
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fluence]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = fluence
    function = fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_temperature]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    value = 1273.0
  []
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  [interior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    factor = 25e6
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 3.75e17 # n/m^2-sec
  []
  [stress]
    type = ComputeLinearElasticStress
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
  []
  [IPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = IPyC
    k = k_function
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [fuel_thermal]
    type = UO2Thermal
    thermal_conductivity_model = FINK_LUCUTA
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    burnup = burnup
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    youngs_modulus = 1
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [fuel_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 10800.0
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    youngs_modulus = 1
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [buffer_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = buffer
    thermal_conductivity = 0.5
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [buffer_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 950
    block = buffer
  []
  [IPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []
  [IPyC_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [IPyC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1900.0
    block = IPyC
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.7e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.13
  []
  [SiC_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = SiC
    thermal_conductivity = 13.9
    specific_heat = 620.0
  []
  [SiC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 3180.0
    block = SiC
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temperature]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart -pc_type -pc_hypre_type -pc_hypre_boomeramg_max_iter'
  petsc_options_value = '201                hypre    boomeramg      4'
  line_search = 'none'
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 15
  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50
  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 8e7
  dt = 1.0
  dtmax = 5e6
  dtmin = 1.0e4
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [max_xx_IPyC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_xx
    block = IPyC
  []
  [max_yy_IPyC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = IPyC
  []
  [max_zz_IPyC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_zz
    block = IPyC
  []
  [max_xx_SiC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_xx
    block = SiC
  []
  [max_yy_SiC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = SiC
  []
  [max_zz_SiC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_zz
    block = SiC
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  exodus = true
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(test/tests/ADMetallicFuelWastage/ad_flux_d9-jac.i)

# This tests the AD jacobian for ADMetallicFuelWastage (flux_d9)

[Mesh]
  [mesh]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 2
    nx = 2
    ny = 2
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
  []
[]

[ICs]
  [temp]
    type = ConstantIC
    variable = temp
    value = 300
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [left]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = 3
    value = 1000
  []
  [right]
    type = ADFunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = 1
    function = right_temp
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [temp_diff]
    type = ADHeatConduction
    variable = temp
    thermal_conductivity = 15.0
  []
  [temp_dt]
    type = ADHeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    specific_heat = 100.0
    density_name = 7900
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [right_temp]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 1000.0/(1.0+wt*1000)
    symbol_names = 'wt'
    symbol_values = 'avg_wastage'
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    factor = 1E19
    outputs = all
  []
  [converter]
    type = MaterialADConverter
    reg_props_in = 'fast_neutron_flux'
    ad_props_out = 'ad_fast_neutron_flux'
  []
  [wastage]
    type = ADMetallicFuelWastage
    fast_neutron_flux = 'ad_fast_neutron_flux'
    method = flux_d9
    temperature = temp
    burnup = 0.0
    scale_factor = 1.0
    boundary = 3
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  num_steps = 15
  dt = 1.0e6
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [avg_wastage]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = wastage_thickness
  []
  [avg_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
  []
[]

(assessment/LWR/validation/ATF_SiC_HFIR/analysis/base.i)

[GlobalParams]
  temperature = temperature
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [clad_mesh]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 2
    nx = 10
    ny = 100
    xmin = 3.51e-3
    xmax = 4.27e-3
    ymin = 0.0
    ymax = 16.04e-3
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 295.0 # set initial temperature to coolant inlet
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e4 2.16e6 2.3328e6'
    y = '0 333333.0 333333.0 0'
    scale_factor = 1
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 1
  []
  [pressure_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '-200 0 1e8'
    y = '6.537e-3 1 1'
  []
  [max_time_step_size_func]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'if(t < 2.16e6, 5e4, 1e4)'
  []
  [heat_flux_func]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'if(t < 2.16e6, 6e5, 0)'
  []
[]

[Constraints]
  [top]
    type = EqualValueBoundaryConstraint
    variable = disp_y
    secondary = 'top'
    penalty = 1e+11
    formulation = penalty
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [clad]
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'composite_thermal_strain composite_swelling_strain'
    automatic_eigenstrain_names = true
    generate_output = 'hoop_stress hoop_strain stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress strain_zz strain_yy'
    cylindrical_axis_point1 = '0 0 0'
    cylindrical_axis_point2 = '0 1 0'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = bottom
    value = 0.0
  []
  [heat_flux_clad_inner_surface]
    type = FunctionNeumannBC
    boundary = left
    variable = temperature
    function = heat_flux_func
  []
  [right]
    type = ConvectiveHeatFluxBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = 'right'
    T_infinity = 295.0
    heat_transfer_coefficient = 12000
    heat_transfer_coefficient_dT = 0
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    rod_ave_lin_pow = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    factor = 3e13
  []
  [composite_thermal]
    type = CompositeSiCThermal
    thermal_conductivity_model = STONE
    temperature = temperature
    outputs = 'all'
  []
  [composite_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 2700.0
  []
  [composite_elasticity_tensor]
    type = CompositeSiCElasticityTensor
    elasticity_model = SINGH
  []
  [composite_stress]
    type = ComputeStrainIncrementBasedStress
  []
  [composite_thermal_expansion]
    type = CompositeSiCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = composite_thermal_strain
    outputs = 'all'
  []
  [composite_irradiation_swelling]
    type = CompositeSiCVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    temperature = temperature
    fast_neutron_fluence = fast_neutron_fluence
    swelling_model = KATOH
    number_of_substeps = 1000
    eigenstrain_name = composite_swelling_strain
    outputs = 'all'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [limitT]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 50.0
    variable = temperature
  []
  [limitX]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 1e-5
    variable = disp_x
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'NEWTON' #PJFNK'

  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 50
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 50
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  start_time = -200
  n_startup_steps = 1
  end_time = 2.3328e6
  dtmin = 1

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 2e2
    optimal_iterations = 25
    iteration_window = 5
    growth_factor = 2
    cutback_factor = .5
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = max_time_step_size_pp
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [hoop_stress_outer]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = hoop_stress
    elementid = 499
  []
  [axial_stress_outer]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = stress_yy
    elementid = 499
  []
  [hoop_stress_inner]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = hoop_stress
    elementid = 490
  []
  [axial_stress_inner]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = stress_yy
    elementid = 490
  []
  [hoop_strain_inner]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = strain_zz
    elementid = 490
  []
  [axial_strain_inner]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = strain_yy
    elementid = 490
  []
  [hoop_strain_outer]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = strain_zz
    elementid = 499
  []
  [axial_strain_outer]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = strain_yy
    elementid = 499
  []
  [max_time_step_size_pp]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = max_time_step_size_func
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [outlet_heat_flux]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temperature
    boundary = left
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [swelling_strain_outer]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = composite_swelling_strain_22
    elementid = 499
  []
  [swelling_strain_inner]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = composite_swelling_strain_22
    elementid = 490
  []
  [thermal_strain_outer]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = composite_thermal_strain_22
    elementid = 499
  []
  [thermal_strain_inner]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = composite_thermal_strain_22
    elementid = 490
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  exodus = true
  [csv]
    type = CSV
    execute_on = final
  []
  color = false
[]

(examples/TRISO/full_particle/2D/full_particle.i)


initial_fuel_density = 10810.0

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [mesh]
    type = FileMeshGenerator
    file = full_particle.e
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1346.0
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
  []
  [burnup]
    block = fuel
  []
  [grain_radius]
    initial_condition = 5.0e-6
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    block = fuel
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain'
    generate_output = 'hydrostatic_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz stress_xy stress_yz stress_xz strain_xy strain_yz strain_xz'
  []
  [buffer]
    block = buffer
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'buffer_thermal_strain buffer_eigenstrain'
    generate_output = 'hydrostatic_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz stress_xy stress_yz stress_xz strain_xy strain_yz strain_xz'
  []
  [IPyC]
    block = IPyC
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'IPyC_eigenstrain IPyC_thermal_strain'
    generate_output = 'hydrostatic_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz stress_xy stress_yz stress_xz strain_xy strain_yz strain_xz'
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'SiC_thermal_strain'
    generate_output = 'hydrostatic_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz stress_xy stress_yz stress_xz strain_xy strain_yz strain_xz'
  []
  [OPyC]
    block = OPyC
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'OPyC_eigenstrain OPyC_thermal_strain'
    generate_output = 'hydrostatic_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz stress_xy stress_yz stress_xz strain_xy strain_yz strain_xz'
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 1.708707e18
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 7.75e19
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fission_rate]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    function = fission_rate
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    molecular_weight = 0.270
  []
  [grain_radius]
    type = GrainRadiusAux
    block = fuel
    variable = grain_radius
    temperature = temperature
    execute_on = linear
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 15
    secondary = 17
    penalty = 1e5
    model = frictionless
    formulation = penalty
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = 15
    secondary = 17
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released co_production'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe;
                          CO'
    released_fractions = '0.153 0.847;
                          1'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_disp_y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = yzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_temperature]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    value = 1346
  []
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  [exterior_pressure_y]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 'PyCGapBndry BufferGapBndry'
      initial_pressure = 0
      startup_time = 1.0e4
      R = 8.3143
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = volumeGas
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released co_production'
      output = plenum_pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 1.708707e18 # n/m^2-sec
  []
  [fuel_thermal]
    type = UO2Thermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = FINK_LUCUTA
    initial_porosity = 0.0
    burnup = burnup
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    youngs_modulus = 2.0e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [fuel_elastic_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10.0e-6
    temperature = temperature
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    grain_radius = grain_radius
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    youngs_modulus = 2.0e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [buffer_elastic_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = buffer
  []
  [buffer_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = buffer
    thermal_conductivity = 0.5
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1000.0
    block = buffer
  []
  [buffer_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.5e-6
    temperature = temperature
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = buffer_thermal_strain
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'IPyC OPyC buffer'
  []
  [buffer_irraditation]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    pyc_type = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = buffer_eigenstrain
  []

  [IPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []
  [IOPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IOPyC_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [IOPyC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    strain_free_density = 1880.0
  []
  [IPyC_densification]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    pyc_type = dense
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_eigenstrain
  []
  [IPyC_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.5e-6
    temperature = temperature
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_thermal_strain
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.7e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.13
  []
  [SiC_elastic_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = SiC
    thermal_conductivity = 13.9
    specific_heat = 620.0
  []
  [SiC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    temperature = temperature
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = SiC_thermal_strain
  []
  [OPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = OPyC
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []
  [OPyC_densification]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    pyc_type = dense
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_eigenstrain
  []
  [OPyC_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.5e-6
    temperature = temperature
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_thermal_strain
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temperature]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 20
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = ' lu       superlu_dist'
  line_search = 'none'
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 15
  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50
  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 3.10176e7
  dtmax = 2e5
  dtmin = 1
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 10
    optimal_iterations = 8
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
  [Quadrature]
    order = FIFTH
    side_order = SEVENTH
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [max_xx_IPyC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_xx
    block = IPyC
  []
  [max_yy_IPyC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = IPyC
  []
  [min_zz_IPyC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_zz
    block = IPyC
    value_type = min
  []
  [max_xx_SiC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_xx
    block = SiC
  []
  [max_yy_SiC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = SiC
  []
  [min_zz_SiC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_zz
    block = SiC
    value_type = min
  []
  [max_xx_OPyC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_xx
    block = OPyC
  []
  [max_yy_OPyC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = OPyC
  []
  [min_zz_OPyC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_zz
    block = OPyC
    value_type = min
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [volumeTotal]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = exterior
    execute_on = 'initial TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [volumeFuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [volumeGas]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = BufferGapVol
    addition = -5.53e-11
    execute_on = 'initial TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [volumeBufferShell]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = BufferGapVol
    execute_on = 'initial TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = BufferGapVol
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [avg_surface_temperature]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [time_int_surf_temperature]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = avg_surface_temperature
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [co_production]
    type = CarbonMonoxideProduction
    total_fissions = total_fissions
    time_integrated_triso_temperature = time_int_surf_temperature
    initial_enrichment = 0.14029
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  exodus = true
  csv = true
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    execute_on = Final
    show = 'max_xx_IPyC max_yy_IPyC min_zz_IPyC max_xx_SiC max_yy_SiC min_zz_SiC co_production fis_gas_released avg_surface_temperature'
  []
[]

(assessment/TRISO/benchmark/IAEA_CRP-6/fuel_performance/case_6/case_6_1D.i)

#
# This case is taken from Advances in high temperature gas cooled reactor fuel
# technology. Technical Report IAEA-TECDOC-1674, International Atomic Energy
# Agency, 2012.
#
# See also Hales, et al., Multidimensional multiphysics simulation of TRISO
# particle fuel, JNM, 443, 2013.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.07.070
#
# The correctness of the results computed by this case must be checked against
# results from the IAEA benchmark.  The best way to do this is to compare
# results with information in the JNM article.
#

[GlobalParams]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '3.50e-4 3.90e-4 4.25e-4 4.65e-4'
    mesh_density = '4 4 4'
    block_names = 'IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [radial_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(1.36334e-3/4.0*t*t*t - 7.77024e-3/3.0*t*t + 2.00861e-2/2.0*t - 2.22642e-2)'
  []
  [tangential_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(-3.53804e-4/4.0*t*t*t + 1.69251e-3/3.0*t*t + 2.63307e-3/2.0*t - 1.91253e-2)'
  []
  [pressure]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '26.2e6/8e7*t'
  []
  [k_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '2.715e-29'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1273.0
  []
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_zz]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [IPyC_OPyC]
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    strain = finite
    eigenstrain_names = pyc_eigenstrain
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    strain = finite
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [stress_zz]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_zz
    index_i = 2
    index_j = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  [interior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    factor = 1.0
    function = pressure
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 3.75e17 # n/m^2-sec
  []
  [stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = 'SiC'
  []
  [PyC_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    k = k_function
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [PyC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    strain_free_density = 1900.0
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [PyC_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    radial_eigenstrain_function = radial_eigenstrain
    tangential_eigenstrain_function = tangential_eigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = pyc_eigenstrain
  []
  [PyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.7e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.13
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart -pc_type -pc_hypre_type -pc_hypre_boomeramg_max_iter'
  petsc_options_value = '201                hypre    boomeramg      4'
  line_search = 'none'
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 15
  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50
  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 8e7
  dt = 1.0
  dtmax = 1e6
  dtmin = 1.0e4
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [max_yy_IPyC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = IPyC
  []
  [max_yy_SiC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = SiC
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  exodus = true
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/x441_base.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11  # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    pellet_height = ${pellet_height}
    clad_top_gap_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    bottom_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    top_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    clad_bot_gap_height = 0.2e-3 # arbitrary
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    ny_p = 260
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 260
    ny_cu = ${ny_cu}
    ny_cl = ${ny_cl}
    pellet_quantity = 1
    elem_type = QUAD8
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_size = 30
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  # Aux variables for output
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [element_failed]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '0.151e6 0.151e6'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress
      hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz
      elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy
      strain_zz hoop_stress effective_creep_strain volumetric_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = pellet
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain gas_swelling_eigenstrain
      solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress
      hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz
      elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy
      strain_zz hoop_stress effective_creep_strain hoop_creep_strain
      hoop_elastic_strain hoop_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [failed_element]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = element_failed
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-3
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature   = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure      = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux      = 5261.5   # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material    = sodium
    rod_diameter        = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch           = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate    = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 2e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = UPuZrGaseousEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = gas_swelling_eigenstrain
    temperature = temp
    initial_porosity = 0.0
    bubble_number_density = 1e20
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'porosity gaseous_porosity'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = BurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = pellet
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = pellet
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [longHT9_failure]
    type = HT9FailureClad
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    method = cdf_long
    temperature = temp
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 10
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [flux_from_clad]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_prod
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_rel
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = pellet
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [gaseous_porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gaseous_porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_strain
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'all_pellet_exterior'
  []
  [max_clad_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'clad_outside_top clad_outside_right'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [clad_total_hoop_strain]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = hoop_strain
    start_point = '2.90e-3 2.55e-3 0.0'
    end_point = '2.90e-3 0.725 0.0'
    num_points = 300
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec6'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 42000400'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_fuel_elongation max_clad_elongation max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec6]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec6
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(test/tests/solid_mechanics/failurecladD9/cdf_transient/transienttest.i)

## Description ##
# Four elements of HT9 clad (2D) for a total pipe wall thickness 0.005 m have an internal pressure
# applied for 3001 seconds. The 26 time step have no failure, but the CDF of the
# internal (first) element surpasses 1 at 2700 seconds. This value was compared to the values found
# in excel and were all found to match. The temperature and stress were varried to simulate transient
# cases for a reactor, such as a power spike in this example.

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  volumetric_locking_correction = true
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [mesh]
    type = FileMeshGenerator
    file = axisymm_thin_cyl_q4.e
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 600
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [clad_fail]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [applied_pressure]
    type = PiecewiseConstant
    x = '0 1000'
    y = '0.641e6 0.641e7'
  []
  [applied_temperature]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1000 2000 3000 3001'
    y = '600 600.05 860 1105 1605'
  []
  [applied_flux]
    type = PiecewiseConstant
    x = '0 1000 2000 3000 5000'
    y = '1e22 1e22 1e22 1e22 0'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [clad_wall]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_yy stress_xx stress_xy stress_zz'
    block = 1
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]

  [clad_fail]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = clad_fail
    execute_on = 'timestep_end'
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cdf_amount
    execute_on = 'timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [sigma_zz]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = stress_zz
  []
  [sig_hoop_0]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = stress_zz
    elementid = 0
  []
  [sig_hoop_1]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = stress_zz
    elementid = 1
  []
  [sig_hoop_2]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = stress_zz
    elementid = 2
  []
  [sig_hoop_3]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = stress_zz
    elementid = 3
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    #    value_type = max
    variable = cdf_amount
    elementid = 3
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [top_bot_y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = '1'
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [inner_press]
      boundary = 4
      factor = 1.0
      function = applied_pressure
    []
  []
  [temp_fix]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = '1 2 3 4'
    function = applied_temperature #K
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [FailureClad]
    block = 1
    type = D9FailureClad
    hoop_stress = stress_zz
    temperature = temp
    method = transient
    steady_state_temperature = 600
    fast_neutron_fluence = fast_neutron_fluence
  []

  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    block = 1
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 234468.6944e6
    poissons_ratio = 0.221956
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = 1
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    block = 1
    flux_function = applied_flux
  []

  [thermal]
    block = 1
    type = D9Thermal
    temperature = temp
  []

  [density]
    block = 1
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 7874
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'NEWTON'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu     superlu_dist'
  line_search = 'none'
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-10
  l_max_its = 30
  nl_max_its = 50
  dt = 100
  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 3100
  l_tol = 1e-4
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  csv = false
  exodus = true
[]

(examples/TRISO/pebble/3D_pebble.i)

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  flux_conversion_factor = 0.85
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 #[J/fission]
[]

[Mesh]
  [file]
    type = FileMeshGenerator
    file = pebble.e
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[Distributions]
  [normal_kernel_r]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 213.35e-6
    standard_deviation = 4.4e-6
    lower_bound = 1.9575e-04
    upper_bound = 2.3095e-04
  []
  [normal_buffer_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 98.9e-6
    standard_deviation = 8.4e-6
    lower_bound = 6.53e-05
    upper_bound = 1.325e-04
  []
  [normal_ipyc_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 40.4e-6
    standard_deviation = 2.5e-6
    lower_bound = 3.0400e-05
    upper_bound = 5.0400e-05
  []
  [normal_sic_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 35.2e-6
    standard_deviation = 1.2e-6
    lower_bound = 3.0400e-05
    upper_bound = 4.0000e-05
  []
  [normal_opyc_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 43.4e-6
    standard_deviation = 2.9e-6
    lower_bound = 3.1800e-05
    upper_bound = 5.5000e-05
  []
[]

[Samplers]
  [sample]
    type = MonteCarlo
    num_rows = 100
    distributions = 'normal_kernel_r normal_buffer_t normal_ipyc_t normal_sic_t normal_opyc_t'
    execute_on = 'PRE_MULTIAPP_SETUP'
  []
[]

[MultiApps]
  [sub]
    type = SamplerTransientMultiApp
    input_files = triso_1d.i
    sampler = sample
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
    mode = normal
  []
[]

[DiracKernels]
  [heat_source]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSource
    variable = temperature
    point_source_values = release_heat_inc
    value_name = release_heat_inc:release_heat_inc
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []
  [Cs_source]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSource
    variable = conc_Cs
    point_source_values = release_Cs_inc
    value_name = release_Cs_inc:release_Cs_inc
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []
[]

[UserObjects]
  [point_source_location]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSourceLocation
    min_radius = 0.0138
    max_radius = 0.018
    geometry = SPHERE
    sampler = sample
    fuel_element_blocks = 2
    particle_space = 0.0002
    execute_on = 'INITIAL'
  []
[]

[Transfers]
  [release_heat_inc]
    type = SamplerPostprocessorTransfer
    from_multi_app = sub
    sampler = sample
    to_vector_postprocessor = release_heat_inc
    from_postprocessor = release_heat_inc
  []
  [release_Cs_inc]
    type = SamplerPostprocessorTransfer
    from_multi_app = sub
    sampler = sample
    to_vector_postprocessor = release_Cs_inc
    from_postprocessor = release_Cs_inc
  []
  [sub_temp_bc]
    type = SamplerPostprocessorTransfer
    from_multi_app = sub
    sampler = sample
    to_vector_postprocessor = temp_bc
    from_postprocessor = aver_temp_exterior
  []
  [temp_bc]
    type = MultiAppVectorPostprocessorTransfer
    to_multi_app = sub
    vector_postprocessor = sample_points
    postprocessor = temp_bc
    vector_name = temperature
  []
[]

[Controls]
  [cmdline]
    type = MultiAppSamplerControl
    multi_app = sub
    sampler = sample
    param_names = 'kernel_radius buffer_thickness IPyC_thickness SiC_thickness OPyC_thickness'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [sample_points]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointValueSampler
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []
  [release_heat_inc]
    type = StochasticResults
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
  []
  [release_Cs_inc]
    type = StochasticResults
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
  []
  [heat_source_output]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSourceOutput
    vector_postprocessor = release_heat_inc
    value_name = release_heat_inc:release_heat_inc
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []
  [Cs_source_output]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSourceOutput
    vector_postprocessor = release_Cs_inc
    value_name = release_Cs_inc:release_Cs_inc
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []
  [temp_bc]
    type = StochasticResults
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
  []
  [temp_bc_output]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSourceOutput
    vector_postprocessor = temp_bc
    value_name = sub_temp_bc:aver_temp_exterior
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 773.15
  []
  [conc_Cs]
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [density]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [thermal_conductivity]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [specific_heat]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [Cs_diff_coef]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e3 4.51008e7' #change time (s) for desired EFPD
    y = '0 1 1'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = LinearCombinationFunction
    functions = power_history
    w = 2.927e18
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_Cs_dt]
    type = TimeDerivative
    variable = conc_Cs
  []
  [mass_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusion
    variable = conc_Cs
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [density]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = density
    property = density
    block = '1 2 3'
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [thermal_conductivity]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = thermal_conductivity
    property = thermal_conductivity
    block = '1 2 3'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [specific_heat]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = specific_heat
    property = specific_heat
    block = '1 2 3'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [Cs_diff_coef]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = Cs_diff_coef
    property = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [coolant_temp]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    value = 773.15
  []
  [freesurf_conc_Cs]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = conc_Cs
    boundary = exterior
    value = 0.0
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = power_history
    factor = 1.109e18
  []

  ##### fuel region propereties
  [fueled_region_thermal]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    block = 2
    graphite_grade = A3_27_1800
    packing_fraction = 0.22
    temperature = temperature
    initial_matrix_density = 1750.0
  []
  [fueled_region_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = 2
    property_name = density
    expression = 1750.0
  []
  [fuel_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = 2
    d1 = 1e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []

  ##### Shell properties
  [shell_region_thermal]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    block = 3
    graphite_grade = A3_27_1800
    packing_fraction = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    initial_matrix_density = 1750.0
  []
  [shell_region_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = 3
    property_name = density
    expression = 1750.0
  []

  [shell_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = 3
    d1 = 1e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []

  ##### pebble core
  [core_region_thermal]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    block = 1
    graphite_grade = A3_27_1800
    packing_fraction = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    initial_matrix_density = 1400.0
  []
  [core_region_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = 1
    property_name = density
    expression = 1400.0
  []
  [core_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = 1
    d1 = 1e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
  show_var_residual = 'temperature'
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-9
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-9
  nl_max_its = 15

  l_tol = 1e-5
  l_max_its = 30

  start_time = 0.0
  dt = 500000
  num_steps = 10
[]

[Postprocessors]

  ### irradiation conditions
  [pebble_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = 2
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [heat_from_pebble]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fast_neutron_maximum_fluence_MP]
    type = ElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = '1 2 3'
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fast_neutron_maximum_flux_MP]
    type = ElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fast_neutron_flux
    block = '1 2 3'
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fission_rate_maximum]
    type = ElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fission_rate
    block = '1 2 3'
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  ### temperatures
  [fuel_minimum_temperature]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = '2'
    value_type = 'min'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fuel_average_temperature]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    variable = temperature
    block = '2'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fuel_maximum_temperature]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = '2'
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [shell_minimum_temperature]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = '3'
    value_type = 'min'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [shell_average_temperature]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    variable = temperature
    block = '3'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [shell_maximum_temperature]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = '3'
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [core_minimum_temperature]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = '1'
    value_type = 'min'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [core_average_temperature]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    variable = temperature
    block = '1'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [core_maximum_temperature]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = '1'
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  exodus = true
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_H/x441_1_5D_H.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [layered1D_mesh]
    type = Layered1DMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    fuel_height = ${pellet_height}
    plenum_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    nx_c = 4
    slices_per_block = 10
    elem_type = EDGE2
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = Layered1DFuelPinGeometry
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [disp_y]
  []
  [disp_z]
  []

  # Aux variables for output
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '1.0 1.0'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
  [clad_axial_pressure]
    type = CladdingAxialPressureFunction
    plenum_pressure = plenum_pressure
    coolant_pressure = coolant_press_ramp
    coolant_pressure_scaling_factor = 0.151e6
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [fuel_axial_pressure]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = plenum_pressure
    symbol_names = plenum_pressure
    symbol_values = plenum_pressure
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/Layered1D]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = true
    add_scalar_variables = true
    out_of_plane_strain_name = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_pressure_function = fuel_axial_pressure
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain gas_swelling_eigenstrain solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = true
    add_scalar_variables = true
    out_of_plane_strain_name = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_pressure_function = clad_axial_pressure
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = fuel
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '2'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '2'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux = 5261.5 # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material = sodium
    rod_diameter = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = fuel
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = fuel
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = UPuZrGaseousEigenstrain
    temperature = temp
    eigenstrain_name = gas_swelling_eigenstrain
    initial_porosity = 0.0
    bubble_number_density = 1e20
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'porosity gaseous_porosity'
    block = fuel
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = BurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = fuel
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = fuel
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 15800
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 100
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior] # average temperature of the cladding interior and all pellet exteriors
    type = LayeredSideAverageValuePostprocessor
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [clad_inner_vol] # volume inside of cladding
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 7
    component = 0
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    #outputs = exodus
  []
  [pellet_volume] # fuel pellet total volume
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 8
    component = 0
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    #outputs = exodus
  []
  [avg_clad_temp] # average temperature of cladding interior
    type = LayeredSideAverageValuePostprocessor
    boundary = 7
    variable = temp
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    component = 0
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [flux_from_clad] # area integrated heat flux from the cladding
    type = LayeredSideFluxIntegralPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [flux_from_fuel] # area integrated heat flux from the fuel
    type = LayeredSideFluxIntegralPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralPowerPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = fuel
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralFisGasProducePostprocessor
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralFisGasReleasePostprocessor
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = fuel
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = fuel
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = fuel
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = fuel
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [gaseous_porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gaseous_porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 41991000'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_H/x441_grp_H.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11  # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    pellet_height = ${pellet_height}
    clad_top_gap_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    bottom_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    top_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    clad_bot_gap_height = 0.2e-3 # arbitrary
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    ny_p = 260
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 260
    ny_cu = ${ny_cu}
    ny_cl = ${ny_cl}
    pellet_quantity = 1
    elem_type = QUAD8
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_size = 30
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  # Aux variables for output
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [element_failed]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '0.151e6 0.151e6'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = pellet
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain gas_swelling_eigenstrain solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [failed_element]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = element_failed
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = pellet
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-3
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature   = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure      = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux      = 5261.5   # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material    = sodium
    rod_diameter        = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch           = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate    = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 2e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = UPuZrGaseousEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = gas_swelling_eigenstrain
    temperature = temp
    initial_porosity = 0.0
    bubble_number_density = 1e20
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'porosity gaseous_porosity'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = BurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = pellet
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = pellet
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [longHT9_failure]
    type = HT9FailureClad
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    method = cdf_long
    temperature = temp
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 10
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [flux_from_clad]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_prod
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_rel
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = pellet
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [gaseous_porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gaseous_porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'all_pellet_exterior'
  []
  [max_clad_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'clad_outside_top clad_outside_right'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [clad_total_hoop_strain]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    start_point = '2.90e-3 2.55e-3 0.0'
    end_point = '2.90e-3 0.725 0.0'
    num_points = 300
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec6'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 42000400'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_fuel_elongation max_clad_elongation max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec6]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec6
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(examples/TRISO/parfume/parfume_un.i)

# UN TRISO particle using several PARFUME models

[GlobalParams]
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
  initial_enrichment = 0.1955 # [wt-]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0 # convert E>0.10 to E>0.18 MeV
  stress_free_temperature = 923.15 # used for thermal expansion
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 # [J/fission]
  O_U = 1.5 # Initial Oxygen to Uranium atom ratio
  C_U = 0.4 # Initial Carbon to Uranium atom ratio
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '0 2.125e-4 3.125e-4 3.125e-4 3.525e-4 3.875e-4 4.275e-4'
    mesh_density = '6 6 0 6 8 6'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[UserObjects]
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 923.15
  []
  [conc]
    initial_condition = 0.0
    scaling = 1e18
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [disp_y]
  []
  [disp_z]
  []

  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [burnup]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [gap_condSlave]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [density]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [thermal_conductivity]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [swelling]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [specific_heat]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [volumetric_IIDC_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [radial_IIDC_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [tangential_IIDC_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [BAF]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [fis_gas_produced]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [fis_gas_released]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [gap_HTC]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [gap_distance]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 76e6 76.001e6'
    y = '1 1     0'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = LinearCombinationFunction
    functions = power_history
    w = 3.89e19
  []
  [temp_bc]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    # A final temperature ramp is not possible with the UNThermal model since
    # its range of applicability ends at 1800 K
    # To use the model beyond its limit but get a warning, add
    # value_range_behavior = WARN in the GlobalParams block.
    x = '0    76e6  76.001e6 84.641e6 84.6482e6'
    y = '1500 1500  300      300      2073'
  []
  [k_function]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0     200e6'
    y = '4e-37 4e-37'
  []
  [d1_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'exp(t/4.5e25)'
  []
  [d_gap]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '1500  2100'
    y = '1e-14 1e-12'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    block = fuel
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    incremental = true
    generate_output = 'hydrostatic_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    eigenstrain_names = 'UN_swelling_eigenstrain UN_thermal_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [buffer]
    block = buffer
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    incremental = true
    generate_output = 'hydrostatic_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    eigenstrain_names = 'buffer_IIDC_strain buffer_thermal_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [IPyC]
    block = IPyC
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    incremental = true
    generate_output = 'hydrostatic_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    eigenstrain_names = 'IPyC_IIDC_strain IPyC_thermal_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    incremental = true
    generate_output = 'hydrostatic_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    eigenstrain_names = 'SiC_thermal_eigenstrain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [OPyC]
    block = OPyC
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    incremental = true
    generate_output = 'hydrostatic_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    eigenstrain_names = 'OPyC_IIDC_strain OPyC_thermal_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_ie]
    type = TimeDerivative
    variable = conc
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusion
    variable = conc
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_source]
    type = BodyForce
    variable = conc
    function = power_history
    value = 1.22e-5 # units of mol/m**3-s
    block = fuel
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_decay]
    type = Decay
    variable = conc
    radioactive_decay_constant = 7.297e-10 # units:(1/sec)  The constant for Cesium
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []

  [burnup]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = burnup
    property = burnup
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []

  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []

  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []

  [conductanceSlave]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_condSlave
    boundary = buffer_outer_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [density]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = density
    property = density
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []

  [thermal_conductivity]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = thermal_conductivity
    property = thermal_conductivity
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []

  [specific_heat]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = specific_heat
    property = specific_heat
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []

  [swelling]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = swelling
    property = swelling
    block = fuel
    execute_on = linear
  []

  [volumetric_IIDC_strain]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = volumetric_IIDC_strain
    property = volumetric_IIDC_strain
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []

  [radial_IIDC_strain]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = radial_IIDC_strain
    property = radial_IIDC_strain
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []

  [tangential_IIDC_strain]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = tangential_IIDC_strain
    property = tangential_IIDC_strain
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []

  [BAF]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = BAF
    property = BAF
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []

  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fis_gas_produced
    property = fis_gas_produced
    block = fuel
    execute_on = linear
  []

  [fis_gas_released]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fis_gas_released
    property = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    execute_on = linear
  []

  [gap_HTC]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_HTC
    boundary = buffer_outer_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [gap_distance]
    type = PenetrationAux
    variable = gap_distance
    boundary = buffer_outer_boundary
    paired_boundary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    quantity = distance
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [mechanical]
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    penalty = 1e5
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to a postprocessor which supplies the initial plenum/gap gas mass
    initial_gas_types = 'Kr Xe'
    initial_fractions = '0.185 0.815'
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe'
    released_fractions = '0.185 0.815'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    roughness_primary = 0e-6
    roughness_secondary = 0e-6
    jumpdistance_primary = 0
    jumpdistance_secondary = 0
    quadrature = true
    emissivity_secondary = 0.0
    emissivity_primary = 0.0
    min_gap = 1e-7
    max_gap = 50e-6
    gap_geometry_type = sphere
  []

  [cesium_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = conc
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    gap_conductivity_function = d_gap
    gap_conductivity_function_variable = temperature
    appended_property_name = _conc
    quadrature = true
    gap_geometry_type = sphere
    emissivity_primary = 0.0
    emissivity_secondary = 0.0
    min_gap = 1e-7
  []
[]

[BCs]
  # pin particle along symmetry planes
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []

  # fix temperature on free surface
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    function = temp_bc
    boundary = exterior
  []

  # fix concentration on free surface
  [freesurf_conc]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = conc
    boundary = exterior
    value = 0.0
  []

  # exterior and internal pressures
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []

  [PlenumPressure] #  apply gas pressure on buffer and IPyC boundaries
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      initial_pressure = 100.0
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3145
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_gas_temp
      volume = 'gap_volume buffer_void_volume kernel_void_volume'
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released'
      output = gas_pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]

  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
  []

  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = power_history
    factor = 5e17
  []

  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
  []

  ### UN properties

  [UN_burnup]
    type = TRISOBurnup
    initial_density = 13760.0
    kernel_type = UN
  []

  [UN_thermal]
    type = MNThermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    formulation = COLLIN_BAUER
  []

  [UN_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UNElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [UN_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = fuel
  []

  [UN_VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain]
    type = BurnupDependentEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    swelling_name = swelling
    eigenstrain_name = UN_swelling_eigenstrain
    swelling_factor = 0.8
  []

  [UN_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10e-6 # check this value for UN
    eigenstrain_name = UN_thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [UN_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 13760.0
  []

  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UNFGR
    block = fuel
    average_grain_radius = 10e-6
    temperature = temperature
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
  []

  [fuel_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = fuel
    d1 = 5.6e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 209.0e+3 # J/mol
    d2 = 5.2e-4 # m^2/s
    q2 = 362.0e+3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
  []

  ### Buffer Properties

  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = BufferElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [buffer_stress]
    type = BufferCEGACreep
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [buffer_thermal]
    type = BufferThermal
    block = buffer
    initial_density = 1050.0
  []

  [buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = buffer
    strain_free_density = 1050.0
  []

  [buffer_thermal_strain]
    type = BufferThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = buffer_thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [buffer_IIDC_strain]
    type = BufferCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = buffer_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [buffer_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = buffer
    d1 = 1.0e-12 # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0
    d2 = 0.0
    q2 = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
  []

  ### IPyC  properties

  [IPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    temperature = temperature
    initial_BAF = 1.045
    poissons_ratio = 0.23
  []

  [IPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = IPyC
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [IPyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []

  [IPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = IPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1900.0
  []

  [IPyC_IIDC_strain]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [BAF_IPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.045
    block = IPyC
  []

  [BAF_OPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.045
    block = OPyC
  []

  [IPyC_thermal_strain]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [IPyC_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = IPyC
    d1 = 6.3e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 222.0e+3 # J/mol
    d2 = 0.0
    q2 = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
  []

  ### SiC properties

  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MonolithicSiCElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    elastic_modulus_model = miller
  []

  [SiC_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = SiC
  []

  [SiC_thermal]
    type = MonolithicSiCThermal
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = miller
  []

  [SiC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = SiC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 3200.0
  []

  [SiC_thermal_strain]
    type = MonolithicSiCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = SiC_thermal_eigenstrain
  []

  [SiC_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = SiC
    d1 = 5.5e-14 # m^2/s
    d1_function = d1_function
    d1_function_variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    q1 = 125.0e+3 # J/mol
    d2 = 1.6e-2 # m^2/s
    q2 = 514.0e+3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
  []

  ###  OPyC properties

  [OPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = OPyC
    temperature = temperature
    initial_BAF = 1.045
    poissons_ratio = 0.23
  []

  [OPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = OPyC
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [OPyC_thermal_conductivity]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = OPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []

  [OPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = OPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1900.0
  []

  [OPyC_IIDC_strain]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [OPyC_thermal_strain]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [OPyC_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = OPyC
    d1 = 6.3e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 222.0e+3 # J/mol
    d2 = 0.0
    q2 = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 50
  []
  [disp_x]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = disp_x
    max_increment = 1e-6
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x temperature conc'
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-8
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7
  nl_max_its = 15

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 84.641e6 #85.3682e6
  num_steps = 1000

  dtmax = 2e6
  dtmin = 1

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 20
    growth_factor = 1.5
    optimal_iterations = 8 #6
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
    time_t = '0    76e6  76.001e6 84.641e6 84.6482e6'
    time_dt = '20  20     20      20       20'
  []

  [Quadrature]
    order = THIRD
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [_dt]
    type = TimestepSize
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [cs_release]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [int_cs_release]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = cs_release
  []
  [cs_release_fuel]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc
    boundary = fuel_outer_boundary
  []
  [int_cs_release_fuel]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = cs_release_fuel
  []
  [cs_release_PyCGapBndry]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc
    boundary = IPyC_inner_boundary
  []
  [int_cs_release_PyCGapBndry]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = cs_release_PyCGapBndry
  []

  [ave_gas_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = buffer
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [ave_gap_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_produced
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [gap_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []

  [buffer_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = buffer
    theoretical_density = 2250
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []

  [kernel_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = fuel
    theoretical_density = 14330
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []

  [volumeTotal]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = exterior
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    scale_factor = -1
  []
  [volumeFuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel_outer_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    scale_factor = -1
  []
  [volumeGas]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_outer_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    scale_factor = -1
    addition = 4.67e-11
  []
  [volumeBufferShell]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_outer_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = buffer_outer_boundary
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [gap_HTC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = gap_HTC
    block = buffer
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  ### Postprocessors for CO production
  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
    outputs = exodus
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
    outputs = exodus
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [avg_surface_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    outputs = exodus
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [time_int_surf_temp]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = avg_surface_temp
    outputs = exodus
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  ##### irradiation conditions

  [particle_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_fluence]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  #### II strain

  [OPyC_radial_IIDC_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = radial_IIDC_strain
    block = OPyC
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [OPyC_tangential_IIDC_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = tangential_IIDC_strain
    block = OPyC
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [IPyC_radial_IIDC_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = radial_IIDC_strain
    block = IPyC
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [IPyC_tangential_IIDC_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = tangential_IIDC_strain
    block = IPyC
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  #### temperatures

  [max_T_kernel]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_T_buffer]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = buffer
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [min_T_buffer]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = buffer
    value_type = 'min'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_T_IPyC]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = IPyC
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_T_SiC]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = SiC
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  #### displacement BCs

  [max_disp_kernel]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    block = fuel
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [min_disp_buffer]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    block = buffer
    value_type = 'min'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_disp_IPyC]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    block = IPyC
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  #### hoop stresses

  [hoop_opyc_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = OPyC
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [hoop_sic_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = SiC
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [hoop_ipyc_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = IPyC
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [hoop_buffer_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = buffer
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [hoop_opyc_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = OPyC
    value_type = min
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [hoop_sic_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = SiC
    value_type = min
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [hoop_ipyc_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = IPyC
    value_type = min
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [hoop_buffer_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = buffer
    value_type = min
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  ### Check warning for Density

  [oPyC_density]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = density
    block = OPyC
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [sic_density]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = density
    block = SiC
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [IPyC_density]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = density
    block = IPyC
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [buffer_density]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = density
    block = buffer
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [kernel_density]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = density
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [pd_penetration]
    type = PdPenetration
    boundary = SiC_inner_boundary
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  exodus = true
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(test/tests/solid_mechanics/SS316_creep/creep_SS316_rz_test.i)

#
# This is an axisymmetric version of the 3D test. Since the boundary
# conditions are similar (i.e., uniaxial applied stress of 10 MPa) the
# analytical solution is the same.
#
#
# e_tot = e_elas +
#         e_thermal_creep +
#         e_irradiation_creep
#
#       = P/E +
#         (a * exp(-Q_ln/(RT)) * sinh(b * exp(-Q_pw/(RT)) * sigma) +
#         [B + DS] * fast_neutron_flux * sigma) * dt
#
#         where P = pressure load
#               E = Youngs modulus
#               a,b = thermal creep coefficients
#               sigma = stress in MPa
#               Q_ln-Q_pw = activation energies
#               B = Irradiation creep coefficient "creep compliance"
#               D = Irradiation creep coefficent "coupling coefficient"
#               S = Swelling Rate
#               dt = total time
#               fast_neutron_flux = 3e17 n/m**2/s (applied) but model expects units of 10**22 n/cm**2/s
#               so, fast_neutron_flux = 3e17 * 0.0001 (convert from cm**2 to m**2) * 1e-22 (convert to 10*22)= 3e-9
#
#               Note that these strains are expressed as %, so they have to be divided by 100, thus  the term 0.01 in the strain calculations found below.
#
#
#
#
#   For this test, the analytical solution at t=1e5 is:
#
#               e_tot = 10e6/1.90e11 +
#                       ((21.04889 * exp(-170000/(8.314*973.15)) *
#                       sinh(0.07 * (10) * exp(-12000/(8.314*973.15)))) +
#                       [1e-6 + 0.6e-2 * 0.01] * 3e-9 * 10 * 0.01) * 1e5
#
#                     = 5.263e-5 + (((4.336e-12 * 1.012) + 1.83e-12 * 0.01) * 1e5)
#                     = 5.263e-5 + 4.386e-7 + 1.83e-9 = 5.307e-5
#   e_elas = 5.263e-5
#   e_thermal_creep = 4.386e-7
#   e_irradiation_creep = 1.83e-9
#   e_tot = 5.307e-5
#
#
#


[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  use_displaced_mesh = false
  [mesh]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 2
  []
[]

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  temperature = temp
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 973.15
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [elastic_strain_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [creep_strain_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Physics]
  [SolidMechanics]
    [QuasiStatic]
      [all]
        strain = SMALL
        incremental = true
        add_variables = true
        generate_output = 'stress_yy elastic_strain_yy creep_strain_yy'
      []
    []
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [top_pull]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1'
    y = '1 1'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
  []
  [elastic_strain_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = elastic_strain_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
  []
  [creep_strain_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = creep_strain_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [u_top_pull]
    type = Pressure
    variable = 'disp_y'
    boundary = top
    factor = -10.0e6
    function = top_pull
  []
  [u_bottom_fix]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = bottom
    value = 0.0
  []
  [temp_fix]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = top
    value = 973.15
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 3e17
  []
  [elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.90e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.265
  []
  [creep]
    type = SS316CreepUpdate
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
  []
  [radial_return_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = elastic
    inelastic_models = 'creep'
  []
  [thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    thermal_conductivity = 100.0
  []
  [density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1.0
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient

  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options       = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = '101'

  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its  = 50
  nl_max_its = 20
  l_tol = 1e-5
  start_time = 0.0
  num_steps = 10
  dt = 10000
[]

[Outputs]
  exodus = true
[]

(assessment/TRISO/benchmark/IAEA_CRP-6/fuel_performance/case_10/case_10_1D.i)

#
# This case is taken from Advances in high temperature gas cooled reactor fuel
# technology. Technical Report IAEA-TECDOC-1674, International Atomic Energy
# Agency, 2012.
#
# See also Hales, et al., Multidimensional multiphysics simulation of TRISO
# particle fuel, JNM, 443, 2013.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.07.070
#
# The correctness of the results computed by this case must be checked against
# results from the IAEA benchmark.  The best way to do this is to compare
# results with information in the JNM article.
#

[GlobalParams]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '0 2.485e-4 3.425e-4 3.425e-4 3.835e-4 4.195e-4 4.595e-4'
    mesh_density = '6 6 0 6 8 6'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1346.0
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [radial_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(4.52013e-4/6.0*t*t*t*t*t - 8.36313e-3/5.0*t*t*t*t + 5.67549e-2/4.0*t*t*t - 1.74247e-1/3.0*t*t + 2.62692e-1/2.0*t - 1.43234e-1)'
  []
  [tangential_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(1.30457e-4/4.0*t*t*t - 2.10029e-3/3.0*t*t + 9.07826e-3/2.0*t - 3.24737e-2)'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 7.75e19 # units of fissions/m**3
  []
  [k_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '4.93e-29'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    block = fuel
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [IPyC_OPyC]
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    strain = finite
    eigenstrain_names = 'thermal_strain pyc_eigenstrain'
  []
  [rest]
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
    strain = finite
    eigenstrain_names = thermal_strain
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # units of J/fission
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    function = fission_rate
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    density = 10810.0
    molecular_weight = 0.270 # units of kg/mole
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    penalty = 1e5
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to a postprocessor which supplies the initial plenum/gap gas mass
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released co_production' # coupling to postprocessors which supply the fission gas addition, co addition
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe;
                          CO'
    released_fractions = '0.153 0.847;
                          1'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    #    contact_pressure_input = 10e6
    #    quadrature = true
  []
[]

[BCs]

  # pin particle along symmetry planes
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []

  # fix temperature on free surface
  [freesurf_temperature]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    value = 1346.0
  []

  # exterior and internal pressures
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []

  [PlenumPressure] #  apply gas pressure on buffer and IPyC boundaries
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      initial_pressure = 0
      startup_time = 1.0e4
      R = 8.3143
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to post processor to get initial fill gas mass
      temperature = ave_temp_interior # coupling to post processor to get gas temperature approximation
      volume = volumeGas # coupling to post processor to get gas volume
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released co_production' # coupling to post processor to get fission gas added, co added
      output = plenum_pressure # coupling to post processor to output plenum/gap pressure
    []
  []

[]

[Materials]

  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 1.708707e18 # n/m^2-sec
  []

  [fission_gas_release] # Sifgr fission gas release mode
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate # coupling to fission_rate aux variable
    grain_radius_const = 5.0e-6
  []

  [stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
  []
  [PyC_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    k = k_function
    poissons_ratio = 0.4
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [PyC_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    radial_eigenstrain_function = radial_eigenstrain
    tangential_eigenstrain_function = tangential_eigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = pyc_eigenstrain
  []

  [fuel_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [PyC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.5e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [fuel_thermal] # temperature and burnup dependent thermal properties of UO2 (BISON kernel)
    type = UO2Thermal
    thermal_conductivity_model = FINK_LUCUTA
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    burnup = burnup
  []

  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []

  [fuel_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 10810.0
  []

  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []

  [buffer_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = buffer
    thermal_conductivity = 0.5 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 720.0 # J/kg-K
  []

  [buffer_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1000 #kg/m^3
    block = buffer
  []

  [PyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []

  [PyC_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 720.0 # J/kg-K
  []

  [PyC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1880.0 # kg/m^3
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []

  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.7e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.13
  []

  [SiC_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = SiC
    thermal_conductivity = 13.9 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 620.0 # J/kg-K
  []

  [SiC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 3200.0 # kg/m^3
    block = SiC
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temperature]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient

  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart -pc_type -pc_hypre_type -pc_hypre_boomeramg_max_iter'
  petsc_options_value = '201                hypre    boomeramg      4'

  line_search = 'none'

  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-7
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 15

  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 3.10176e7

  dtmax = 2e5
  dtmin = 1
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 20
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fis_gas_produced] # fission gas produced (moles)
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []

  [fis_gas_released] # fission gas released to plenum (moles)
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumeTotal]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [volumeFuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel_outer_boundary
  []
  [volumeGas]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_boundary IPyC_inner_boundary'
    addition = -5.53e-11
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeBufferShell]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  # Postprocessors for CO production

  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
  []

  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
  []

  [avg_surface_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
  []

  [time_int_surf_temp]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = avg_surface_temp
  []

  [co_production]
    type = CarbonMonoxideProduction
    total_fissions = total_fissions
    time_integrated_triso_temperature = time_int_surf_temp
    initial_enrichment = 0.14029
  []

  [tang_SiC]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = stress_yy
    elementid = 18
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  exodus = true
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(assessment/MOX/JOYO/B14/PTM010/analysis/b14_ptm010_2DRZ_t.i)


initial_fuel_density = 10964.6

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]
[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  reference_vector = 'ref'
[]
[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    pellet_quantity = 1
    pellet_height = 0.4
    pellet_outer_radius = 0.002675
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    clad_gap_width = 0.000105
    clad_thickness = 0.00047
    clad_bot_gap_height = 1.0e-3
    bottom_clad_height = 2.24e-3
    top_clad_height = 2.24e-3
    clad_top_gap_height = 0.685
    elem_type = QUAD8
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 100
    nx_p = 20
    ny_p = 100
    ny_cu = 3
    ny_cl = 3
  []
  patch_size = 50
  patch_update_strategy = iteration
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]
[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = FuelPinGeometry
  []
[]
[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 295.0
  []
[]
[AuxVariables]
  [pore]
  []
  [fission_rate]
  []
  [burnup]
  []
  [radial_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [effective_creep_strain]
    block = clad
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]
[Functions]
  [power_history] #related to the LHGR at the midplane
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = ' 0  72000  158040  160200  246600  248400  249000.012  251280'
    y = ' 0  39814.5  39814.5  44289.3  44289.3  53927.4  53927.4  0'
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux_function]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 251280'
    y = '3.3e+15 3.3e+15'
  []
  [f_temp_out_clad]
    type = PiecewiseBilinear
    x = '0.000175  0.0464075  0.0843675  0.1075625  0.152025  0.1994625  0.2464725  0.2947475  0.356915  0.43356  0.49848  0.625  0.700475  0.797485  0.8723425  0.96'
    y = '0 251280'
    z = '295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295 634.94  662.273  676.998  686.217  706.339  727  743.358  758.311  780.069  799.077  815.576  846.374  860.233  875.494  882.809  889.8'
    scale_factor = 1
    axis = 1
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PiecewiseBilinear
    x = '0.000175  0.0464075  0.0843675  0.1075625  0.152025  0.1994625  0.2464725  0.2947475  0.356915  0.43356  0.49848  0.625  0.700475  0.797485  0.8723425  0.96'
    y = '0 251280'
    z = '0.751  0.752  0.767  0.796  0.82  0.852  0.875  0.915  0.944  0.963  0.988  1  0.985  0.955  0.913  0.846 0.751  0.752  0.767  0.796  0.82  0.852  0.875  0.915  0.944  0.963  0.988  1  0.985  0.955  0.913  0.846'
    scale_factor = 1
    axis = 1
  []
  [q]
    type = CompositeFunction
    functions = 'power_history axial_peaking_factors'
  []
  [average_power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = ' 0  72000  158040  160200  246600  248400  249000.012  251280'
    y = ' 0  34700  34700  38600  38600  47000  47000  0'
  []
[]
[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [pellets]
    block = pellet
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain fuel_volumetric_strain'
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz'
    use_finite_deform_jacobian = true
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [clad]
    block = clad
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz'
    use_finite_deform_jacobian = true
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]
[Kernels]
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]
[AuxKernels]
  [fission_rate]
    type = FissionRateGeneral
    fission_rate_formulation = MOX
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
    initial_porosity = 0.143
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    rod_ave_lin_pow = power_history
    pellet_diameter = 0.00535
    execute_on = timestep_begin
    porosity = pore
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    variable = burnup
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [radial_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = radial_strain
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 0
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [effective_creep_strain]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = effective_creep_strain
    variable = effective_creep_strain
    block = clad
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]
[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    formulation = kinematic
    model = frictionless
    penalty = 1e7
  []
[]
[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = fis_gas_released
    contact_pressure = contact_pressure
    quadrature = true
  []
[]
[BCs]
  [temp_clad_outside]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    function = f_temp_out_clad
    boundary = 2
  []
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad_bottom]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel_bottom]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 101325
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      material_input = fis_gas_released
      output = plenum_pressure
    []
  []
[]
[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    block = clad
    flux_function = fast_neutron_flux_function
  []
  [fuel_thermal]
    type = MAMOXThermal
    temperature = temp
    porosity = pore
    block = pellet
    Am_content = 0.0237
    oxy_to_metal_ratio = 1.99
    output_properties = 'thermal_conductivity'
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MAMOXElasticityTensor
    block = pellet
  []
  [elastic_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = MAMOXThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    oxygen_to_metal_ratio = 2.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [fuel_volumetric_swelling]
    type = UO2VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    gas_swelling_model_type = SIFGRS
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    initial_fuel_density = 10964.6
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_volumetric_strain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = SS316Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 8000
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = SS316ElasticityTensor
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    elastic_constants_model = legacy_ifr
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = SS316ThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_ss316creep]
    type = SS316CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = elastic
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ss316creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    grain_radius_const = 10e-06
    bubble_gb_limit = 1.0e+11
  []
[]
[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]
[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -sub_pc_type'
  petsc_options_value = 'asm lu'
  line_search = 'none'
  fixed_point_max_its = 1
  fixed_point_abs_tol = 1e-3
  fixed_point_rel_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 50
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-3
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-3
  start_time = 0
  n_startup_steps = 1
  end_time = 251280
  dtmax = 10000
  dtmin = 0.25
  automatic_scaling = true
  compute_scaling_once = false
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1e1
    optimal_iterations = 15
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
    growth_factor = 2
    cutback_factor = .5
    force_step_every_function_point = true
    timestep_limiting_function = power_history
  []
[]
[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = burnup
  []
  [ave_pore]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = pore
  []
  [max_pore]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    block = pellet
    value_type = max
    variable = pore
  []
  [min_pore]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    block = pellet
    value_type = min
    variable = pore
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_released_percentage]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [rod_input_power]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = average_power_history
    scale_factor = 0.4 # rod height
  []
[]
[VectorPostprocessors]
  [fuel_radial_temperature_Sample1]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = temp
    start_point = '0.0 0.283 0.0'
    end_point = '0.002675 0.283 0.0'
    num_points = 200
    execute_on = final
    sort_by = x
    outputs = line_plot
  []
  [radial_porosity_Sample1]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = pore
    start_point = '0.0 0.283 0.0'
    end_point = '0.002675 0.283 0.0'
    num_points = 200
    execute_on = final
    sort_by = x
    outputs = line_plot
  []
  [fuel_radial_temperature_Sample2]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = temp
    start_point = '0.0 0.347 0.0'
    end_point = '0.002675 0.347 0.0'
    num_points = 200
    execute_on = final
    sort_by = x
    outputs = line_plot
  []
  [radial_porosity_Sample2]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = pore
    start_point = '0.0 0.347 0.0'
    end_point = '0.002675 0.347 0.0'
    num_points = 200
    execute_on = final
    sort_by = x
    outputs = line_plot
  []
  [fuel_radial_temperature_Sample3]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = temp
    start_point = '0.0 0.2 0.0'
    end_point = '0.002675 0.2 0.0'
    num_points = 200
    execute_on = final
    sort_by = x
    outputs = line_plot
  []
  [radial_porosity_Sample3]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = pore
    start_point = '0.0 0.2 0.0'
    end_point = '0.002675 0.2 0.0'
    num_points = 200
    execute_on = final
    sort_by = x
    outputs = line_plot
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  exodus = true
  color = true
  csv = true
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
  []
  [line_plot]
    type = CSV
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
    time_step_interval =  1
    file_base = 1d
    create_final_symlink = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    execute_on = FINAL
    show = 'ave_temp_interior max_pore'
  []
[]
[MultiApps]
  [sub]
    type = TransientMultiApp
    app_type = BisonApp
    execute_on = timestep_end
    catch_up = true
    max_catch_up_steps = 10
    positions_file = positions.txt
    input_files = b14_ptm010_pore.i
  []
[]
[Transfers]
  [temp_to_sub]
    type = MultiAppProjectionTransfer
    to_multi_app = sub
    source_variable = temp
    variable = temp
  []
  [pore_from_sub]
    type = MultiAppGeometricInterpolationTransfer
    from_multi_app = sub
    source_variable = pore
    variable = pore
  []
[]
[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(assessment/TRISO/benchmark/IAEA_CRP-6/fuel_performance/case_8/case_8_1D.i)

#
# This case is taken from Advances in high temperature gas cooled reactor fuel
# technology. Technical Report IAEA-TECDOC-1674, International Atomic Energy
# Agency, 2012.
#
# See also Hales, et al., Multidimensional multiphysics simulation of TRISO
# particle fuel, JNM, 443, 2013.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.07.070
#
# The correctness of the results computed by this case must be checked against
# results from the IAEA benchmark.  The best way to do this is to compare
# results with information in the JNM article.
#

[GlobalParams]
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '3.50e-4 3.90e-4 4.25e-4 4.65e-4'
    mesh_density = '6 6 6'
    block_names = 'IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [radial_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(4.03266e-4/4.0*t*t*t - 2.25937e-3/3.0*t*t + 9.82884e-3/2.0*t - 1.80613e-2)'
  []
  [tangential_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(-4.91648e-4/4.0*t*t*t + 2.32979e-3/3.0*t*t + 1.71315e-3/2.0*t - 1.78392e-2)'
  []
  [pressure]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = pressure_history.dat
    format = columns
  []
  [temperature]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = temperature_history.dat
    format = columns
  []
  [k_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '(4.386e-4 - 9.70e-7*(t-273.15) + 8.0294e-10*(t-273.15)*(t-273.15))*1e-25'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 873.0
  []
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [IPyC_OPyC]
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    strain = finite
    eigenstrain_names = 'thermal_strain pyc_eigenstrain'
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    strain = finite
    eigenstrain_names = thermal_strain
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  # fix temperature on free surface
  [freesurf_temperature]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = temperature
    function = temperature
  []
[]

[BCs]

  # exterior and internal pressures
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []

  [interior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    factor = 1.0
    function = pressure
  []

[]

[Materials]
  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 3.472222222e17 # n/m^2-sec
  []
  [stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = 'SiC'
  []
  [PyC_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    k = k_function
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1900.0
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [PyC_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    radial_eigenstrain_function = radial_eigenstrain
    tangential_eigenstrain_function = tangential_eigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = pyc_eigenstrain
  []
  [PyC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.35e-6
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    stress_free_temperature = 873.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    block = SiC
    stress_free_temperature = 873.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [PyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []

  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.7e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.13
  []

[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 15

  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 8.64e7
  dt = 1.0
  dtmax = 2e5
  dtmin = 5e3
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
    time_t = '0   0.864e7  1.728e7  2.592e7  3.456e7  4.320e7  5.184e7  6.048e7  6.912e7  7.776e7'
    time_dt = '5e3 5e3      5e3      5e3      5e3      5e3      5e3      5e3      5e3      5e3'
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [tang_IPyC]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = stress_yy
    elementid = 0
  []
  [tang_SiC]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = stress_yy
    elementid = 6
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(test/tests/ADMetallicFuelWastage/ad_flux_burnup_ht9-jac.i)

# This tests the AD jacobian for ADMetallicFuelWastage (flux_burnup_ht9)

[Mesh]
  [mesh]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 2
    nx = 2
    ny = 2
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
  []
[]

[ICs]
  [temp]
    type = ConstantIC
    variable = temp
    value = 300
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [left]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = 3
    value = 1000
  []
  [right]
    type = ADFunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = 1
    function = right_temp
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [temp_diff]
    type = ADHeatConduction
    variable = temp
    thermal_conductivity = 15.0
  []
  [temp_dt]
    type = ADHeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    specific_heat = 100.0
    density_name = 7900
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [right_temp]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 1000.0/(1.0+wt*1000)
    symbol_names = 'wt'
    symbol_values = 'avg_wastage'
  []
  [fission_rate_fcn]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = t*1E11
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = ADGenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = 'fission_rate'
    prop_values = 'fission_rate_fcn'
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = ADUPuZrBurnup
    density = 100
    initial_X_Pu = 0.1
    initial_X_Zr = 0.1
    outputs = all
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    factor = 1E19
    outputs = all
  []
  [converter]
    type = MaterialADConverter
    reg_props_in = 'fast_neutron_flux'
    ad_props_out = 'ad_fast_neutron_flux'
  []
  [wastage]
    type = ADMetallicFuelWastage
    fast_neutron_flux = 'ad_fast_neutron_flux'
    method = flux_burnup_ht9
    temperature = temp
    scale_factor = 1.0
    boundary = 3
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  num_steps = 15
  dt = 1.0e6
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [avg_wastage]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = wastage_thickness
  []
  [avg_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
  []
[]

(test/tests/triso/buffer_creep/buffer_creep.i)

#Irradiation-induced Creep Properties of the Buffer
#The geometry is a cube (edge length = 5 cm) made of buffer material (initial density = 1.0 g/cm^3) subject to creep.
#A pressure boundary condition of 50 MPa is applied to one side to induce a constant stress in the x-axis.
#The Poisson's ratio in creep is equal to 0.5.
#The temperature is constant and equal to 1273.15 K.
#The fast neutron flux (E>0.10 MeV) is ramped linearly from 0 to 7.5e18 n/m^2-s over 1e4 seconds and then remains constant.
#Since the stress is constant, the creep rate can be approximated as K * sigma * flux * flux_conversion_factor. With K = 8.5265e-35, sigma = -5e7 N/m^2,
# flux = 7.5e18 n/m2-s and flux_conversion_factor = 0.85, creep rate calculated as 2.7178e-08 1/s.
#At time = 7.5e6 seconds, the analytical creep strain is -0.2038.

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y disp_z'
  volumetric_locking_correction = true
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  flux_conversion_factor = 0.85
[]

[Mesh]
  [gen]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 3
    xmin = 0.0
    xmax = 0.05
    ymin = 0.0
    ymax = 0.05
    zmin = 0.0
    zmax = 0.05
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [disp_z]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 1273.15
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [density]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [flux_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0    1e4    1e8'
    y = '0 7.5e18 7.5e18'
  []
  [pressure_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e3'
    y = '0 1'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [perm_Buffer]
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = ' '
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz creep_strain_xx'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = '0'
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [density]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = density
    property = density
    block = '0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_z_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_z
    boundary = 'back'
    value = 0
  []
  [no_y_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'bottom'
    value = 0
  []
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'right'
    value = 0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [appliedPressure]
      boundary = 'left'
      factor = 50e6
      function = pressure_ramp
    []
  []
  [heat_removal]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = 'back bottom right'
    value = 1273.15
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = flux_history
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    normal_x = 1
    normal_y = 0
    normal_z = 0
  []
  [Buffer_stress]
    type = BufferCEGACreep
    temperature = temp
  []

  [Buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = BufferElasticityTensor
    temperature = temp
  []

  [buffer_thermal]
    type = BufferThermal
    initial_density = 1000
  []

  [Buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1000.0
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [limitT]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 200.0
    variable = temp
  []

  [limitX]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 1e-4
    variable = disp_x
  []

  [limitY]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 1e-4
    variable = disp_y
  []

  [limitZ]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 1e-4
    variable = disp_z
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 50
  l_tol = 1e-2

  nl_max_its = 150
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-08
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 7.5e6
  num_steps = 140


  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1e6
    time_t = '1e4 1e5'
    time_dt = '1e6 1e6'
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [fluence]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [disp_x_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [sigma_x_max]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = stress_xx
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [creep_strain_xx]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = creep_strain_xx
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [density]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = density
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  csv = true
  exodus = false
  [console]
    type = Console
  []
[]

(test/tests/solid_mechanics/SS316_creep/creep_SS316_rz_therm_only.i)

#
# This is an axisymmetric RZ model designed to confirm the implementation of
# the thermal creep equations in the paper by Gorash, Altenbach and Lvov. The data in
# Figure 4 of the paper plots the steady state strain rate as a function of
# applied stress. This model uses a pressure BC at one end while holding the
# other end fixed in the y-direction. The strain rate in the y-direction is
# extracted as a postprocessor and compared to the values in Figure 4. The
# irradiation creep term is eliminated by setting the fast neutron flux equal
# to zero in this simulation.
#
# The cli_args option is used in the tests file to create additional tests
# with a variation in the applied stress and temperature. A gnuplot input file
# is also included in the directory to generate a plot of the steady state
# strain rate results.
#
# "Modelling of high-temperature inelastic behaviour of the austenitic steel
# AISI type 316 using a continuum damage mechanics approach", Y. Gorash, H.
# Altenbach and G. Lvov, J. Strain Analysis, 47(4) 229-243, 2012.
#

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  temperature = temp
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [mesh]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 2
    ymax = 0.1
    xmax = 0.01
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 1023.0
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [elastic_strain_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [creep_strain_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Physics]
  [SolidMechanics]
    [QuasiStatic]
      [all]
        strain = FINITE
        add_variables = true
        generate_output = 'stress_yy elastic_strain_yy creep_strain_yy'
      []
    []
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [top_pull]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5'
    y = '0 1'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
  []
  [elastic_strain_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = elastic_strain_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
  []
  [creep_strain_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = creep_strain_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [u_top_pull]
    type = Pressure
    variable = 'disp_y'
    boundary = top
    factor = -30.0e6
    function = top_pull
  []
  [u_bottom_fix]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = bottom
    value = 0.0
  []
  [u_left_fix]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = left
    value = 0.0
  []
  [temp_fix]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = 'top bottom left right'
    value = 1023.0
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 0
  []
  [elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.90e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.265
  []
  [creep]
    type = SS316CreepUpdate
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
    outputs = 'all'
  []
  [radial_return_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = elastic
    inelastic_models = 'creep'
  []
  [thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    thermal_conductivity = 100.0
  []
  [density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1.0
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = '101'

  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 50
  nl_max_its = 20
  l_tol = 1e-5
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-5
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-8
  start_time = 0.0
  num_steps = 5000
  end_time = 4e5
  dtmin = 10.0
  dtmax = 1e4

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1e3
    optimal_iterations = 20
    iteration_window = 4
    time_t = '0   1.0e5'
    time_dt = '1e3  1e4'
    growth_factor = 2.0
    cutback_factor = 0.5
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [stress_yy]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = stress_yy
  []
  [el_strain_yy]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = elastic_strain_yy
  []
  [crp_strain_yy]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = creep_strain_yy
  []
  [delta_crp_strain_yy]
    type = ChangeOverTimePostprocessor
    postprocessor = crp_strain_yy
  []
  [_dt]
    type = TimestepSize
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  exodus = true
  csv = true
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X447/analysis/legacy/x447_base.i)

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${fuel_density}
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y' # RZ-2D
  X_Pu = ${fuel_pu}
  X_Zr = ${fuel_zr}
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Pin design parameters from FIPD database
  [gen]
    type = FIPDRodletMeshGenerator
    fipd_geom_file = ${raw '../../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X447/ ${pin_id} / ${pin_id} _design.csv'}

    gap_bottom_length = 0.31e-3 # arbitrary
    cladding_bottom_plug_length = 2.24e-3 # arbitrary
    cladding_top_plug_length = 2.24e-3 # arbitrary

    cladding_sidewall_radial_elements = 10
    cladding_sidewall_axial_element_numbers = '2 150 150'
    cladding_top_plug_radial_elements = 10
    cladding_top_plug_axial_elements = 5
    cladding_bottom_plug_radial_elements = 10
    cladding_bottom_plug_axial_elements = 5
    fuel_radial_elements = 6
    fuel_axial_element_intervals = '0 1'
    fuel_axial_element_numbers = '150'
    use_default_cladding_sidewall_axial_element_intervals = true
    elem_type = QUAD4
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [creep_strain_mag]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [element_failed]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [func_val1] # Just for visualization
  []
  [func_val2] # Just for visualization
  []
  # AuxVariables used for thermal expansion correction
  [fuel_thermal_strain_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_thm_exp]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = fuel
  []
  [clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = cladding
  []
  [clad_thm_exp]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = cladding
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [clad_od_temp] # Time-dependent cladding OD temperature from FIPD database
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X447/ ${pin_id} /clad_od_temp_history_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
  []
  [power_history] # Time-dependent pin average power from FIPD database
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X447/ ${pin_id} /power_history_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
  []
  [pwr_axial_peaking_factors] # Power peaking factor from FIPD database; used for fuel related simulations
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X447/ ${pin_id} /peakingfactor_power_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
  []
  [pwr_axial_peaking_factors_elongate] # Power peaking factor from FIPD database; used for cladding related simulations
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X447/ ${pin_id} /peakingfactor_power_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
    fuel_elongation_pp = max_fuel_elongation # pp used to track fuel elongation
  []
  [fflux_axial_peaking_factors] # Fast flux peaking factor from FIPD database; used for fuel related simulations
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X447/ ${pin_id} /peakingfactor_flux_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
    extrapolate_to_zero = true
  []
  [fflux_axial_peaking_factors_elongate] # Fast flux peaking factor from FIPD database; used for cladding related simulations
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X447/ ${pin_id} /peakingfactor_flux_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
    extrapolate_to_zero = true
    fuel_elongation_pp = max_fuel_elongation # pp used to track fuel elongation
  []
  [flux_history] # Time-dependent pin average fast flux from FIPD database
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X447/ ${pin_id} /flux_history_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
  []
  [flow_rate_history] # Time-dependent flow mass flux from FIPD database; no longer needed if FIPD temperature is used as BC.
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X447/ ${pin_id} /flow_history_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 ${time_last}'
    y = '0.151e6 0.151e6'
  []
  [id_vpp_func] # vpp_function used to track FCCI-related cladding degradation.
    type = MetallicFuelWastageDegradationFunction
    vectorpostprocessor_name = id_wastage
    argument_column = y
    wastage_type = ID
    value_column = wastage_thickness
    use_metadata = true
    degradation_factor = 0.001
    mesh_generator = 'gen'
    transition_width = 1E-4
  []
  [od_vpp_func] # vpp_function used to track CCCI-related cladding degradation.
    type = MetallicFuelWastageDegradationFunction
    vectorpostprocessor_name = od_wastage
    argument_column = y
    wastage_type = OD
    value_column = cc_wastage_thickness
    use_metadata = true
    degradation_factor = 0.001
    mesh_generator = 'gen'
    transition_width = 1E-4
  []
  [ci_temp] # vpp_function used to track cladding ID temperature.
    type = PiecewiseLinearFromVectorPostprocessor
    argument_column = y
    component = y
    value_column = temp
    vectorpostprocessor_name = clad_inn_temp
  []
  [na_vol] # Get sodium volume from mesh generator
    type = MeshPropertyFunction
    mesh_generator = gen
    mesh_property_name = sodium_volume
    scale_factor = -1.0
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  temperature = temp
  add_variables = true
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz volumetric_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain fuel_volumetric_strain'
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz hoop_stress hoop_creep_strain hoop_elastic_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = cladding
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie_f]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = fuel
  []
  [heat_ie_c]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = cladding
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = FissionRateHeatSource
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    block = cladding
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [failed_element]
    block = cladding
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = element_failed
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = cladding
  []
  [func_val1]
    type = FunctionAux
    function = id_vpp_func
    variable = func_val1
    block = cladding
  []
  [func_val2]
    type = FunctionAux
    function = od_vpp_func
    variable = func_val2
    block = cladding
  []
  # AuxKernels used to correct thermal expansion
  [fuel_thermal_strain_xx]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = fuel_thermal_strain
    variable = fuel_thermal_strain_xx
    index_j = 0
    index_i = 0
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_thm_exp]
    type = SpatialUserObjectAux
    variable = fuel_thm_exp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    user_object = fuel_thm_exp
    block = fuel
  []
  [clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
    variable = clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx
    index_j = 0
    index_i = 0
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = cladding
  []
  [clad_thm_exp]
    type = SpatialUserObjectAux
    variable = clad_thm_exp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    user_object = clad_thm_exp
    block = cladding
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = cladding_inside_right
    secondary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-3
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = cladding_inside_right
    secondary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = 0.5e-03 # Adjustable
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = centerline
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = fuel_bottom
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = cladding_outside_bottom
    value = 0.0
  []
  [fuel_top_temp] # Artificially set fuel top temperature; this could also be a Robin BC. Helps to avoid superhigh fuel top temperature in some extreme cases
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    boundary = fuel_top
    variable = temp
    function = ci_temp
  []
  [surf] # Setting temperature BC base on FIPD data
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_bottom cladding_outside_right cladding_outside_top'
    function = clad_od_temp
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = 'cladding_outside_bottom cladding_outside_right cladding_outside_top'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 'fuel_outside_all cladding_inside_all'
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    block = fuel
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = pwr_axial_peaking_factors
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    outputs = all
  []
  [fission_rate_elongate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    block = cladding
    fission_rate_name = fission_rate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = pwr_axial_peaking_factors_elongate
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Pu = ${fuel_pu}
    initial_X_Zr = ${fuel_zr}
    outputs = all
    block = fuel
  []
  [burnup_elongate]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Pu = ${fuel_pu}
    initial_X_Zr = ${fuel_zr}
    outputs = all
    block = cladding
    burnup_name = burnup
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    rod_ave_lin_pow = flux_history
    axial_power_profile = fflux_axial_peaking_factors
    block = fuel
    factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux_elongate]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    rod_ave_lin_pow = flux_history
    axial_power_profile = fflux_axial_peaking_factors_elongate
    block = cladding
    factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_elastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 2e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_volumetric_swelling] # Use LIFE-METAL Empirical model
    type = UPuZrVolumetricSwellingEigenstrainLM
    block = fuel
    use_preset_bubble_size = true
    anisotropic_factor = 1.26
    temperature = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    burnup = burnup
    fis_gas_ret = fis_gas_ret
    hydrostatic_stress = hydrostatic_stress
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_volumetric_strain
    gas_swelling_scale_factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = fuel
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = ${fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = FgrUPuZrLM
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    epsilon_c = 0.36
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = HT9ElasticityTensor
    temperature = temp
    id_wastage_degradation_function = id_vpp_func
    od_wastage_degradation_function = od_vpp_func
    block = cladding
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = cladding
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = cladding
    temperature = temp
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
    id_wastage_degradation_function = id_vpp_func
    od_wastage_degradation_function = od_vpp_func
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = cladding
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
    outputs = all
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = cladding
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = cladding
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [longHT9_failure]
    type = HT9FailureClad
    block = cladding
    method = cdf_long
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
  [wastage_thickness]
    type = MetallicFuelWastage
    method = burnup_ht9_opt
    burnup = burnup
    temperature = temp
    scale_factor = 1
    boundary = cladding_inside_right
    outputs = all
  []
  [cc_wastage_thickness]
    type = MetallicFuelCoolantWastage
    clad_material = HT9
    use_effective_method = true
    temperature = temp
    scale_factor = 1
    boundary = cladding_outside_right
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [limitT]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 50
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  101' #51
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 100
  l_tol = 1e-3
  nl_max_its = 50
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-5
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = ${time_last}
  dtmin = 1
  dtmax = ${max_dt}

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_function = power_history
    max_function_change = 300
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 100
    time_t = '0 9300'
    time_dt = '100 100'
    iteration_window = 2
    optimal_iterations = 10
    force_step_every_function_point = true
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = cladding_inside_top
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = centerline
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = cladding_inside_right
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = cladding
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = cladding
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = fuel
  []
  [avg_hydro]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    block = fuel
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = cladding_inside_all
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel_outside_all
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'fuel_outside_all cladding_inside_all'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = na_vol
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
  []
  [flux_from_clad]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = cladding_inside_right
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_prod
    block = fuel
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_rel
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = fuel
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = fuel
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = fuel
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = fuel
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [gaseous_porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gaseous_porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = cladding
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_clad_creep_strain_mag]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = cladding
    variable = creep_strain_mag
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = cladding
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = fuel_outside_all
  []
  [max_clad_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_top cladding_outside_right'
  []
  [max_wastagethickness]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = wastage_thickness
    outputs = 'console'
  []
  [avg_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = cladding_outside_right
    sort_by = y
    outputs = none
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = centerline
    sort_by = y
    outputs = none
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    sort_by = y
    outputs = none
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = cladding_inside_right
    sort_by = y
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = none
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = cladding_outside_right
    sort_by = y
    outputs = none
  []
  [id_wastage]
    type = FuelRodLineValueSampler
    variable = wastage_thickness
    material = 'clad'
    fraction = 0.0
    num_points = 600
    orientation = 'vertical'
    fuel_pin_geometry = 'pin_geometry'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = csv_wst_a
  []
  [od_wastage]
    type = FuelRodLineValueSampler
    variable = cc_wastage_thickness
    material = 'clad'
    fraction = 1.0
    num_points = 600
    orientation = 'vertical'
    fuel_pin_geometry = 'pin_geometry'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = none
  []
  [nrad_comparison_a]
    type = FIPDAxialPIEComparison
    boundary = cladding_outside_right
    sort_by = y
    csv_file = ${raw '../../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X447/ ${pin_id} /X447A_ ${pin_id} _PR.csv'}
    variable = disp_x
    thermal_strain_variable = clad_thm_exp
    involved_component = cladding
    mesh_generator = gen
    series_type_to_read = 'Cladding O.D. (mils)'
    outputs = csv_vpp_a
    enable = ${enable_a}
  []
[]

[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = FuelPinGeometry
    clad_bottom = cladding_outside_bottom
    clad_inner_wall = cladding_inside_right
    clad_outer_wall = cladding_outside_right
    clad_top = cladding_outside_top
    pellet_exteriors = fuel_outside_all
  []
  [fuel_thm_exp]
    type = LayeredAverage
    variable = fuel_thermal_strain_xx
    direction = y
    num_layers = 1000
    block = fuel
  []
  [clad_thm_exp]
    type = LayeredAverage
    variable = clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx
    direction = y
    num_layers = 1000
    block = cladding
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  checkpoint = false
  color = true
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots}
  []
  [csv_vpp_a]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots_a}
    enable = ${enable_a}
    execute_postprocessors_on = none
    create_latest_symlink = true
  []
  [csv_wst_a]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots_a}
    enable = ${enable_a}
    execute_postprocessors_on = none
    create_latest_symlink = true
  []
  [csv_general]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots}
    enable = true
  []
  [exodus]
    type = Exodus
    time_step_interval =  20
    sync_times = ${time_spots}
    enable = false
  []
[]

(assessment/TRISO/benchmark/IAEA_CRP-6/fuel_performance/case_13/case_13_1D.i)

#
# This case is taken from Advances in high temperature gas cooled reactor fuel
# technology. Technical Report IAEA-TECDOC-1674, International Atomic Energy
# Agency, 2012.
#
# The correctness of the results computed by this case must be checked against
# results from the IAEA benchmark.
#


initial_fuel_density = 10810.0

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density} # kg/m^3
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DFiveLayerMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    kernel_radius = 251e-6
    buffer_thickness = 95e-6
    IPyC_thickness = 41e-6
    SiC_thickness = 35e-6
    OPyC_thickness = 40e-6
    kernel_mesh_density = 6
    buffer_mesh_density = 6
    IPyC_mesh_density = 6
    SiC_mesh_density = 8
    OPyC_mesh_density = 6
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1298.0
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [radial_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(4.52013e-4/6.0*t*t*t*t*t - 8.36313e-3/5.0*t*t*t*t + 5.67549e-2/4.0*t*t*t - 1.74247e-1/3.0*t*t + 2.62692e-1/2.0*t - 1.43234e-1)'
  []
  [tangential_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(1.30457e-4/4.0*t*t*t - 2.10029e-3/3.0*t*t + 9.07826e-3/2.0*t - 3.24737e-2)'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 9.30203234e19 # units of fissions/m**3/s
  []
  [k_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '4.93e-29'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    block = fuel
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [IPyC_OPyC]
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    strain = finite
    eigenstrain_names = 'thermal_strain pyc_eigenstrain'
  []
  [rest]
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
    strain = finite
    eigenstrain_names = thermal_strain
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # units of J/fission
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    function = fission_rate
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    molecular_weight = 0.270 # units of kg/mole
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    penalty = 1e5
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to a postprocessor which supplies the initial plenum/gap gas mass
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released co_production' # coupling to postprocessors which supply the fission gas addition, co addition
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe;
                          CO'
    released_fractions = '0.153 0.847;
                          1'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    #    contact_pressure_input = 10e6
    #    quadrature = true
  []
[]

[BCs]

  # pin particle along symmetry planes
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []

  # fix temperature on free surface
  [freesurf_temperature]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    value = 1298.0
  []

  # exterior and internal pressures
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []

  [PlenumPressure] #  apply gas pressure on buffer and IPyC boundaries
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      initial_pressure = 0
      startup_time = 1.0e4
      R = 8.3143
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to post processor to get initial fill gas mass
      temperature = ave_temp_interior # coupling to post processor to get gas temperature approximation
      volume = volumeGas # coupling to post processor to get gas volume
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released co_production' # coupling to post processor to get fission gas added, co added
      output = plenum_pressure # coupling to post processor to output plenum/gap pressure
    []
  []

[]

[Materials]

  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 1.041666666667e18 # n/m^2-sec
  []

  [fission_gas_release] # Sifgr fission gas release mode
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate # coupling to fission_rate aux variable
    grain_radius_const = 5.0e-6
  []

  [stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
  []
  [PyC_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    k = k_function
    poissons_ratio = 0.4
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [PyC_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    radial_eigenstrain_function = radial_eigenstrain
    tangential_eigenstrain_function = tangential_eigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = pyc_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1298.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [PyC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.5e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1298.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1298.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [fuel_thermal]
    type = UO2Thermal
    thermal_conductivity_model = FINK_LUCUTA
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    burnup = burnup
  []

  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []

  [fuel_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []

  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []

  [buffer_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = buffer
    thermal_conductivity = 0.5 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 720.0 # J/kg-K
  []

  [buffer_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1010 #kg/m^3
    block = buffer
  []

  [PyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []

  [PyC_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 720.0 # J/kg-K
  []

  [PyC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1870.0 # kg/m^3
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []

  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.7e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.13
  []

  [SiC_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = SiC
    thermal_conductivity = 13.9 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 620.0 # J/kg-K
  []

  [SiC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 3200.0 # kg/m^3
    block = SiC
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temperature]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient

  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart -pc_type -pc_hypre_type -pc_hypre_boomeramg_max_iter'
  petsc_options_value = '201                hypre    boomeramg      4'

  line_search = 'none'

  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-7
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 15

  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 51840000

  dtmax = 2e5
  dtmin = 1
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 20
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fis_gas_produced] # fission gas produced (moles)
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []

  [fis_gas_released] # fission gas released to plenum (moles)
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumeTotal]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [volumeFuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel_outer_boundary
  []
  [volumeGas]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_boundary IPyC_inner_boundary'
    # ro = 346e-6
    # ri = 251e-6
    # vb = 4/3*pi*(ro^3-ri^3) = 1.07e-10
    # buffer density = 1010
    # PyC density    = 1870
    # fill ratio = 1010/1870
    # vb*1010/1870 = 5.79e-11
    # Must remove 5.79e-11 m^3 from the volume
    addition = -5.79e-11
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeBufferShell]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  # Postprocessors for CO production

  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
  []

  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
  []

  [avg_surface_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
  []

  [time_int_surf_temp]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = avg_surface_temp
  []

  [co_production]
    type = CarbonMonoxideProduction
    total_fissions = total_fissions
    time_integrated_triso_temperature = time_int_surf_temp
    initial_enrichment = 0.14029
  []

  [tang_SiC]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = stress_yy
    elementid = 18
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  exodus = true
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X447/analysis/enhancement/x447_enh_base.i)

# Enhanced X447 analysis
# Uses advanced contact and gap conductance modeling from X441 assessment case
# Uses 0.3017 for fission gas yield, which is consistent with X423 assessment case

## Sodium logging was calculated by hand here for confirmation
## The hotpressing, or the accumulation of solid FPs (~15% at ~10% BU)
## Will consume the available porosity

gap_bottom_length = 0.31e-3
top_bot_cladding_height = 2.24e-3
# Calculations
cladding_ir = ${fparse fuel_radius + cladding_gap_width}
gas_plenum_height = ${fparse plenum_volume / pi / cladding_ir^2}
fuel_y_start = ${fparse gap_bottom_length + top_bot_cladding_height}
alpha_start = 877
alpha_end = 936
bubble_concentration = 1e15

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  alpha_transition_end = ${alpha_end}
  alpha_transition_start = ${alpha_start}
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
  converge_on = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
[]

[Mesh]
  # Pin design parameters from FIPD database
  [gen]
    type = FIPDRodletMeshGenerator
    fipd_geom_file = ${raw '../../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X447/ ${pin_id} / ${pin_id} _design.csv'}

    gap_bottom_length = ${gap_bottom_length}          # arbitrary
    cladding_bottom_plug_length = ${top_bot_cladding_height} # arbitrary
    cladding_top_plug_length = ${top_bot_cladding_height}    # arbitrary

    cladding_sidewall_radial_elements = 10
    cladding_sidewall_axial_element_numbers = '2 150 150'
    cladding_top_plug_radial_elements = 10
    cladding_top_plug_axial_elements = 5
    cladding_bottom_plug_axial_elements = 5
    fuel_radial_elements = 6
    fuel_axial_element_intervals = '0 1'
    fuel_axial_element_numbers = '150'
    use_default_cladding_sidewall_axial_element_intervals = true
    elem_type = QUAD4
    make_stand = true
    make_cap = true
    cap_axial_elements = 15
    stand_axial_elements = 15
  []
  [sodium_height]
    type = SideSetsFromBoundingBoxGenerator
    input = gen
    bottom_left = '0 0 0'
    top_right = '${fparse cladding_ir + cladding_thickness} ${fparse fuel_y_start + fuel_height} 0'
    included_boundaries = 'cladding_inside_right'
    boundary_new = '1005'
  []
  [gas_height]
    type = SideSetsFromBoundingBoxGenerator
    input = sodium_height
    bottom_left = '0 ${fparse fuel_y_start + fuel_height} 0'
    top_right = '${fparse cladding_ir + cladding_thickness} ${fparse fuel_y_start + fuel_height + gas_plenum_height + top_bot_cladding_height} 0'
    included_boundaries = 'cladding_inside_right'
    boundary_new = '1006'
  []
  [sodium_plenum_rename]
    type = RenameBoundaryGenerator
    input = gas_height
    old_boundary = '1005 1006'
    new_boundary = 'sodium_height gas_height'
  []

  patch_size = 120
  patch_update_strategy = always
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
  coord_type = RZ
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
    block = 'fuel cladding cap stand'
  []
  [disp_x]
    block = 'fuel cladding cap stand'
  []
  [disp_y]
    block = 'fuel cladding cap stand'
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [fflux_axial_peaking_factors] # Fast flux peaking factor from FIPD database; used for fuel related simulations
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X447/ ${pin_id} /peakingfactor_flux_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
    extrapolate_to_zero = true
  []
  [fflux_axial_peaking_factors_elongate] # Fast flux peaking factor from FIPD database; used for cladding related simulations
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X447/ ${pin_id} /peakingfactor_flux_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
    extrapolate_to_zero = true
    fuel_elongation_pp = max_fuel_elongation # pp used to track fuel elongation
  []
  [flux_history] # Time-dependent pin average fast flux from FIPD database
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X447/ ${pin_id} /flux_history_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
  []
  [clad_od_temp] # Time-dependent cladding OD temperature from FIPD database
    type =  FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X447/ ${pin_id} /clad_od_temp_history_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
  []
  [ab_sodium_vol]
    type = MeshPropertyFunction
    mesh_generator = gen
    mesh_property_name = sodium_volume
    scale_factor = -1.0
  []
  [sodium_volume]
    # Need to account for the factor that hot pressing is also occupying the open pores
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_names = 'porosity_sodium_logging_avg volume_fuel raw_sodium_vol temp_sodium_avg'
    symbol_values = 'porosity_sodium_logging_avg volume_fuel ab_sodium_vol temp_sodium_avg'
    # Note the the symbol before volume_fuel should be negative as volume_fuel itself is negative
    expression = 'raw_sodium_vol * 954 / (1102 - 0.23 * temp_sodium_avg) - volume_fuel * porosity_sodium_logging_avg'
  []
  [power_history] # Time-dependent pin average power from FIPD database
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X447/ ${pin_id} /power_history_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
  []

  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X447/ ${pin_id} /peakingfactor_power_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors_extended]
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X447/ ${pin_id} /peakingfactor_power_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
    fuel_elongation_pp = max_fuel_elongation # pp used to track fuel elongation
  []
  [anisotropic_swelling_factor]
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_names = 'disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg fuel_height fuel_radius'
    symbol_values = 'disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg ${fuel_height} '
                    '${fuel_radius}'
    expression = '(disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg / ${fuel_radius}) / '
                 '(disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg / ${fuel_height})'
  []
  [gap_thermal_conductivity]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '124.67 - 0.11381 * t + 5.5226e-5 * t^2 - 1.1842e-8 * t^3'
  []

  [id_vpp_func] # vpp_function used to track FCCI-related cladding degradation.
    type = MetallicFuelWastageDegradationFunction
    vectorpostprocessor_name = id_wastage
    argument_column = y
    wastage_type = ID
    value_column = wastage_thickness
    use_metadata = true
    degradation_factor = 0.001
    mesh_generator = 'gen'
    transition_width = 1E-4
  []
  [od_vpp_func] # vpp_function used to track CCCI-related cladding degradation.
    type = MetallicFuelWastageDegradationFunction
    vectorpostprocessor_name = od_wastage
    argument_column = y
    wastage_type = OD
    value_column = cc_wastage_thickness
    use_metadata = true
    degradation_factor = 0.001
    mesh_generator = 'gen'
    transition_width = 1E-4
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    block = fuel
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'firstinv_strain stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress '
                      'hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz '
                      'elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy '
                      'strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
    volumetric_locking_correction = true
  []
  [cladding]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress '
                      'creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx '
                      'elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = 'cladding'
    eigenstrain_names = 'cladding_thermal_eigenstrain'
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
    volumetric_locking_correction = true
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [gravity]
    type = ADGravity
    block = 'fuel cladding'
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = ADHeatConduction
    block = 'fuel cladding cap stand'
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = ADHeatConductionTimeDerivative
    block = 'fuel cladding cap stand'
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = ADFissionRateHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = 'fuel'
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    energy_deposited_in_fuel = 0.95
  []

  [disp_x_dt]
    type = ADTimeDerivative
    variable = disp_x
    block = ' cap stand'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [disp_y_dt]
    type = ADTimeDerivative
    variable = disp_y
    block = 'cap stand'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [disp_x_diff]
    type = ADMatAnisoDiffusion
    variable = disp_x
    block = 'cap stand'
    diffusivity = d_x
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [disp_y_diff]
    type = ADMatDiffusion
    variable = disp_y
    block = 'cap stand'
    diffusivity = 1e8
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = FuelPinGeometry
    clad_bottom = cladding_outside_bottom
    clad_inner_wall = cladding_inside_right
    clad_outer_wall = cladding_outside_right
    clad_top = cladding_outside_top
    pellet_exteriors = fuel_outside_all
  []
  [clad_thm_exp]
    type = LayeredAverage
    variable = clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx
    direction = y
    num_layers = 1000
    block = cladding
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [fuel_cladding_mechanical]
    primary = cladding_inside_right
    secondary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    model = coulomb
    friction_coefficient = 0.1
    formulation = mortar
    c_normal = ${fparse 1e17 * magic_factor}
    c_tangential = ${fparse 1e19 * magic_factor}
    correct_edge_dropping = true
  []
[]

[MortarGapHeatTransfer]
  [inside2outside]
    temperature = temp
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
    gap_conductivity_function = gap_thermal_conductivity
    gap_conductivity_function_variable = temp
    primary_boundary = cladding_inside_right
    secondary_boundary = fuel_contact_surfaces
    gap_flux_options = 'CONDUCTION'
    ghost_point_neighbors = true
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'centerline cap_top'
    value = 0.0
    preset = false
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_bottom'
    value = 0.0
    preset = false
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = 'cladding_outside_right'
      factor = 0.151e6
      use_automatic_differentiation = true
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 'inside_surfaces'
      initial_pressure = 84116 # in Pa, 12.2 psi
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = temp_gas_avg
      volume = volume_plenum
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fg_released
      use_automatic_differentiation = true
    []
  []

  [surf] # Setting temperature BC base on FIPD data
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_bottom cladding_outside_right cladding_outside_top'
    function = clad_od_temp
  []
[]


[AuxVariables]
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [relx]
  []
  [clad_thm_exp]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = cladding
  []
  [clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = cladding
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [cdf_amount]
    block = cladding
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [clad_thm_exp]
    type = SpatialUserObjectAux
    variable = clad_thm_exp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    user_object = clad_thm_exp
    block = cladding
  []
  [clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = cladding_thermal_eigenstrain
    variable = clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx
    index_j = 0
    index_i = 0
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = cladding
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [longHT9_failure]
    type = HT9FailureClad
    block = cladding
    method = cdf_long
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
  [d_x]
    type = ADConstantAnisotropicMobility
    tensor = '1e3 0 0
              0   1e6 0
              0   0 0'
    M_name = d_x
  []
  [cap_thcond]
    type = ADGenericConstantMaterial
    prop_names = 'thermal_conductivity specific_heat density'
    prop_values = '65 1200 830'
    block = 'cap stand'
    outputs = all
  []
  [interconnected_porosity]
    type = ADParsedMaterial
    block = 'fuel'
    property_name = interconnected_porosity
    material_property_names = 'porosity interconnectivity'
    expression = 'porosity * interconnectivity'
    outputs = all
  []

  [fission_rate]
    type = ADUPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${fuel_radius}
    initial_X_Zr=${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = 0
    block = 'fuel'
    outputs = all
  []
  [fission_rate_elongate]
    type = ADUPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors_extended
    pellet_radius = ${fuel_radius}
    # initial_X_Zr=${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = 0
    block = 'cladding'
    outputs = all
    fission_rate_name = fission_rate
  []
  [burnup]
    type = ADUPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = 0
    density = ${fuel_density}
    block = 'fuel'
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup_elongate]
    type = ADUPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Pu = 0
    initial_X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    outputs = all
    block = cladding
    density = ${fuel_density}
    burnup_name = burnup
  []
  [fuel_elastic_stress]
    type = ADComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    inelastic_models = 'hotpress fuel_upuzrcreep gas_swelling'
    block = 'fuel'
    outputs = all
  []
  [hotpress]
    type = ADUPuZrHotPressingStressUpdate
    block = 'fuel'
    outputs = all
    surface_energy = 1.6
    plenum_pressure = plenum_pressure
    porosity_name = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-1
    interconnectivity = interconnectivity
    bubble_concentration = ${bubble_concentration}
    temperature = temp
    creep_model = MFH
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    atomic_volume = 2.15e-29
    porosity_start = 0.01
    porosity_end = 0
    grain_boundary_D0 = 4e-29
    grain_boundary_Q = 0
    absolute_tolerance = 1e-9
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ADPorosityFromStrain
    block = 'fuel'
    initial_porosity = 1e-10
    inelastic_strain = 'combined_inelastic_strain'
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADUPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Pu = 0
    youngs_model = LANL
    block = 'fuel'
    temperature = temp
    use_old_porosity = true
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'youngs_modulus poissons_ratio'
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = ADUPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = 'fuel'
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    use_old_porosity = true
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-1
    outputs = all
    automatic_differentiation_return_mapping = false
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ADUPuZrThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = 'fuel'
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 298.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
    outputs = all
    thermal_expansion_model = LANL
    X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Pu = 0
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ADSimpleFissionGasViscoplasticityStressUpdate
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
    block = 'fuel'
    bubble_concentration = ${bubble_concentration}
    initial_bubble_concentration = ${bubble_concentration}
    compute_interconnectivity = true
    fission_gas_yield = 0.3017 #0.25
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    initial_atoms_per_bubble = 1e-05
    initial_bubble_radius = 1e-15
    initial_fgm_dissolved = 0
    interconnection_cutoff = 0.99
    interconnection_initiating_porosity = 0.23
    interconnection_terminating_porosity = 0.25
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-2
    retained_gas_fraction = 0.25
    interconnection_dependent_retained_gas_fraction = 0.5
    surface_energy = 1.6
    anisotropic_factor = 0.26
    initial_porosity = 1e-10
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ADBurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = 'fuel'
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
    outputs = all
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = ADUPuZrThermal
    block = 'fuel'
    X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Pu = 0
    spheat_model = savage
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
    porosity_model = logged
    sodium_logged_porosity = sodium_logged_porosity
  []
  [sodium_logging]
    type = ADUPuZrSodiumLogging
    block = 'fuel'
    porosity = porosity
    interconnectivity = interconnectivity
    sodium_infiltration_fraction = 0.28
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    block = 'fuel'
    strain_free_density = ${fuel_density}
    outputs = all
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = ADFastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    axial_power_profile = fflux_axial_peaking_factors
    rod_ave_lin_pow = flux_history
    block = fuel
    factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux_elongate]
    type = ADFastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    axial_power_profile = fflux_axial_peaking_factors_elongate
    rod_ave_lin_pow = flux_history
    block = cladding
    factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
  [cladding_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADHT9ElasticityTensor
    temperature = temp
    block = 'cladding'
    outputs = all
    id_wastage_degradation_function = id_vpp_func
    od_wastage_degradation_function = od_vpp_func
    output_properties = 'youngs_modulus poissons_ratio'
  []
  [cladding_stress]
    type = ADComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    inelastic_models = 'cladding_creep'
    block = 'cladding'
    outputs = all
  []
  [cladding_creep]
    type = ADHT9CreepUpdate
    block = 'cladding'
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
    primary_creep_model = MFH
    secondary_creep_model = MFH
    tertiary_creep_model = MFH
    irradiation_creep_model = MFH
    use_effective_time_for_tertiary = true
    use_effective_time_for_primary = true
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ADHT9ThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = 'cladding'
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 298.0
    eigenstrain_name = cladding_thermal_eigenstrain
    outputs = all
  []
  [cladding_thermal]
    type = ADHT9Thermal
    block = 'cladding'
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
  []
  [cladding_density]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    block = 'cladding'
    strain_free_density = ${cladding_density}
    outputs = all
  []
  [wastage_thickness]
    type = ADMetallicFuelWastage
    method = burnup_ht9_opt
    burnup = burnup
    temperature = temp
    scale_factor = 1
    block = 'cladding'
    outputs = all
  []
  [cc_wastage_thickness]
    type = ADMetallicFuelCoolantWastage
    clad_material = HT9
    use_effective_method = true
    temperature = temp
    scale_factor = 1
    block = 'cladding'
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [disp_x]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = disp_x
    max_increment = 1e-4
  []
  [disp_y]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = disp_y
    max_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temp
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [vcp]
    type = VCP
    full = true
    primary_variable = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
    preconditioner = 'LU'
    adaptive_condensation = true
    lm_variable = 'fuel_cladding_mechanical_normal_lm fuel_cladding_mechanical_tangential_lm inside2outside_thermal_lm'
    is_lm_coupling_diagonal = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'NEWTON'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew -snes_converged_reason -ksp_converged_reason'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_type -mat_mffd_err -pc_factor_shift_type -pc_factor_shift_amount -snes_force_iteration'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu    superlu_dist   1e-5          NONZERO               1e-15 1'
  line_search = 'none'
  snesmf_reuse_base = false
  verbose = true

  l_max_its = 60
  nl_max_its = 15 #20
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 5e-9

  end_time = ${run_time}
  dtmin = 1
  dtmax = ${max_time_step}

  automatic_scaling = true
  compute_scaling_once = false
  off_diagonals_in_auto_scaling = true
  ignore_variables_for_autoscaling = 'fuel_cladding_mechanical_normal_lm fuel_cladding_mechanical_tangential_lm inside2outside_thermal_lm'

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = time_step_limit
    force_step_every_function_point = true
    max_function_change = 300
    timestep_limiting_function = power_history
    dt = 1e2
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  # elemental temperatures
  [temp_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = 'fuel'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [temp_fuel_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [temp_fuel_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    block = 'fuel'
    value_type = min
  []
  [temp_cladding_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = 'cladding'
  []
  [temp_cladding_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    block = 'cladding'
  []
  [temp_cladding_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    block = 'cladding'
    value_type = min
  []

  # boundary temperatures
  [temp_gas_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = 'cap'
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  # Beyond gap closure, sodium temperarture is almost the same as the cap.
  [temp_sodium_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = 'cap'
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [temp_inside_surfaces_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 'inside_surfaces'
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [temp_fuel_centerline_avg]
    type = AxisymmetricCenterlineAverageValue
    boundary = 'centerline'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_fuel_centerline_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = 'centerline'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_fuel_centerline_min]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = 'centerline'
    variable = temp
    value_type = min
  []
  [temp_fuel_surface_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_fuel_surface_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_fuel_surface_min]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
    variable = temp
    value_type = min
  []
  [temp_cladding_inside_right_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_cladding_inside_right_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_cladding_outside_right_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_right'
    variable = temp
  []

  # stresses
  [stress_vonmises_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_vonmises_fuel_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_vonmises_fuel_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    value_type = min
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_hydro_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_hydro_fuel_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_hydro_fuel_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_vonmises_cladding_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = 'cladding'
  []
  [stress_vonmises_cladding_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = 'cladding'
  []
  [stress_vonmises_cladding_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    value_type = min
    block = 'cladding'
  []
  [stress_hydro_cladding_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    block = 'cladding'
  []
  [stress_hydro_cladding_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    block = 'cladding'
  []
  [stress_hydro_cladding_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = 'cladding'
  []
  [contact_pressure_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = fuel_cladding_mechanical_normal_lm
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
  []

  # strain information
  [strain_solid_swelling_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swelling
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [strain_gas_swelling_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = effective_fission_gas_strain
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [strain_hot_pressing_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = effective_hot_pressing_strain
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [strain_volumetric_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = firstinv_strain
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [strain_axial_fuel_avg]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg disp_y_fuel_bottom_surface_avg'
    expression = '(disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg - disp_y_fuel_bottom_surface_avg) / ${fuel_height}'
  []
  [disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'fuel_top'
  []
  [disp_y_fuel_top_surface_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'fuel_top'
  []
  [disp_y_fuel_bottom_surface_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'fuel_bottom'
  []
  [disp_y_fuel_bottom_surface_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'fuel_bottom'
  []
  [disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
  []
  [disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
  []
  [disp_x_cladding_interior_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
  []
  [disp_x_cladding_interior_min]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
    value_type = min
  []
  [disp_x_cladding_interior_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
  []
  [disp_x_cladding_exterior_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_right'
  []
  [disp_x_cladding_exterior_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_right'
  []
  [anisotropic_swelling_factor]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = anisotropic_swelling_factor
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = fuel_outside_all
  []

  # geometric information
  [volume_cladding_interior]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_all'
  []
  [volume_fuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'fuel_outside_all'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volume_plenum]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'inside_surfaces'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = sodium_volume
  []
  [plenum_ratio]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'volume_plenum volume_fuel'
    expression = 'volume_plenum / volume_fuel'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volume_sodium]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = sodium_volume
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  # energy information
  [flux_clad]
    type = ADSideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_fuel]
    type = ADSideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 'fuel_contact_surfaces'
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [power_integral]
    type = ADElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [linear_heat_generation_rate]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [burnup_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [burnup_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fission_rate_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []

  # fission gas information
  [fg_produced]
    type = ADElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fgm_produced
    block = fuel
  []
  [fg_released]
    type = ADElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fgm_released
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fg_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fg_released
    fission_gas_generated = fg_produced
  []
  [interconnected_porosity_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = interconnected_porosity
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [porosity_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [porosity_fuel_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [porosity_fuel_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = min
    block = fuel
  []
  [porosity_sodium_logging_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = sodium_logged_porosity
    block = fuel
  []

  # extras
  [actual_time_step_limit]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = 'fuel cladding'
    outputs = none
  []
  [time_step_limit]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    expression = 'if(actual_time_step_limit > max_dt, max_dt, actual_time_step_limit)'
    pp_names = 'actual_time_step_limit'
    constant_names = 'max_dt'
    constant_expressions = '${max_time_step}'
  []
  [max_wastagethickness]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = wastage_thickness
  []
  [max_wst_temp]
    type=ElementExtremeValue
    value_type=max
    variable=temp
    proxy_variable=wastage_thickness
    block='cladding'
  []
  [max_wst_burnup]
    type=ElementExtremeValue
    value_type=max
    variable=burnup
    proxy_variable=wastage_thickness
    block='cladding'
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [id_wastage]
    type = FuelRodLineValueSampler
    variable = wastage_thickness
    material = 'clad'
    fraction = 0.0
    num_points = 600
    orientation = 'vertical'
    fuel_pin_geometry = 'pin_geometry'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = csv_wst_a
  []
  [od_wastage]
    type = FuelRodLineValueSampler
    variable = cc_wastage_thickness
    material = 'clad'
    fraction = 1.0
    num_points = 600
    orientation = 'vertical'
    fuel_pin_geometry = 'pin_geometry'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = none
  []
  [nrad_comparison_a]
    type = FIPDAxialPIEComparison
    boundary = cladding_outside_right
    sort_by = y
    csv_file = ${raw '../../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X447/ ${pin_id} /X447A_ ${pin_id} _PR.csv'}
    variable = disp_x
    thermal_strain_variable = clad_thm_exp
    involved_component = cladding
    mesh_generator = gen
    series_type_to_read = 'Cladding O.D. (mils)'
    outputs = csv_vpp_a
    enable = ${enable_a}
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = 'console'
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  color = true
  perf_graph = true
  sync_times=${time_spots}
  [checkpoint]
    type = Checkpoint
    sync_times = '19339200'
    file_base = 'midpoint_cp'
  []
  [exodus]
    type = Exodus
    time_step_interval =  500
    sync_times = ${time_spots}
    enable = false
    file_base = 'x447_${pin_id}_exodus'
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    show = 'time_step_size max_fuel_elongation burnup_avg  max_wastagethickness'
  []
  [csv_vpp_a]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots_a}
    enable = ${enable_a}
    execute_postprocessors_on = none
    create_latest_symlink = true
    file_base = 'x447_${pin_id}_csv_vpp_a'
  []
  [csv_wst_a]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots_a}
    enable = ${enable_a}
    execute_postprocessors_on = none
    create_latest_symlink = true
    file_base = 'x447_${pin_id}_csv_wst_a'
  []
  [csv_general]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots}
    enable = true
    file_base = 'x447_${pin_id}_csv_general'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(test/tests/triso_failure/triso_failure_diffusivity.i)

kernel_radius = 213.35e-6
buffer_thickness = 98.9e-6
IPyC_thickness = 40.4e-6
SiC_thickness = 35.2e-6
OPyC_thickness = 43.4e-6

coordinates1 = '${fparse kernel_radius}'
coordinates2 = '${fparse coordinates1+buffer_thickness}'
coordinates3 = '${fparse coordinates2+IPyC_thickness}'
coordinates4 = '${fparse coordinates3+SiC_thickness}'
coordinates5 = '${fparse coordinates4+OPyC_thickness}'

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
  initial_enrichment = 0.14029 # [wt-]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0 # convert E>0.10 to E>0.18 MeV
  stress_free_temperature = 481 # used for thermal expansion
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 # [J/fission]
  O_U = 1.428 # Initial Oxygen to Uranium atom ratio
  C_U = 0.392 # Initial Carbon to Uranium atom ratio
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [mesh]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE2
    coordinates = '0 ${coordinates1} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates3} ${coordinates4} ${coordinates5}'
    mesh_density = '18 14 0 12 16 16'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz max_principal_stress'
  add_variables = true
  strain = FINITE
  incremental = true
  [fuel]
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'UCO_swelling_eigenstrain UCO_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [buffer]
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_names = 'Buffer_IIDC_strain Buffer_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [IPyC]
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'IPyC_IIDC_strain IPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    eigenstrain_names = 'SiC_thermal_eigenstrain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [OPyC]
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'OPyC_IIDC_strain OPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[UserObjects]
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_OPyC = OPyC_outer_boundary
    outer_SiC = SiC_outer_boundary
    outer_IPyC = IPyC_outer_boundary
    inner_IPyC = IPyC_inner_boundary
    outer_buffer = buffer_outer_boundary
    outer_kernel = fuel_outer_boundary
    include_particle = true
    include_pebble = false
    IPyC_thickness_mean = ${IPyC_thickness}
    SiC_thickness_mean = ${SiC_thickness}
    OPyC_thickness_mean = ${OPyC_thickness}
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 873.15
  []
  [conc_Ag]
    initial_condition = 0.0
    scaling = 1e12
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [bounds_dummy]
    order = FIRST
    family = LAGRANGE
  []
  [fission_rate]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [Ag_diff_coef]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 76e6'
    y = '1 1'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = LinearCombinationFunction
    functions = power_history
    w = 7.78e19
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = '1403604095.5707'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedIPyC]
    type = TRISOStressCorrelationFunction
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    polynomial_coefficients_IPyC = '1 0 0'
    polynomial_coefficients_SiC = '1 0 0'
    polynomial_coefficients_OPyC = '1 0 0'
    correlation_factor = -4.0
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_asphericity]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = '1371700766.8875'
  []
  [stress_correlation_asphericity]
    type = TRISOStressCorrelationFunction
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    polynomial_coefficients_IPyC = '1 0 0'
    polynomial_coefficients_SiC = '1 0 0'
    polynomial_coefficients_OPyC = '1 0 0'
    correlation_factor = 1.5191967987843993
  []
  [stress_change_correlation_asphericity]
    type = TRISOStressCorrelationFunction
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    polynomial_coefficients_IPyC = '1 0 0'
    polynomial_coefficients_SiC = '1 0 0'
    polynomial_coefficients_OPyC = '1 0 0'
    correlation_factor = 1.391516859626456
  []
  [d_gap]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '1500  2100'
    y = '1e-14 1e-12'
  []
  [ag_d1]
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_values = 'sic_failure_overall'
    symbol_names = 'failure'
    expression = 'if(failure > 0.5,1e-6,3.6e-9)'
  []
  [ag_q1]
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_values = 'sic_failure_overall'
    symbol_names = 'failure'
    expression = 'if(failure > 0.5,0,215e3)'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []

  [mass_Ag_dt]
    type = TimeDerivative
    variable = conc_Ag
  []
  [mass_Ag]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusion
    variable = conc_Ag
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_source_Ag]
    type = SpeciesSourceRate
    variable = conc_Ag
    property_name = Ag_generation
    block = fuel
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [burnup]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = burnup
    property = burnup
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [Ag_diff_coef]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = Ag_diff_coef
    property = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    function = 873.15
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [freesurf_conc_Ag]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = conc_Ag
    boundary = exterior
    value = 0.0
  []

  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []

  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []

  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      startup_time = 1e4
      initial_pressure = 0
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_gas_temp
      volume = 'gap_volume buffer_void_volume kernel_void_volume'
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released'
      output = gas_pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Controls]
  [ag_d1]
    type = RealFunctionControl
    parameter = 'Materials/SiC_conc_Ag/d1'
    function = 'ag_d1'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
  []
  [ag_q1]
    type = RealFunctionControl
    parameter = 'Materials/SiC_conc_Ag/q1'
    function = 'ag_q1'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
    #block = fuel
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = power_history
    factor = 1.16e18
  []

  # Arrhenius diffusion coefficients for kernel, PyC, and SiC
  #   come from IAEA TECDOC-978, French parameters.
  [fuel_conc_Ag]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = fuel
    d1 = 6.7e-9 # m^2/s
    q1 = 165e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
  []

  [mass_source_Ag_property]
    type = SpeciesSourceMaterial
    property_name = Ag_generation
    kind = Ag
    block = fuel
  []

  ### Buffer Properties

  [buffer_conc_Ag]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = buffer
    d1 = 1e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
  []

  ### IPyC  properties

  [IPyC_conc_Ag]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = IPyC
    d1 = 5.3e-9 # m^2/s
    q1 = 154e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
  []

  ### SiC properties

  [SiC_conc_Ag]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = SiC
    d1 = 3.6e-9 # m^2/s
    q1 = 215e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
  []

  ###  OPyC properties

  [OPyC_conc_Ag]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = OPyC
    d1 = 5.3e-9 # m^2/s
    q1 = 154e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
  []

  [UCO_burnup]
    type = TRISOBurnup
    initial_density = 10966
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_thermal]
    type = UCOThermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UCOElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain]
    type = UCOVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_swelling_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10.0e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_TE_strain
  []
  [UCO_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 10966
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UCOFGR
    block = fuel
    average_grain_radius = 10e-6
    temperature = temperature
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    cutoff_neutron_flux = 0.0
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [BAF_IPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0465
    block = IPyC
  []
  [BAF_OPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0429
    block = OPyC
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = BufferElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_stress]
    type = BufferCEGACreep
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_thermal]
    type = BufferThermal
    block = buffer
    initial_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = buffer
    strain_free_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_TE]
    type = BufferThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_IIDC]
    type = BufferCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = IPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [IPyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [IPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = IPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1890
  []
  [IPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [IPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MonolithicSiCElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    elastic_modulus_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_thermal]
    type = MonolithicSiCThermal
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = SiC
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
  []
  [SiC_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = SiC_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [OPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = OPyC
    temperature = temperature
    initial_BAF = 1.0
  []
  [OPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = OPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [OPyC_thermal_conductivity]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = OPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [OPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = OPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1900
  []
  [OPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [OPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [characteristic_strength_SiC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '9640000'
    block = SiC
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
  []
  [characteristic_strength_PyC]
    type = PyCCharacteristicStrength
    temperature = temperature
    X = 1.02
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to a postprocessor which supplies the initial plenum/gap gas mass
    initial_gas_types = 'Kr Xe'
    initial_fractions = '0.185 0.815'
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe'
    released_fractions = '0.185 0.815'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    roughness_primary = 0e-6
    roughness_secondary = 0e-6
    jumpdistance_primary = 0
    jumpdistance_secondary = 0
    quadrature = true
    emissivity_secondary = 0.0
    emissivity_primary = 0.0
    min_gap = 1e-7
    max_gap = 50e-6
    gap_geometry_type = sphere
  []

  [conc_Ag]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = conc_Ag
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    gap_conductivity_function = d_gap
    gap_conductivity_function_variable = temperature
    appended_property_name = _conc_Ag
    quadrature = true
    gap_geometry_type = sphere
    emissivity_primary = 0.0
    emissivity_secondary = 0.0
    min_gap = 1e-7
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-7
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7
  nl_max_its = 20

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 4.831315e7

  dtmin = 1e-4

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 20
    growth_factor = 1.5
    optimal_iterations = 8 #6
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
    time_t = '0    76e6  76.001e6 84.641e6 84.6482e6'
    time_dt = '20  20     20      20       20'
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_gas_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = buffer
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [gap_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [buffer_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = buffer
    theoretical_density = 2250
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [kernel_th_density]
    type = UCOTheoreticalDensity
    execute_on = initial
  []
  [kernel_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = fuel
    theoretical_density = kernel_th_density
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [release_heat_inc]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    arrhenius_prpty_name = thermal_conductivity
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [release_Ag_inc]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc_Ag
    boundary = exterior
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [released_Ag]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor # computes time integration of value
    value = release_Ag_inc
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [total_Ag]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = Ag_generation_total
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [x_Ag_released]
    type = FractionalRelease
    released = released_Ag
    total = total_Ag
  []
  [retained_Ag]
    type = ElementIntegralVariablePostprocessor
    variable = conc_Ag
  []

  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_produced
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial linear timestep_end'
  []

  ### Postprocessors for CO production
  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  ##### irradiation conditions

  [particle_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_fluence]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [SiC_stress]
    type = ElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    block = SiC
    value_type = min
    mat_prop = stress_yy
  []
  [strength_SiC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = stress_yy
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_asphericity'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_asphericity'
    stress_change_correlation_function = 'stress_change_correlation_asphericity'
  []
  [strength_IPyC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 9.5
  []
  [failure_indicator_IPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 9.5
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_IPyC
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = stress_yy
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedIPyC'
  []
  [sic_failure_overall]
    type = TRISOFailureEvaluation
    IPyC_failure = failure_indicator_IPyC
    SiC_failure_crackedIPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC
    SiC_failure = failure_indicator_SiC
    SiC_failure_pd_penetration = failure_indicator_pd_penetration
    failure_type = SIC_FAILURE_OVERALL
  []
  [ipyc_cracking]
    type = TRISOFailureEvaluation
    IPyC_failure = failure_indicator_IPyC
    SiC_failure_crackedIPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC
    SiC_failure = failure_indicator_SiC
    failure_type = IPYC_CRACKING
  []
  [sic_failure_due_to_pressure]
    type = TRISOFailureEvaluation
    IPyC_failure = failure_indicator_IPyC
    SiC_failure_crackedIPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC
    SiC_failure = failure_indicator_SiC
    failure_type = SIC_FAILURE_DUE_TO_PRESSURE
  []
  [sic_failure_due_to_ipyc_cracking]
    type = TRISOFailureEvaluation
    IPyC_failure = failure_indicator_IPyC
    SiC_failure_crackedIPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC
    SiC_failure = failure_indicator_SiC
    failure_type = SIC_FAILURE_DUE_TO_IPYC_CRACKING
  []
  [weibull_failure_probability_IPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureProbability
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 9.5
    characteristic_strength = characteristic_strength
  []
  [weibull_failure_probability_SiC]
    type = WeibullFailureProbability
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    characteristic_strength = characteristic_strength
  []
  [pd_penetration]
    type = PdPenetration
    boundary = SiC_inner_boundary
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [failure_indicator_pd_penetration]
    type = PdPenetrationFailureIndicator
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    pd_penetration = pd_penetration
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  csv = true
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_H/x441_leg_H.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11  # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    pellet_height = ${pellet_height}
    clad_top_gap_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    bottom_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    top_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    clad_bot_gap_height = 0.2e-3 # arbitrary
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    ny_p = 260
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 260
    ny_cu = ${ny_cu}
    ny_cl = ${ny_cl}
    pellet_quantity = 1
    elem_type = QUAD8
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_size = 30
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  # Aux variables for output
  [porosity]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [element_failed]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '0.151e6 0.151e6'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = pellet
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain fuel_volumetric_swelling'
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [porosity]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = porosity
    property = porosity
    block = pellet
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [failed_element]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = element_failed
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = pellet
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-3
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature   = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure      = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux      = 5261.5   # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material    = sodium
    rod_diameter        = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch           = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate    = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [fuel_volumetric_swelling]
    type = UPuZrVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
#    hydrostatic_stress = hydrostatic_stress
    hydrostatic_stress = 1e6
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_volumetric_swelling
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = pellet
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [longHT9_failure]
    type = HT9FailureClad
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    method = cdf_long
    temperature = temp
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 100
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [flux_from_clad]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_prod
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_rel
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = pellet
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'all_pellet_exterior'
  []
  [max_clad_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'clad_outside_top clad_outside_right'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [clad_total_hoop_strain]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    start_point = '2.90e-3 2.55e-3 0.0'
    end_point = '2.90e-3 0.725 0.0'
    num_points = 300
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec6'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 42000400'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_fuel_elongation max_clad_elongation max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec6]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec6
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(test/tests/ADMetallicFuelWastage/ad_flux_ss316.i)

# This test is to verify the calculation in ADMetallicFuelWastage (flux_ss316)

[Mesh]
  [mesh]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 1
  []
[]

[Problem]
  solve = false
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 1000
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [temp]
    type = ConstantAux
    variable = temp
    value = 1000
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    factor = 1E19
    outputs = all
  []
  [converter]
    type = MaterialADConverter
    reg_props_in = 'fast_neutron_flux'
    ad_props_out = 'ad_fast_neutron_flux'
  []
  [wastage]
    type = ADMetallicFuelWastage
    fast_neutron_flux = 'ad_fast_neutron_flux'
    method = flux_ss316
    temperature = temp
    burnup = 0.0
    scale_factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  num_steps = 15
  dt = 1.0e6
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [wastage_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = wastage_thickness
  []
  [temp_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
  []
  [flux_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  csv = true
[]

(test/tests/solid_mechanics/failurecladHT9/cdf_based/short_cdf_hightemp.i)

## Description ##
# Four elements of HT9 clad (2D) for a total pipe wall thickness 0.005 m have an internal pressure
# applied for 1 year in two time steps. The first time step has no failure, but the CDF of the
# internal (first) element is 0.542 and the outside (final) element is 0.5189. The final time step has
# CDF values all greater than 1 with the final cell barely failing with a CDF of 1.038.

# The temperature is 923.0 K giving a Dorn number of 6.91e-10 which correlates to failure after
# 2.845e7 seconds have passed at a constant hoop stress for the first element. The last element has a
# Dorn number of 7.14e-10 and failure occurs at 2.94e7 seconds.

#Postprocessor Values:
#+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
#| time           | sig_hoop_0     | sig_hoop_1     | sig_hoop_2     | sig_hoop_3     | sigma_zz       |
#+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
#|   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |
#|   1.576800e+07 |   2.524551e+07 |   2.508043e+07 |   2.492104e+07 |   2.476216e+07 |   2.500101e+07 |
#|   3.153600e+07 |   2.524551e+07 |   2.508043e+07 |   2.492104e+07 |   2.476216e+07 |   2.500101e+07 |
#+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  volumetric_locking_correction = true
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [mesh]
    type = FileMeshGenerator
    file = axisymm_thin_cyl_q4.e
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 923.0
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [clad_fail]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_xy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_zz]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [applied_pressure]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '  0    1.0e6  9.0e7'
    y = '0.641e6  0.641e6  0.641e6'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [all]
    strain = finite
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFluxAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    factor = 0
  []
  [clad_fail]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = clad_fail
    execute_on = 'timestep_end'
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cdf_amount
    execute_on = 'timestep_end'
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    scalar_type = HoopStress
    execute_on = 'linear timestep_end'
  []
  [stress_xx]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_xx
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 0
  []
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
  []
  [stress_xy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_xy
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 1
  []
  [stress_zz]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_zz
    index_i = 2
    index_j = 2
  []
[] # AuxKernels

[Postprocessors]
  [sigma_zz]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = stress_zz
  []
  [sig_hoop_0]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = hoop_stress
    elementid = 0
  []
  [sig_hoop_1]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = hoop_stress
    elementid = 1
  []
  [sig_hoop_2]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = hoop_stress
    elementid = 2
  []
  [sig_hoop_3]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = hoop_stress
    elementid = 3
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [top_bot_y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = '1'
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [inner_press]
      boundary = 4
      factor = 1.0
      function = applied_pressure
    []
  []
  [temp_fix]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = '1 2 3 4'
    value = 923.0  #K
  []
[]

[Materials]
  # This is the module being tested
  [FailureClad]
    block = 1
    type = HT9FailureClad
    hoop_stress = hoop_stress
    temperature = temp
    method = cdf_short
  []

  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    block = 1
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    #youngs_modulus = 1.88e11 # Theses were actually overwrittent by MechHT9
    #poissons_ratio = 0.236
    youngs_modulus = 234468.6944e6
    poissons_ratio = 0.221956
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = 1
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = 1
    factor = 0.0
  []

  [thermal]
    block = 1
    type = HT9Thermal
    temperature = temp
  []

  [density]
    block = 1
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 7874
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient

  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu     superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-6
  l_max_its = 30
  nl_max_its = 50
  dt = 15768000 # half a year
  start_time = 0.0
  num_steps = 2
  dtmin = 100.0
  l_tol = 1e-4

[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  csv = false
  [out]
    type = Exodus
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 5
  []
[]

(test/tests/solid_mechanics/graphite_grade_elasticity_tensor/test.i)

# This test case is prepared to test the elastic properties of
# grade H-451 grade material model.

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  use_displaced_mesh = false
  [mesh]
    type = CircularCrossSectionMeshGenerator
    num_sectors = 30
    offset = '0.0 0.0'
    elements_per_ring = '0 4 0'
    block_names = 'null shell null2'
    coordinates = '0.039 0.064 0.065'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 673.15
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [density]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [temp_fcn]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '600 + 0.075 * t'
  []
  [flux_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0   1e4'
    y = '0 16e21'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [perm]
    add_variables = true
    strain = SMALL
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [temp_ramp]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = temperature
    function = temp_fcn
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [density]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = density
    property = density
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'bottom'
    value = 0
  []
  [no_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'left'
    value = 0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [inside_pressure]
      boundary = 1001
      factor = 1e4
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = flux_history
  []
  [stress]
    type = ComputeLinearElasticStress
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
  []
  [elasticity_tensor]
    type = GraphiteGradeElasticityTensor
    temperature = temperature
    graphite_grade = H_451
    fast_neutron_fluence = fast_neutron_fluence
    flux_conversion_factor = 0.85
  []
  [thermal_props]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    graphite_grade = H_451
    temperature = temperature
    packing_fraction = 0.0
    specific_heat_scale_factor = 1.0
    thermal_conductivity_scale_factor = 1.0
    flux_conversion_factor = 0.85
  []
  [density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1900.0
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [temperature]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = 'max'
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fluence]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = 'max'
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [sigma_x]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = 'max'
    variable = stress_xx
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [sigma_y]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = 'max'
    variable = stress_yy
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [sigma_z]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = 'max'
    variable = stress_zz
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [strain_x]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = 'max'
    variable = strain_xx
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [strain_y]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = 'max'
    variable = strain_yy
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [strain_z]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = 'max'
    variable = strain_zz
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = NEWTON
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_tol = 1e-5
  nl_max_its = 10
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-10
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  start_time = 0.0
  num_steps = 10
  dt = 1e3
[]

[Outputs]
  csv = true
[]

(test/tests/triso_failure/ad_ipyc_characteristic_strength.i)

[GlobalParams]
  density = 10810.0
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL

  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DFiveLayerMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    kernel_radius = 2.485e-4
    buffer_thickness = 9.4e-5
    IPyC_thickness = 4.1e-5
    SiC_thickness = 3.6e-5
    OPyC_thickness = 4.0e-5
    kernel_mesh_density = 6
    buffer_mesh_density = 6
    IPyC_mesh_density = 6
    SiC_mesh_density = 8
    OPyC_mesh_density = 6
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 1346.0
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [radial_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(4.52013e-4/6.0*t*t*t*t*t - 8.36313e-3/5.0*t*t*t*t + 5.67549e-2/4.0*t*t*t - 1.74247e-1/3.0*t*t + 2.62692e-1/2.0*t - 1.43234e-1)'
  []
  [tangential_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(1.30457e-4/4.0*t*t*t - 2.10029e-3/3.0*t*t + 9.07826e-3/2.0*t - 3.24737e-2)'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 7.75e19 # units of fissions/m**3
  []
  [k_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '4.93e-29'
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1000000 1000000'
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedOPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1000000 1000000'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedOPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1 1'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedIPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '100 100'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    block = fuel
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
  []
[]


[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  strain = small
  [fuel_buffer_sic]
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
    eigenstrain_names = thermal_strain
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
  []
  [ipyc_opyc]
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    incremental = true
    eigenstrain_names = 'thermal_strain pyc_eigenstrain'
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = ADHeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat]
    type = ADHeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = ADNeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_yy]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    function = fission_rate
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    molecular_weight = 0.270 # units of kg/mole
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    penalty = 1e5
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    # coupling to a postprocessor
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released co_production'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe;
                          CO'
    released_fractions = '0.153 0.847;
                          1'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
  []
[]

[BCs]
  # pin particle along symmetry planes
  [no_disp_x]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  # fix temperature on free surface
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = exterior
    value = 1346.0
  []
  # exterior and internal pressures
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = ADPressure
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  #  apply gas pressure on buffer and IPyC boundaries
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      use_displaced_mesh = false
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      initial_pressure = 0
      startup_time = 1.0e4
      R = 8.3143
      # coupling to post processor
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = volumeGas
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released co_production'
      output = plenum_pressure
      use_automatic_differentiation = true
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [max_principal_stress]
    type = ADRankTwoInvariant
    property_name = max_principal_stress
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    invariant = MaxPrincipal
  []
  [flux]
    type = ADFastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 1.708707e18
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = ADUO2Sifgrs
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    grain_radius_const = 5.0e-6
  []
  [stress]
    type = ADComputeLinearElasticStress
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
  []
  [PyC_stress]
    type = ADPyCCreep
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    k = k_function
    poissons_ratio = 0.4
    temperature = temp
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [PyC_eigenstrain]
    type = ADPyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    radial_eigenstrain_function = radial_eigenstrain
    tangential_eigenstrain_function = tangential_eigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = pyc_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain]
    type = ADComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [PyC_thermal_strain]
    type = ADComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.5e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [SiC_thermal_strain]
    type = ADComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_thermal]
    type = ADUO2Thermal
    thermal_conductivity_model = FINK_LUCUTA
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [fuel_den]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 10810.0
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [buffer_temp]
    type = ADHeatConductionMaterial
    block = buffer
    thermal_conductivity = 0.5
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [buffer_den]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1000
    block = buffer
  []
  [PyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []
  [PyC_temp]
    type = ADHeatConductionMaterial
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [PyC_den]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1880.0
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.7e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.13
  []
  [SiC_temp]
    type = ADHeatConductionMaterial
    block = SiC
    thermal_conductivity = 13.9
    specific_heat = 620.0
  []
  [SiC_den]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
    block = SiC
  []
  [characteristic_strength_SiC]
    type = ADGenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '9640000'
    block = SiC
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
  []
  [characteristic_strength_PyC]
    type = ADPyCCharacteristicStrength
    temperature = temp
    X = 1.02
    flux_conversion_factor = 0.85
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temp
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart -pc_type -pc_hypre_type -pc_hypre_boomeramg_max_iter'
  petsc_options_value = '201                hypre    boomeramg      4'
  line_search = 'none'
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-8
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 15
  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50
  start_time = 0.0
  num_steps = 10
  dtmax = 2e5
  dtmin = 1
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 20
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [dt]
    type = TimestepSize
  []
  [burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ADElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ADElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumeTotal]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [volumeFuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel_outer_boundary
  []
  [volumeGas]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_boundary IPyC_inner_boundary'
    addition = -5.53e-11
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeBufferShell]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  # Postprocessors for CO production
  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
  []
  [avg_surface_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temp
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [time_int_surf_temp]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = avg_surface_temp
  []
  [co_production]
    type = CarbonMonoxideProduction
    total_fissions = total_fissions
    time_integrated_triso_temperature = time_int_surf_temp
    initial_enrichment = 0.14029
  []
  [tang_SiC]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = stress_yy
    elementid = 18
  []
  [strength_SiC]
    type = ADWeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC]
    type = ADWeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_SiC
  []
  [strength_IPyC]
    type = ADWeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [failure_indicator_IPyC]
    type = ADWeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_IPyC
  []
  [strength_OPyC]
    type = ADWeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = OPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [failure_indicator_OPyC]
    type = ADWeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = OPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_OPyC
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC]
    type = ADWeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedIPyC'
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC_crackedOPyC]
    type = ADWeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedOPyC'
  []
  [triso_failure]
    type = TRISOFailureEvaluation
    IPyC_failure = failure_indicator_IPyC
    OPyC_failure = failure_indicator_OPyC
    SiC_failure = failure_indicator_SiC
    SiC_failure_crackedIPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC
    SiC_failure_crackedOPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedOPyC
  []
  [characteristic_strength]
    type = ADElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = characteristic_strength
    block = IPyC
    value_type = max
  []
  [flence]
    type = ADElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = IPyC
    value_type = max
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  file_base = triso_ipyc_characteristic_strength_out
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = true
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_G/x441_grp_G.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11  # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    pellet_height = ${pellet_height}
    clad_top_gap_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    bottom_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    top_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    clad_bot_gap_height = 0.2e-3 # arbitrary
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    ny_p = 260
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 260
    ny_cu = ${ny_cu}
    ny_cl = ${ny_cl}
    pellet_quantity = 1
    elem_type = QUAD8
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_size = 30
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  # Aux variables for output
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [element_failed]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '0.151e6 0.151e6'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = pellet
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain gas_swelling_eigenstrain solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [failed_element]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = element_failed
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = pellet
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-3
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature   = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure      = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux      = 5261.5   # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material    = sodium
    rod_diameter        = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch           = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate    = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 2e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = UPuZrGaseousEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = gas_swelling_eigenstrain
    temperature = temp
    initial_porosity = 0.0
    bubble_number_density = 1e20
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'porosity gaseous_porosity'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = BurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = pellet
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = pellet
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [longHT9_failure]
    type = HT9FailureClad
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    method = cdf_long
    temperature = temp
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 10
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [flux_from_clad]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_prod
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_rel
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = pellet
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [gaseous_porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gaseous_porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'all_pellet_exterior'
  []
  [max_clad_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'clad_outside_top clad_outside_right'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [clad_total_hoop_strain]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    start_point = '2.90e-3 2.55e-3 0.0'
    end_point = '2.90e-3 0.725 0.0'
    num_points = 300
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec6'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 42000400'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_fuel_elongation max_clad_elongation max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec6]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec6
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(examples/TRISO/full_particle/1D/full_particle_1D.i)


initial_fuel_density = 10810.0

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '0 2.485e-4 3.425e-4 3.425e-4 3.835e-4 4.195e-4 4.595e-4'
    mesh_density = '6 6 0 6 8 6'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1346.0
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
  []
  [burnup]
    block = fuel
  []
  [grain_radius]
    initial_condition = 5.0e-6
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    block = fuel
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain'
    generate_output = 'hydrostatic_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz stress_xy stress_yz stress_xz strain_xy strain_yz strain_xz'
  []
  [buffer]
    block = buffer
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'buffer_thermal_strain buffer_eigenstrain'
    generate_output = 'hydrostatic_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz stress_xy stress_yz stress_xz strain_xy strain_yz strain_xz'
  []
  [IPyC]
    block = IPyC
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'IPyC_eigenstrain IPyC_thermal_strain'
    generate_output = 'hydrostatic_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz stress_xy stress_yz stress_xz strain_xy strain_yz strain_xz'
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'SiC_thermal_strain'
    generate_output = 'hydrostatic_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz stress_xy stress_yz stress_xz strain_xy strain_yz strain_xz'
  []
  [OPyC]
    block = OPyC
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'OPyC_eigenstrain OPyC_thermal_strain'
    generate_output = 'hydrostatic_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz stress_xy stress_yz stress_xz strain_xy strain_yz strain_xz'
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [fission_rate]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 7.75e19
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fission_rate]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    function = fission_rate
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    molecular_weight = 0.270
  []
  [grain_radius]
    type = GrainRadiusAux
    block = fuel
    variable = grain_radius
    temperature = temperature
    execute_on = linear
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    penalty = 1e5
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    # coupling to a postprocessor
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released co_production'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe;
                          CO'
    released_fractions = '0.153 0.847;
                          1'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_temperature]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    value = 1346.0
  []
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  [PlenumPressure] #  apply gas pressure on buffer and IPyC boundaries
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      initial_pressure = 0
      startup_time = 1.0e4
      R = 8.3143
      # couplings to post processor
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_temperature_interior
      volume = volumeGas
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released co_production'
      output = plenum_pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 1.708707e18 # n/m^2-sec
  []
  [fuel_thermal]
    type = UO2Thermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = FINK_LUCUTA
    initial_porosity = 0.0
    burnup = burnup
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    youngs_modulus = 2.0e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [fuel_elastic_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10.0e-6
    temperature = temperature
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    grain_radius = grain_radius
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    youngs_modulus = 2.0e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [buffer_elastic_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = buffer
  []
  [buffer_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = buffer
    thermal_conductivity = 0.5
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1000.0
    block = buffer
  []
  [buffer_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.5e-6
    temperature = temperature
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = buffer_thermal_strain
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'IPyC OPyC buffer'
  []
  [buffer_irraditation]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    pyc_type = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = buffer_eigenstrain
  []
  [IPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []
  [IOPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IOPyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [IOPyC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1880.0
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [IPyC_densification]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    pyc_type = dense
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_eigenstrain
  []
  [IPyC_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.5e-6
    temperature = temperature
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_thermal_strain
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.7e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.13
  []
  [SiC_elastic_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = SiC
    thermal_conductivity = 13.9
    specific_heat = 620.0
  []
  [SiC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    temperature = temperature
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = SiC_thermal_strain
  []
  [OPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = OPyC
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []
  [OPyC_densification]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    pyc_type = dense
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_eigenstrain
  []
  [OPyC_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.5e-6
    temperature = temperature
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_thermal_strain
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temperature]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart -pc_type -pc_hypre_type -pc_hypre_boomeramg_max_iter'
  petsc_options_value = '201                hypre    boomeramg      4'
  line_search = 'none'
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-8
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 15
  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50
  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 3.10176e7
  dtmax = 2e5
  dtmin = 1
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 20
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [dt]
    type = TimestepSize
  []
  [burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumeTotal]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [volumeFuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel_outer_boundary
  []
  [volumeGas]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_boundary IPyC_inner_boundary'
    addition = -5.53e-11
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeBufferShell]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
  []
  [ave_temperature_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
  []
  [avg_surface_temperature]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [time_int_surf_temperature]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = avg_surface_temperature
  []
  [co_production]
    type = CarbonMonoxideProduction
    total_fissions = total_fissions
    time_integrated_triso_temperature = time_int_surf_temperature
    initial_enrichment = 0.14029
  []
  [tang_SiC]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = stress_yy
    elementid = 18
  []
  [max_xx_IPyC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_xx
    block = IPyC
  []
  [max_yy_IPyC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = IPyC
  []
  [min_zz_IPyC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_zz
    block = IPyC
    value_type = min
  []
  [max_xx_SiC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_xx
    block = SiC
  []
  [max_yy_SiC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = SiC
  []
  [min_zz_SiC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_zz
    block = SiC
    value_type = min
  []
  [max_xx_OPyC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_xx
    block = OPyC
  []
  [max_yy_OPyC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = OPyC
  []
  [min_zz_OPyC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_zz
    block = OPyC
    value_type = min
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  exodus = false
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    execute_on = Final
    show = 'max_xx_IPyC max_yy_IPyC min_zz_IPyC max_xx_SiC max_yy_SiC min_zz_SiC'
  []
[]

(test/tests/fast_neutron_flux/ad_test.i)

# This test checks FastNeutronFlux calculation based on the different input options, either input
# via a variable, function, constant value, or combination of functions. Four blocks are created for
# each input parameter type, resulting in the same element average value for each block. For blocks
# 2-4, the axial profile should be exactly the same.

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [mesh]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 2
    nx = 8
    ny = 8
    xmax = 8
  []
  [split_1]
    type = SubdomainBoundingBoxGenerator
    block_id = 1
    bottom_left = '0 0 0'
    top_right = '2 1 0'
    input = mesh
  []
  [split_2]
    type = SubdomainBoundingBoxGenerator
    block_id = 2
    bottom_left = '2 0 0'
    top_right = '4 1 0'
    input = split_1
  []
  [split_3]
    type = SubdomainBoundingBoxGenerator
    block_id = 3
    bottom_left = '4 0 0'
    top_right = '6 1 0'
    input = split_2
  []
  [split_4]
    type = SubdomainBoundingBoxGenerator
    block_id = 4
    bottom_left = '6 0 0'
    top_right = '8 1 0'
    input = split_3
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [dummy]
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [q]
    initial_condition = 1
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [q_aux]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = q
    function = flux_function
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [flux_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'y*t'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [dummy_dt]
    type = ADTimeDerivative
    variable = dummy
  []
  [dummy]
    type = ADFissionRateHeatSource
    fission_rate = fast_neutron_flux
    variable = dummy
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [flux_1]
    type = ADFastNeutronFlux
    block = 1
    factor = 3
    outputs = all
    calculate_fluence = true
  []
  [flux_2]
    type = ADFastNeutronFlux
    block = 2
    q_variable = q
    factor = 3
    outputs = all
    calculate_fluence = true
  []
  [flux_3]
    type = ADFastNeutronFlux
    block = 3
    rod_ave_lin_pow = 't'
    axial_power_profile = 'y'
    factor = 3
    outputs = all
    calculate_fluence = true
  []
  [flux_4]
    type = ADFastNeutronFlux
    block = 4
    factor = 3
    flux_function = flux_function
    outputs = all
    calculate_fluence = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  num_steps = 2
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [flux_avg_1]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    block = 1
  []
  [flux_avg_2]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    block = 2
  []
  [flux_avg_3]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    block = 3
  []
  [flux_avg_4]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    block = 4
  []
  [fluence_avg_1]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = 1
  []
  [fluence_avg_2]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = 2
  []
  [fluence_avg_3]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = 3
  []
  [fluence_avg_4]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = 4
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  exodus = true
  hide = dummy
[]

(test/tests/MetallicFuelWastage/flux_burnup_ht9.i)

# This test is to verify the calculation in MetallicFuelWastage (flux_burnup_ht9)

# avo = 6.02E+23
# density = 100
# X_Zr = 0.1
# X_Pu = 0.1
# A_U = 0.2380289
# A_Pu = 0.244
# A_Zr = 0.091224
# M_avg = X_Zr * A_Zr + X_Pu * Z_Pu + (1 - X_Zr - X_Pu) * A_U = 0.22394552
# atoms = density / M_avg * (1 - X_Zr) * avo = 2.42014E+26
#
# Burnup = Burnup_old + (fsnrate + fsnrate_old) / 2.0 * dt / atoms
#
#time       burnup_avg             flux_avg            wastage_avg
#0          0                      0                   0
#1000000    0.00020659462878275    1e+19               3.2485149445448e-07
#2000000    0.00082637851513102    1e+19               1.2436702728839e-06
#3000000    0.0018593516590448     1e+19               2.9316481528133e-06
#4000000    0.0033055140605241     1e+19               5.5304601084491e-06
#5000000    0.0051648657195689     1e+19               9.1624102294122e-06
#6000000    0.0074374066361792     1e+19               1.3936732650976e-05
#7000000    0.010123136810355      1e+19               1.9953066522456e-05
#8000000    0.013222056242096      1e+19               2.7303616749891e-05
#9000000    0.016734164931403      1e+19               3.6074607100162e-05
#10000000   0.020659462878275      1e+19               4.6347313338019e-05
#11000000   0.024997950082713      1e+19               5.8198829054628e-05
#12000000   0.029749626544717      1e+19               7.1702652094063e-05
#13000000   0.034914492264286      1e+19               8.6929145456231e-05
#14000000   0.04049254724142       1e+19               0.00010394590736985
#15000000   0.04648379147612       1e+19               0.00012281807379004

[Mesh]
  [mesh]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 1
  []
[]

[Problem]
  solve = false
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 1000
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [temp]
    type = ConstantAux
    variable = temp
    value = 1000
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [fission_rate_fcn]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = t*1E11
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = 'fission_rate'
    prop_values = 'fission_rate_fcn'
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    density = 100
    initial_X_Pu = 0.1
    initial_X_Zr = 0.1
    outputs = all
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    factor = 1E19
    outputs = all
  []
  [wastage]
    type = MetallicFuelWastage
    method = flux_burnup_ht9
    temperature = temp
    scale_factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  num_steps = 15
  dt = 1.0e6
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [fsnrate_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
  []
  [burnup_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = burnup
  []
  [wastage_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = wastage_thickness
  []
  [temp_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
  []
  [flux_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  csv = true
[]

(test/tests/triso/buffer_elasticity_tensor/buffer_CEGA.i)

# Elastic Properties of the Buffer
# The geometry is a cube (edge length = 5 cm) made of buffer material (initial density = 1.0 g/cm^3) subject to elastic strain.
# A displacement boundary condition is applied to induce a 2% strain in the x-axis.
# The Poisson's ratio is equal to 0.33.
# The temperature is varied from 673.15 to 1673.15 K.
# The fast neutron flux (E>0.10 MeV) is ramped linearly from 0 to 7.5e18 n/m^2-s over 1e4 seconds and then remains constant.

# The analytical and Bison values for Young's modulus are computed and match.

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y disp_z'
  volumetric_locking_correction = true
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  flux_conversion_factor = 0.85
[]

[Mesh]
  use_displaced_mesh = false
  [gen]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 3
    xmin = 0.0
    xmax = 0.05
    ymin = 0.0
    ymax = 0.05
    zmin = 0.0
    zmax = 0.05
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [disp_z]
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 673.15
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [flux_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0    1e4    1e8'
    y = '0 7.5e18 7.5e18'
  []
  [temp_function]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0        5.3e6'
    y = '673.15 1673.15'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [perm_Buffer]
    strain = SMALL
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [temp]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = temperature
    function = temp_function
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_z_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    preset = true
    variable = disp_z
    boundary = 'back'
    value = 0
  []
  [no_y_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    preset = true
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'bottom'
    value = 0
  []
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    preset = true
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'right'
    value = 0
  []
  [stress_source]
    type = DirichletBC
    preset = true
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'left'
    value = 1e-3 #applied displacement (m)
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = flux_history
  []
  [Buffer_stress]
    type = ComputeLinearElasticStress
  []
  [Buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = BufferElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus_scale_factor = 1.0
    poissons_ratio_scale_factor = 1.0
    temperature = temperature
    outputs = all
    elasticity_model = CEGA
  []
  [Buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1000.0
  []
  [ym_exact]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    property_name = ym_exact
    coupled_variables = temperature
    material_property_names = 'density fast_neutron_fluence'
    expression = 'fluence := if(fast_neutron_fluence*1e-25*0.85>4,4,fast_neutron_fluence*1e-25*0.85);
                  34.47e9 * exp(-2.03*(2250-density)/2250) * (1 + 0.23*fluence) * (1 + 0.00015*(temperature-273.15-20))'
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Executioner]

  type = Transient

  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 50
  l_tol = 1e-2

  nl_max_its = 150
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-6

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 7.5e6
  num_steps = 140

  dtmax = 2e6
  dtmin = 1.0

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1e3
    time_t = '1e4 1e5'
    time_dt = '1e3 1e5'
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fluence]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [sigma_x_max]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = stress_xx
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [youngs_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = youngs_modulus
  []
  [poissons_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = poissons_ratio
  []
  [ym_exact]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = ym_exact
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  csv = true
  exodus = false
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_A/x441_leg_A.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11  # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    pellet_height = ${pellet_height}
    clad_top_gap_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    bottom_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    top_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    clad_bot_gap_height = 0.2e-3 # arbitrary
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    ny_p = 260
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 260
    ny_cu = ${ny_cu}
    ny_cl = ${ny_cl}
    pellet_quantity = 1
    elem_type = QUAD8
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_size = 30
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  # Aux variables for output
  [porosity]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [element_failed]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '0.151e6 0.151e6'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = pellet
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain fuel_volumetric_swelling'
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [porosity]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = porosity
    property = porosity
    block = pellet
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [failed_element]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = element_failed
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = pellet
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-3
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature   = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure      = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux      = 5261.5   # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material    = sodium
    rod_diameter        = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch           = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate    = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [fuel_volumetric_swelling]
    type = UPuZrVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
#    hydrostatic_stress = hydrostatic_stress
    hydrostatic_stress = 1e6
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_volumetric_swelling
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = pellet
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [longHT9_failure]
    type = HT9FailureClad
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    method = cdf_long
    temperature = temp
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 100
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [flux_from_clad]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_prod
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_rel
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = pellet
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'all_pellet_exterior'
  []
  [max_clad_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'clad_outside_top clad_outside_right'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [clad_total_hoop_strain]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    start_point = '2.90e-3 2.55e-3 0.0'
    end_point = '2.90e-3 0.725 0.0'
    num_points = 300
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec6'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 42000400'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_fuel_elongation max_clad_elongation max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec6]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec6
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(examples/TRISO/failure_probability_monte_carlo/triso_1d_function.i)


initial_fuel_density = 5

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
  initial_enrichment = 0.14029 # [wt-]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0 # convert E>0.10 to E>0.18 MeV
  stress_free_temperature = 481 # used for thermal expansion
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 # [J/fission]
  O_U = 1.428 # Initial Oxygen to Uranium atom ratio
  C_U = 0.392 # Initial Carbon to Uranium atom ratio
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DFiveLayerMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    kernel_radius = 213.35e-6
    buffer_thickness = 98.9e-6
    IPyC_thickness = 40.4e-6
    SiC_thickness = 35.2e-6
    OPyC_thickness = 43.4e-6
    kernel_mesh_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    buffer_mesh_density = 3
    IPyC_mesh_density = 5
    SiC_mesh_density = 3
    OPyC_mesh_density = 4
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[UserObjects]
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_OPyC = OPyC_outer_boundary
    outer_SiC = SiC_outer_boundary
    outer_IPyC = IPyC_outer_boundary
    inner_IPyC = IPyC_inner_boundary
    outer_buffer = buffer_outer_boundary
    outer_kernel = fuel_outer_boundary
    include_particle = true
    include_pebble = false
    IPyC_thickness_mean = 40.4e-6
    SiC_thickness_mean = 35.2e-6
    OPyC_thickness_mean = 43.4e-6
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [sic_failure_terminator]
    type = Terminator
    expression = 'sic_failure_overall > 0'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 481
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [temp_bc]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = outer_temp.csv
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 1
    format = columns
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 5.75e19
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = '1403604095.0794'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedIPyC]
    type = TRISOStressCorrelationFunction
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    polynomial_coefficients_IPyC = '1 5.95176524e3 -2.25337303e8'
    polynomial_coefficients_SiC = '1 1.43220859e4 -5.17689523e7'
    polynomial_coefficients_OPyC = '1 -1.25870267e4 1.81620484e8'
    correlation_factor = -1.2447543093270736
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_debonding]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = '1705800293.3578'
  []
  [stress_correlation_debonding]
    type = TRISOStressCorrelationFunction
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    polynomial_coefficients_IPyC = '1 0 0'
    polynomial_coefficients_SiC = '1 0 0'
    polynomial_coefficients_OPyC = '1 0 0'
    correlation_factor = -0.14916368684964607
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_asphericity]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = '1371700806.9481'
  []
  [stress_correlation_asphericity]
    type = TRISOStressCorrelationFunction
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    polynomial_coefficients_IPyC = '1 1.00595402e3 1.43530004e7'
    polynomial_coefficients_SiC = '1 3.27925856e3 -2.02308753e8'
    polynomial_coefficients_OPyC = '1 2.07404580e3 -6.12612615e6'
    correlation_factor = 1.5191967993808713
  []
  [stress_change_correlation_asphericity]
    type = TRISOStressCorrelationFunction
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    polynomial_coefficients_IPyC = '1 -5.81891553e3 -2.81628655e7'
    polynomial_coefficients_SiC = '1 1.00990700e4 -5.55290343e8'
    polynomial_coefficients_OPyC = '1 -3.59151050e3 -2.65952373e7'
    correlation_factor = 1.3915168526633837
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz max_principal_stress'
  add_variables = true
  strain = FINITE
  incremental = true
  [fuel]
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'UCO_swelling_eigenstrain UCO_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [buffer]
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_names = 'Buffer_IIDC_strain Buffer_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [IPyC]
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'IPyC_IIDC_strain IPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    eigenstrain_names = 'SiC_thermal_eigenstrain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [OPyC]
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'OPyC_IIDC_strain OPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [burnup]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = burnup
    property = burnup
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe'
    released_fractions = '0.185 0.815'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    quadrature = false
    min_gap = 1e-7
    max_gap = 50e-6
    gap_geometry_type = sphere
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    function = temp_bc
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      startup_time = 1e4
      initial_pressure = 0
      R = 8.3145
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_gas_temp
      volume = 'gap_volume buffer_void_volume kernel_void_volume'
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released'
      output = gas_pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [radial_stress]
    type = RankTwoCylindricalComponent
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    cylindrical_axis_point1 = '0 0 0'
    cylindrical_axis_point2 = '0 0 1'
    cylindrical_component = RadialStress
    property_name = radial_stress
    outputs = all
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 6.2425e+17
  []
  [UCO_burnup]
    type = TRISOBurnup
    initial_density = 10966
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_thermal]
    type = UCOThermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UCOElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain]
    type = UCOVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_swelling_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10.0e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_TE_strain
  []
  [UCO_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 10966
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UCOFGR
    block = fuel
    average_grain_radius = 10e-6
    temperature = temperature
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    cutoff_neutron_flux = 0.0
  []
  [BAF_IPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0465
    block = IPyC
  []
  [BAF_OPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0429
    block = OPyC
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = BufferElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_stress]
    type = BufferCEGACreep
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_thermal]
    type = BufferThermal
    block = buffer
    initial_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = buffer
    strain_free_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_TE]
    type = BufferThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_IIDC]
    type = BufferCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = IPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [IPyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [IPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = IPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1890
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [IPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [IPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MonolithicSiCElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    elastic_modulus_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_thermal]
    type = MonolithicSiCThermal
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = SiC
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
  []
  [SiC_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = SiC_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [OPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = OPyC
    temperature = temperature
    initial_BAF = 1.0
  []
  [OPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = OPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [OPyC_thermal_conductivity]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = OPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [OPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = OPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1900
  []
  [OPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [OPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [characteristic_strength_SiC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '9640000'
    block = SiC
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
  []
  [characteristic_strength_PyC]
    type = PyCCharacteristicStrength
    temperature = temperature
    X = 1.02
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 100
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-8
  nl_max_its = 20

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 4.831315e7

  dtmin = 1e-4
  dt = 5e5
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_gas_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = buffer
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [gap_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [buffer_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = buffer
    theoretical_density = 2250
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [kernel_th_density]
    type = UCOTheoreticalDensity
    execute_on = initial
  []
  [kernel_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = fuel
    theoretical_density = kernel_th_density
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [particle_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_fluence]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    block = SiC
    value_type = min
    mat_prop = stress_yy
  []
  [strength_SiC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = stress_yy
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_asphericity'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_asphericity'
    stress_change_correlation_function = 'stress_change_correlation_asphericity'
  []
  [strength_IPyC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 9.5
  []
  [failure_indicator_IPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 9.5
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_IPyC
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = stress_yy
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedIPyC'
  []
  [failure_indicator_debonding]
    type = TRISODebondingFailureIndicator
    boundary = IPyC_outer_boundary
    bond_strength = 10e6
    stress_name = radial_stress
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC_debonding]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = stress_yy
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_debonding'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_debonding'
  []
  [sic_failure_overall]
    type = TRISOFailureEvaluation
    IPyC_failure = failure_indicator_IPyC
    SiC_failure_crackedIPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC
    SiC_failure = failure_indicator_SiC
    SiC_failure_pd_penetration = failure_indicator_pd_penetration
    SiC_failure_kernel_migration = failure_indicator_kernel_migration
    failure_type = SIC_FAILURE_OVERALL
  []
  [ipyc_cracking]
    type = TRISOFailureEvaluation
    IPyC_failure = failure_indicator_IPyC
    SiC_failure_crackedIPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC
    SiC_failure = failure_indicator_SiC
    failure_type = IPYC_CRACKING
  []
  [sic_failure_due_to_pressure]
    type = TRISOFailureEvaluation
    IPyC_failure = failure_indicator_IPyC
    SiC_failure_crackedIPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC
    SiC_failure = failure_indicator_SiC
    failure_type = SIC_FAILURE_DUE_TO_PRESSURE
  []
  [sic_failure_due_to_ipyc_cracking]
    type = TRISOFailureEvaluation
    IPyC_failure = failure_indicator_IPyC
    SiC_failure_crackedIPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC
    SiC_failure = failure_indicator_SiC
    failure_type = SIC_FAILURE_DUE_TO_IPYC_CRACKING
  []
  [debonding]
    type = TRISOFailureEvaluation
    IPyC_failure = failure_indicator_IPyC
    SiC_failure_crackedIPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC
    SiC_failure = failure_indicator_SiC
    IPyC_SiC_debonding = failure_indicator_debonding
    SiC_failure_debonding = failure_indicator_SiC_debonding
    failure_type = IPYC_SIC_DEBONDING
  []
  [fluence_at_failure]
    type = TRISOFailureOccurrenceStatus
    failure_evaluation = ipyc_cracking
    failure_information = max_fluence
  []
  [weibull_failure_probability_IPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureProbability
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 9.5
    characteristic_strength = characteristic_strength
  []
  [weibull_failure_probability_SiC]
    type = WeibullFailureProbability
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    characteristic_strength = characteristic_strength
  []
  [pd_penetration]
    type = PdPenetration
    boundary = SiC_inner_boundary
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [failure_indicator_pd_penetration]
    type = PdPenetrationFailureIndicator
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    pd_penetration = pd_penetration
  []
  [kernel_migration_distance]
    type = KernelMigrationDistance
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    variable = temperature
    temperature_gradient = 15000
    kernel_type = UCO
  []
  [failure_indicator_kernel_migration]
    type = KernelMigrationFailureIndicator
    kernel_migration_distance = kernel_migration_distance
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = false
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = false
  exodus = false
  perf_graph = true
  print_linear_converged_reason = false
  print_nonlinear_converged_reason = false
[]

(test/tests/triso/buffer_irradiation_eigenstrain/buffer_irradiation_eigenstrain.i)

#Irradiation Eigenstrain of the Buffer
# The geometry is a cube (edge length = 5 cm) made of buffer material (initial density = 1.0 g/cm$^{3}$) subject to irradiation eigenstrain.
# The fast neutron flux (E>0.10 MeV) is ramped linearly from 0 to 7.5e18 n/m$^{2}$-s over 10$^{4}$ seconds and then remains constant.

# The analytical solution for a fixed temperature at T=873.15K, 1305.15K and 1623.15K with fluence >= 3.96e25 n/m^2 is given below
# |Temperature (K)       | Analytical eigenstrain (dimensionless) | BISON eigenstrain (dimensionless) |
# |----------------------|----------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
# | 873.15               | -0.102755                              |-1.027547e-01                      |
# | 1305.15              | -0.103807                              |-1.038067e-01                      |
# | 1623.15              | -0.117176                              |-1.171756e-01                      |

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y disp_z'
  volumetric_locking_correction = true
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  flux_conversion_factor = 0.85
[]

[Mesh]
  [gen]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 3
    xmin = 0.0
    xmax = 0.05
    ymin = 0.0
    ymax = 0.05
    zmin = 0.0
    zmax = 0.05
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []

  [disp_y]
  []

  [disp_z]
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [density]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [buffer_irradiation_eigenstrain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [temp]
    initial_condition = 1623.15
  []

[]

[Functions]
  [flux_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0    1e4    1e8'
    y = '0 7.5e18 7.5e18'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [perm_Buffer]
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'buffer_irradiation_eigenstrain'
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []

  [density]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = density
    property = density
    block = '0'
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []

  [irradiation_eigenstrain]
    type = MaterialRankTwoTensorAux
    i = 0
    j = 0
    variable = buffer_irradiation_eigenstrain
    property = buffer_irradiation_eigenstrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_z_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_z
    boundary = 'front'
    value = 0
  []

  [no_y_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'top'
    value = 0
  []

  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'right'
    value = 0
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = flux_history
  []

  [irradiation_eigenstrain]
    type = BufferCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = buffer_irradiation_eigenstrain
    temperature = temp
  []

  [stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = '0'
  []

  [elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1e6
    poissons_ratio = 0.3
  []

  [density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = '0'
    strain_free_density = 1000.0
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [limitX]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 1e-4
    variable = disp_x
  []

  [limitY]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 1e-4
    variable = disp_y
  []

  [limitZ]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 1e-4
    variable = disp_z
  []
[]

[Executioner]

  type = Transient

  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 50
  l_tol = 1e-2

  nl_max_its = 150
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-6

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 15.7e6
  num_steps = 1000

  dtmax = 2e6
  dtmin = 1.0

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1e3
    time_t = '1e4 1e5'
    time_dt = '1e3 1e5'
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [disp_x_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [disp_y_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [disp_z_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_z
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [fluence]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [density]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = density
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [buffer_irradiation_eigenstrain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = buffer_irradiation_eigenstrain
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  csv = true
  [console]
    type = Console
  []
[]

(assessment/TRISO/validation/AGR-34/Compacts/AGR-34_base.i)

initial_fuel_density = 11100.0

[GlobalParams]
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  initial_enrichment = 0.19717 # [wt-]
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 # [J/fission]
  O_U = 1.430 # Initial Oxygen to Uranium atom ratio
  C_U = 0.361 # Initial Carbon to Uranium atom ratio
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DFiveLayerMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    kernel_radius = 178.65e-6
    buffer_thickness = 109.7e-6
    IPyC_thickness = 40.4e-6
    SiC_thickness = 33.5e-6
    OPyC_thickness = 41.3e-6
    kernel_mesh_density = 18
    buffer_mesh_density = 14
    IPyC_mesh_density = 12
    SiC_mesh_density = 16
    OPyC_mesh_density = 16
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    include_gap = false
    kernel_bias = 0.8
    buffer_bias = 1.25
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[UserObjects]
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_OPyC = OPyC_outer_boundary
    outer_SiC = SiC_outer_boundary
    outer_IPyC = IPyC_outer_boundary
    inner_IPyC = IPyC_inner_boundary
    outer_buffer = buffer_outer_boundary
    outer_kernel = fuel_outer_boundary
    include_particle = true
    include_pebble = false
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 888.5
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [temp_bc]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 1
    xy_in_file_only = false
    format = columns
  []
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 76e6'
    y = '1 1'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = LinearCombinationFunction
    functions = power_history
    w = 4.2602e+19
  []
  [d1_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'exp(t/4.5e25)'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_dt]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = 'fuel'
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []

  [burnup]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = burnup
    property = burnup
    block = 'fuel'
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []

  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []

  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []

[]

[BCs]
  # fix temperature on free surface
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    function = temp_bc
    boundary = exterior
  []
[]

[Materials]

  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
  []

  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = power_history
    factor = 4.4440e+17
  []

### UCO fuel properties

  [UCO_burnup]
    type = TRISOBurnup
    initial_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []

  [UCO_thermal]
    type = UCOThermal
    block = 'fuel'
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [UCO_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = fuel
    property_name = density
    expression = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []

### Buffer Properties

  [buffer_thermal]
    type = BufferThermal
    block = buffer
    initial_density = 1100.0
  []

  [Buffer_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = buffer
    property_name = density
    expression = 1100.0
  []


### IPyC  properties

  [IPyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []

  [IPyC_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = IPyC
    property_name = density
    expression = 1904.0
  []

### SiC properties

  [SiC_thermal]
    type = MonolithicSiCThermal
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = miller
  []

  [SiC_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = SiC
    property_name = density
    expression = 3200.0
  []

###  OPyC properties

  [OPyC_thermal_conductivity]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = OPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []

  [OPyC_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = OPyC
    property_name = density
    expression = 1901.0
  []

[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
  #show_var_residual = 'temperature conc_Ag conc_Cs conc_Sr'
  show_var_residual = 'temperature'
[]


[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
#  solve_type = 'NEWTON'

#  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type  -snes_type'
#  petsc_options_value = 'lu vinewtonrsls'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-6
  nl_max_its = 20

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 3.189024e7
  dt = 10000
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [_dt]
    type = TimestepSize
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []

### Temperature
  [temp_min]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    value_type = 'min'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [temp_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

### Postprocessors for CO production
  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
    outputs = exodus
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
    outputs = exodus
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

##### irradiation conditions

  [particle_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_fluence]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  print_linear_residuals = false
  [console]
    type = Console
    time_step_interval =  1
    #hide = 'release_Ag_inc release_Cs_inc release_Sr_inc'
  []
  [exodus]
    type = Exodus
    file_base = COMPACT
  []
  [release]
    type = CSV
    file_base = release_COMPACT
    sort_columns = true
    #show = 'release_Ag_inc released_Ag release_Cs_inc released_Cs release_Sr_inc released_Sr total_Ag total_Cs total_Sr x_Ag_released x_Cs_released x_Sr_released'
  []
  [final_release]
    type = CSV
    file_base = final_release_COMPACT
    sort_columns = true
    #show = 'retained_Ag retained_Cs retained_Sr released_Ag released_Cs released_Sr total_Ag total_Cs total_Sr x_Ag_released x_Cs_released x_Sr_released'
    execute_on = 'final'
  []
[]

(assessment/TRISO/benchmark/IAEA_CRP-6/fuel_performance/case_4c/case_4c_1D.i)

#
# This case is taken from Advances in high temperature gas cooled reactor fuel
# technology. Technical Report IAEA-TECDOC-1674, International Atomic Energy
# Agency, 2012.
#
# See also Hales, et al., Multidimensional multiphysics simulation of TRISO
# particle fuel, JNM, 443, 2013.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.07.070
#
# The correctness of the results computed by this case must be checked against
# results from the IAEA benchmark.  The best way to do this is to compare
# results with information in the JNM article.
#

[GlobalParams]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  use_displaced_mesh = false
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '0 2.5e-4 2.5e-4 3.5e-4 3.5e-4 3.9e-4 4.25e-4'
    mesh_density = '12 0 20 0 16 16'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1273.0
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '-0.005*t'
  []
  [k_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '2.715e-29'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [stress_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_zz]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_xy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_yz]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_xz]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [IPyC]
    block = IPyC
    strain = small
    incremental = true
    eigenstrain_names = ipyc_eigenstrain
  []
  [rest]
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
    strain = small
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_xx]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_xx
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 0
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [stress_zz]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_zz
    index_i = 2
    index_j = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [stress_xy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_xy
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [stress_yz]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yz
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [stress_xz]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_xz
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    scalar_type = hydrostatic
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_temperature]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    value = 1273.0
  []
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  [interior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    factor = 25e6
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 3.75e17 # n/m^2-sec
  []
  [stress]
    type = ComputeLinearElasticStress
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
  []
  [IPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = IPyC
    k = k_function
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
  []
  [IPyC_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    radial_eigenstrain_function = eigenstrain
    tangential_eigenstrain_function = eigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = ipyc_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal]
    type = UO2Thermal
    thermal_conductivity_model = FINK_LUCUTA
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    burnup = burnup
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    youngs_modulus = 1
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [fuel_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 10800.0
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    youngs_modulus = 1
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [buffer_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = buffer
    thermal_conductivity = 0.5
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [buffer_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 950
    block = buffer
  []
  [IPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []
  [IPyC_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [IPyC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1900.0
    block = IPyC
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.7e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.13
  []
  [SiC_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = SiC
    thermal_conductivity = 13.9
    specific_heat = 620.0
  []
  [SiC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 3180.0
    block = SiC
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temperature]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart -pc_type -pc_hypre_type -pc_hypre_boomeramg_max_iter'
  petsc_options_value = '201                hypre    boomeramg      4'
  line_search = 'none'
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 15
  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50
  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 8e7
  dt = 1.0
  dtmax = 5e6
  dtmin = 1.0e4
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [max_xx_IPyC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_xx
    block = IPyC
  []
  [max_yy_IPyC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = IPyC
  []
  [min_zz_IPyC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_zz
    block = IPyC
    value_type = min
  []
  [max_xx_SiC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_xx
    block = SiC
  []
  [max_yy_SiC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = SiC
  []
  [min_zz_SiC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_zz
    block = SiC
    value_type = min
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  exodus = true
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(test/tests/MetallicFuelWastage/flux_d9.i)

# This test is to verify the calculation in MetallicFuelWastage (flux_d9)

# avo = 6.02E+23
# density = 100
# X_Zr = 0.1
# X_Pu = 0.1
# A_U = 0.2380289
# A_Pu = 0.244
# A_Zr = 0.091224
# M_avg = X_Zr * A_Zr + X_Pu * Z_Pu + (1 - X_Zr - X_Pu) * A_U = 0.22394552
# atoms = density / M_avg * (1 - X_Zr) * avo = 2.42014E+26
#
# Burnup = Burnup_old + (fsnrate + fsnrate_old) / 2.0 * dt / atoms
#
#time     flux_avg   wastage_avg
#0        0          0
#1000000  1e+19      0.00015763197968296
#2000000  1e+19      0.00026909462144864
#3000000  1e+19      0.0003601034873515
#4000000  1e+19      0.00043891947719298
#5000000  1e+19      0.00050941464159277
#6000000  1e+19      0.00057376762782077
#7000000  1e+19      0.00063334691595105
#8000000  1e+19      0.00068907823683389
#9000000  1e+19      0.00074162223006154
#10000000 1e+19      0.0007914698388495
#11000000 1e+19      0.00083899766899216
#12000000 1e+19      0.00088450210194359
#13000000 1e+19      0.00092822134697434
#14000000 1e+19      0.00097035026562953
#15000000 1e+19      0.0010110506677723

[Mesh]
  [mesh]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 1
  []
[]

[Problem]
  solve = false
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 1000
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [temp]
    type = ConstantAux
    variable = temp
    value = 1000
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    factor = 1E19
    outputs = all
  []
  [wastage]
    type = MetallicFuelWastage
    method = flux_d9
    temperature = temp
    burnup = 0.0
    scale_factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  num_steps = 15
  dt = 1.0e6
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [wastage_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = wastage_thickness
  []
  [temp_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
  []
  [flux_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  csv = true
[]

(test/tests/solid_mechanics/sic_creep/ad_monolithic_sic_creep.i)

# Tests material model MonolothicSiCCreepUpdate which computes
#   irradiation creep for monolithic SiC.
#
# The test is a single element unit cube which is pulled in the y direction
#   with a pressure of 5.0e7 Pa. The temperature and fission rate within the cube
#   are uniform and constant at 600 K and 5e17 fissions/m**3-s. The total time is
#   200e6s.
#
# The anaytical solution for the creep strain is 0.001.

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y disp_z'
[]

[Mesh]
  use_displaced_mesh = false
  [mesh]
    type = FileMeshGenerator
    file = 1x1x1_cube.e
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [disp_z]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 600.0
  []
 []

[AuxVariables]
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [creep_strain_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [k_function]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0     200e6'
    y = '2e-37 2e-37'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [all]
    strain = small
    incremental = true
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat]
    type = ADHeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_yy]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
  []
  [creep_strain_yy]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = creep_strain_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [u_top_pull]
    type = ADPressure
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 5
    factor = -5e7
  []

  [u_bottom_fix]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 3
    value = 0.0
  []

  [u_yz_fix]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 4
    value = 0.0
  []

  [u_xy_fix]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_z
    boundary = 2
    value = 0.0
  []

  [temp_top_fix]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    value = 600.0
  []

  [temp_bottom_fix]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = 3
    value = 600.0
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [flux]
    type = ADFastNeutronFlux
    factor = 5e17
  []
  [elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 1
    youngs_modulus = 462.22e9
    poissons_ratio = 0.21
  []

  [stress]
    type = ADComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    inelastic_models = monolithic_sic_creep
    block = 1
  []

  [monolithic_sic_creep]
    type = ADMonolithicSiCCreepUpdate
    block = 1
    temperature = temp
    k_function = k_function
  []

  [thermal]
    type = ADHeatConductionMaterial
    block = 1
    specific_heat = 1.0
    thermal_conductivity = 100.
  []

  [density]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    block = 1
    strain_free_density = 1.0
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = PJFNK

  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = '101'

  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 30
  nl_max_its = 10
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-8
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  l_tol = 1e-8
  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 200e6
  dt = 1e7

  automatic_scaling = true
[]

[Outputs]
  exodus = true
[]

(test/tests/triso/kernel_migration/kernel_migration_distance.i)

kernel_radius = 213.35e-6
buffer_thickness = 98.9e-6
IPyC_thickness = 40.4e-6
SiC_thickness = 35.2e-6
OPyC_thickness = 43.4e-6

coordinates1 = '${fparse kernel_radius}'
coordinates2 = '${fparse coordinates1+buffer_thickness}'
coordinates3 = '${fparse coordinates2+IPyC_thickness}'
coordinates4 = '${fparse coordinates3+SiC_thickness}'
coordinates5 = '${fparse coordinates4+OPyC_thickness}'

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
  initial_enrichment = 0.14029 # [wt-]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0 # convert E>0.10 to E>0.18 MeV
  stress_free_temperature = 1573 # used for thermal expansion
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 # [J/fission]
  O_U = 1.428 # Initial Oxygen to Uranium atom ratio
  C_U = 0.392 # Initial Carbon to Uranium atom ratio
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [mesh]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE2
    coordinates = '0 ${coordinates1} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates3} ${coordinates4} ${coordinates5}'
    mesh_density = '20 8 0 4 4 4'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[UserObjects]
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_OPyC = OPyC_outer_boundary
    outer_SiC = SiC_outer_boundary
    outer_IPyC = IPyC_outer_boundary
    inner_IPyC = IPyC_inner_boundary
    outer_buffer = buffer_outer_boundary
    outer_kernel = fuel_outer_boundary
    include_particle = true
    include_pebble = false
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1573
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [fission_rate]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 5.75e19
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz max_principal_stress'
  add_variables = true
  strain = FINITE
  incremental = true
  [fuel]
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'UCO_swelling_eigenstrain UCO_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [buffer]
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_names = 'Buffer_IIDC_strain Buffer_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [IPyC]
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'IPyC_IIDC_strain IPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    eigenstrain_names = 'SiC_thermal_eigenstrain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [OPyC]
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'OPyC_IIDC_strain OPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [burnup]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = burnup
    property = burnup
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe'
    released_fractions = '0.185 0.815'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    quadrature = false
    min_gap = 1e-7
    max_gap = 50e-6
    gap_geometry_type = sphere
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    value = 1573
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      startup_time = 1e4
      initial_pressure = 0
      R = 8.3145
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_gas_temp
      volume = 'gap_volume buffer_void_volume kernel_void_volume'
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released'
      output = gas_pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 6.2425e+17
  []
  [UCO_burnup]
    type = TRISOBurnup
    initial_density = 10966
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_thermal]
    type = UCOThermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UCOElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain]
    type = UCOVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_swelling_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10.0e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_TE_strain
  []
  [UCO_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 10966
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UCOFGR
    block = fuel
    average_grain_radius = 10e-6
    temperature = temperature
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    cutoff_neutron_flux = 0.0
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [BAF_IPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0465
    block = IPyC
  []
  [BAF_OPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0429
    block = OPyC
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = BufferElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_stress]
    type = BufferCEGACreep
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_thermal]
    type = BufferThermal
    block = buffer
    initial_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = buffer
    strain_free_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_TE]
    type = BufferThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_IIDC]
    type = BufferCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = IPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [IPyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [IPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = IPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1890
  []
  [IPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [IPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MonolithicSiCElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    elastic_modulus_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_thermal]
    type = MonolithicSiCThermal
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = SiC
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
  []
  [SiC_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = SiC_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [OPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = OPyC
    temperature = temperature
    initial_BAF = 1.0
  []
  [OPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = OPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [OPyC_thermal_conductivity]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = OPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [OPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = OPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1900
  []
  [OPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [OPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [characteristic_strength_SiC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '9640000'
    block = SiC
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
  []
  [characteristic_strength_PyC]
    type = PyCCharacteristicStrength
    temperature = temperature
    X = 1.02
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 100
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-10
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-9
  nl_max_its = 20

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  num_steps = 10

  dtmin = 1e-4
  dt = 1e4
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_gas_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = buffer
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [gap_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [buffer_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = buffer
    theoretical_density = 2250
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [kernel_th_density]
    type = UCOTheoreticalDensity
    execute_on = initial
  []
  [kernel_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = fuel
    theoretical_density = kernel_th_density
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [particle_power]
     type = ElementIntegralPower
     variable = temperature
     use_material_fission_rate = true
     fission_rate_material = fission_rate
     block = fuel
     execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_fluence]
     type = ElementExtremeValue
     variable = fast_neutron_fluence
     value_type = 'max'
     execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_burnup]
     type = ElementExtremeValue
     variable = burnup
     block = fuel
     value_type = 'max'
     execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [SiC_stress_max]
    type = ElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    block = SiC
    value_type = max
    mat_prop = stress_yy
  []
  [SiC_stress_min]
    type = ElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    block = SiC
    value_type = min
    mat_prop = stress_yy
  []
  [strength_SiC]
     type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
     block = SiC
     weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [kernel_migration_distance]
    type = KernelMigrationDistance
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    variable = temperature
    temperature_gradient = 15000
    kernel_type = UO2
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  show = 'kernel_migration_distance'
  print_linear_residuals = false
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(test/tests/triso/mesh/ipyc_crack.i)

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  initial_enrichment = 0.14029 # [wt-]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0 # convert E>0.10 to E>0.18 MeV
  stress_free_temperature = 481 # used for thermal expansion
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 # [J/fission]
  O_U = 1.428 # Initial Oxygen to Uranium atom ratio
  C_U = 0.392 # Initial Carbon to Uranium atom ratio
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [gen]
    type = TRISO2DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = quad4
    coordinates = '0 2.1335e-4 3.1225e-4 3.1225e-4 3.5265e-4 3.8785e-4 4.3415e-4'
    mesh_density = '3 3 0 3 4 3'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    num_sectors = 20
    aspect_ratio = 1.0
    all_bottom_left = true
  []
[]

[XFEM]
  qrule = volfrac
  output_cut_plane = true
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[UserObjects]
  [ipyc_crack]
    type = LineSegmentCutUserObject
    cut_data = '0.0000 0.0 0.001 0.0'
    time_start_cut = 0.0
    time_end_cut = 0.0
    block = IPyC
  []
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_OPyC = OPyC_outer_boundary
    outer_SiC = SiC_outer_boundary
    outer_IPyC = IPyC_outer_boundary
    inner_IPyC = IPyC_inner_boundary
    outer_buffer = buffer_outer_boundary
    outer_kernel = fuel_outer_boundary
    include_particle = true
    include_pebble = false
    mesh_generator = 'gen'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 650
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [fission_rate]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 5.75e19
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz max_principal_stress'
  add_variables = true
  strain = FINITE
  incremental = true
  temperature = temperature
  [fuel]
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'UCO_swelling_eigenstrain UCO_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [buffer]
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_names = 'Buffer_IIDC_strain Buffer_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [IPyC]
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'IPyC_IIDC_strain IPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    eigenstrain_names = 'SiC_thermal_eigenstrain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [OPyC]
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'OPyC_IIDC_strain OPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [burnup]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = burnup
    property = burnup
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe'
    released_fractions = '0.185 0.815'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    quadrature = false
    min_gap = 1e-7
    max_gap = 50e-6
    gap_geometry_type = sphere
    sphere_origin = '0 0 0'
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_disp_y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = '2001 2002 2004 2005'
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    value = 650
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [Pressure]
    [exterior]
      boundary = exterior
      factor = 0.1e6
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      startup_time = 1e4
      initial_pressure = 0
      R = 8.3145
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_gas_temp
      volume = 'gap_volume buffer_void_volume kernel_void_volume'
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released'
      output = gas_pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 6.2425e+17
  []
  [UCO_burnup]
    type = TRISOBurnup
    initial_density = 10966
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_thermal]
    type = UCOThermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UCOElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain]
    type = UCOVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_swelling_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10.0e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_TE_strain
  []
  [UCO_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 10966
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UCOFGR
    block = fuel
    average_grain_radius = 10e-6
    temperature = temperature
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    cutoff_neutron_flux = 0.0
  []
  [BAF_IPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0465
    block = IPyC
  []
  [BAF_OPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0429
    block = OPyC
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = BufferElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_stress]
    type = BufferCEGACreep
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_thermal]
    type = BufferThermal
    block = buffer
    initial_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = buffer
    strain_free_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_TE]
    type = BufferThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_IIDC]
    type = BufferCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = IPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [IPyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [IPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = IPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1890
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
  []
  [IPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [IPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MonolithicSiCElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    elastic_modulus_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_thermal]
    type = MonolithicSiCThermal
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = SiC
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
  []
  [SiC_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = SiC_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [OPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = OPyC
    temperature = temperature
    initial_BAF = 1.0
  []
  [OPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = OPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [OPyC_thermal_conductivity]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = OPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [OPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = OPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1900
  []
  [OPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [OPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [characteristic_strength_SiC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '9640000'
    block = SiC
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
  []
  [characteristic_strength_PyC]
    type = PyCCharacteristicStrength
    temperature = temperature
    X = 1.02
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 100
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-10
  nl_abs_tol = 5e-11
  nl_max_its = 20

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  num_steps = 2

  dtmin = 1e-4
  dt = 1e4
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_gas_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = buffer
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [gap_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [buffer_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = buffer
    theoretical_density = 2250
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [kernel_th_density]
    type = UCOTheoreticalDensity
    execute_on = initial
  []
  [kernel_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = fuel
    theoretical_density = kernel_th_density
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [particle_power]
     type = ElementIntegralPower
     variable = temperature
     use_material_fission_rate = true
     fission_rate_material = fission_rate
     block = fuel
     execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_fluence]
     type = ElementExtremeValue
     variable = fast_neutron_fluence
     value_type = 'max'
     execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_burnup]
     type = ElementExtremeValue
     variable = burnup
     block = fuel
     value_type = 'max'
     execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    block = SiC
    value_type = max
    mat_prop = max_principal_stress
  []
  [strength_SiC]
     type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
     block = SiC
     weibull_modulus = 6
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = false
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
  exodus = true
[]

(assessment/MOX/JOYO/B14/PTM002/analysis/b14_ptm002_2DRZ_t.i)


initial_fuel_density = 11057.75

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]
[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  reference_vector = 'ref'
[]
[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    pellet_quantity = 1
    pellet_height = 0.4
    pellet_outer_radius = 0.002675
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    clad_gap_width = 0.000105
    clad_thickness = 0.00047
    clad_bot_gap_height = 1.0e-3
    bottom_clad_height = 2.24e-3
    top_clad_height = 2.24e-3
    clad_top_gap_height = 0.685
    elem_type = QUAD8
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 100
    nx_p = 20
    ny_p = 100
    ny_cu = 3
    ny_cl = 3
  []
  patch_size = 50
  patch_update_strategy = iteration
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]
[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = FuelPinGeometry
  []
[]
[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 295.0
  []
[]
[AuxVariables]
  [pore]
  []
  [fission_rate]
  []
  [burnup]
  []
  [radial_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [effective_creep_strain]
    block = clad
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]
[Functions]
  [power_history] #related to the LHGR at the midplane
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = ' 0  72000  158040  160200  246600  248400  249000.012  251280'
    y = ' 0  39814.5  39814.5  44289.3  44289.3  53927.4  53927.4  0'
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux_function]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 251280'
    y = '3.3e+15 3.3e+15'
  []
  [f_temp_out_clad]
    type = PiecewiseBilinear
    x = '0.000175  0.0464075  0.0843675  0.1075625  0.152025  0.1994625  0.2464725  0.2947475  0.356915  0.43356  0.49848  0.625  0.700475  0.797485  0.8723425  0.96'
    y = '0 251280'
    z = '295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295 634.94  662.273  676.998  686.217  706.339  727  743.358  758.311  780.069  799.077  815.576  846.374  860.233  875.494  882.809  889.8'
    scale_factor = 1
    axis = 1
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PiecewiseBilinear
    x = '0.000175  0.0464075  0.0843675  0.1075625  0.152025  0.1994625  0.2464725  0.2947475  0.356915  0.43356  0.49848  0.625  0.700475  0.797485  0.8723425  0.96'
    y = '0 251280'
    z = '0.751  0.752  0.767  0.796  0.82  0.852  0.875  0.915  0.944  0.963  0.988  1  0.985  0.955  0.913  0.846 0.751  0.752  0.767  0.796  0.82  0.852  0.875  0.915  0.944  0.963  0.988  1  0.985  0.955  0.913  0.846'
    scale_factor = 1
    axis = 1
  []
  [q]
    type = CompositeFunction
    functions = 'power_history axial_peaking_factors'
  []
  [average_power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = ' 0  72000  158040  160200  246600  248400  249000.012  251280'
    y = ' 0  34700  34700  38600  38600  47000  47000  0'
  []
[]
[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [pellets]
    block = pellet
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain fuel_volumetric_strain'
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz'
    use_finite_deform_jacobian = true
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [clad]
    block = clad
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz'
    use_finite_deform_jacobian = true
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]
[Kernels]
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]
[AuxKernels]
  [fission_rate]
    type = FissionRateGeneral
    fission_rate_formulation = MOX
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
    initial_porosity = 0.1372
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    rod_ave_lin_pow = power_history
    pellet_diameter = 0.00535
    execute_on = timestep_begin
    porosity = pore
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    variable = burnup
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [radial_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = radial_strain
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 0
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [effective_creep_strain]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = effective_creep_strain
    variable = effective_creep_strain
    block = clad
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]
[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    formulation = kinematic
    model = frictionless
    penalty = 1e7
  []
[]
[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = fis_gas_released
    contact_pressure = contact_pressure
    quadrature = true
  []
[]
[BCs]
  [temp_clad_outside]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    function = f_temp_out_clad
    boundary = 2
  []
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad_bottom]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel_bottom]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 101325
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      material_input = fis_gas_released
      output = plenum_pressure
    []
  []
[]
[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    block = clad
    flux_function = fast_neutron_flux_function
  []
  [fuel_thermal]
    type = MAMOXThermal
    temperature = temp
    porosity = pore
    block = pellet
    Am_content = 0.0237
    oxy_to_metal_ratio = 1.982
    output_properties = 'thermal_conductivity'
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MAMOXElasticityTensor
    block = pellet
  []
  [elastic_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = MAMOXThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    oxygen_to_metal_ratio = 1.98
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [fuel_volumetric_swelling]
    type = UO2VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    gas_swelling_model_type = SIFGRS
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    initial_fuel_density = 11057.75
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_volumetric_strain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = SS316Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 8000
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = SS316ElasticityTensor
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    elastic_constants_model = legacy_ifr
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = SS316ThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_ss316creep]
    type = SS316CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = elastic
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ss316creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    grain_radius_const = 12e-06
    bubble_gb_limit = 1.0e+11
  []
[]
[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]
[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -sub_pc_type'
  petsc_options_value = 'asm lu'
  line_search = 'none'
  fixed_point_max_its = 1
  fixed_point_abs_tol = 1e-3
  fixed_point_rel_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 50
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-3
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-3
  start_time = 0
  n_startup_steps = 1
  end_time = 251280
  dtmax = 10000
  dtmin = 0.25
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1e1
    optimal_iterations = 15
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
    growth_factor = 2
    cutback_factor = .5
    force_step_every_function_point = true
    timestep_limiting_function = power_history
  []
[]
[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = burnup
  []
  [ave_pore]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = pore
  []
  [max_pore]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    block = pellet
    value_type = max
    variable = pore
  []
  [min_pore]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    block = pellet
    value_type = min
    variable = pore
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_released_percentage]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [rod_input_power]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = average_power_history
    scale_factor = 0.4 # rod height
  []
[]
[VectorPostprocessors]
  [fuel_radial_temperature_Sample1]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = temp
    start_point = '0.0 0.283 0.0'
    end_point = '0.002675 0.283 0.0'
    num_points = 200
    execute_on = final
    sort_by = x
    outputs = line_plot
  []
  [radial_porosity_Sample1]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = pore
    start_point = '0.0 0.283 0.0'
    end_point = '0.002675 0.283 0.0'
    num_points = 200
    execute_on = final
    sort_by = x
    outputs = line_plot
  []
  [fuel_radial_temperature_Sample2]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = temp
    start_point = '0.0 0.347 0.0'
    end_point = '0.002675 0.347 0.0'
    num_points = 200
    execute_on = final
    sort_by = x
    outputs = line_plot
  []
  [radial_porosity_Sample2]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = pore
    start_point = '0.0 0.347 0.0'
    end_point = '0.002675 0.347 0.0'
    num_points = 200
    execute_on = final
    sort_by = x
    outputs = line_plot
  []
  [fuel_radial_temperature_Sample3]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = temp
    start_point = '0.0 0.2 0.0'
    end_point = '0.002675 0.2 0.0'
    num_points = 200
    execute_on = final
    sort_by = x
    outputs = line_plot
  []
  [radial_porosity_Sample3]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = pore
    start_point = '0.0 0.2 0.0'
    end_point = '0.002675 0.2 0.0'
    num_points = 200
    execute_on = final
    sort_by = x
    outputs = line_plot
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  exodus = true
  color = true
  csv = true
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
  []
  [line_plot]
    type = CSV
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
    time_step_interval =  1
    file_base = 1d
    create_final_symlink = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    execute_on = FINAL
    show = 'ave_temp_interior max_pore'
  []
[]
[MultiApps]
  [sub]
    type = TransientMultiApp
    app_type = BisonApp
    execute_on = timestep_end
    catch_up = true
    max_catch_up_steps = 10
    positions_file = positions.txt
    input_files = b14_ptm002_pore.i
  []
[]
[Transfers]
  [temp_to_sub]
    type = MultiAppProjectionTransfer
    to_multi_app = sub
    source_variable = temp
    variable = temp
  []
  [pore_from_sub]
    type = MultiAppGeometricInterpolationTransfer
    from_multi_app = sub
    source_variable = pore
    variable = pore
  []
[]
[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_F/x441_leg_F.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11  # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    pellet_height = ${pellet_height}
    clad_top_gap_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    bottom_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    top_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    clad_bot_gap_height = 0.2e-3 # arbitrary
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    ny_p = 260
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 260
    ny_cu = ${ny_cu}
    ny_cl = ${ny_cl}
    pellet_quantity = 1
    elem_type = QUAD8
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_size = 30
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  # Aux variables for output
  [porosity]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [element_failed]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '0.151e6 0.151e6'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = pellet
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain fuel_volumetric_swelling'
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [porosity]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = porosity
    property = porosity
    block = pellet
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [failed_element]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = element_failed
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = pellet
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-3
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature   = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure      = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux      = 5261.5   # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material    = sodium
    rod_diameter        = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch           = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate    = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [fuel_volumetric_swelling]
    type = UPuZrVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
#    hydrostatic_stress = hydrostatic_stress
    hydrostatic_stress = 1e6
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_volumetric_swelling
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = pellet
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [longHT9_failure]
    type = HT9FailureClad
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    method = cdf_long
    temperature = temp
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 100
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [flux_from_clad]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_prod
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_rel
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = pellet
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'all_pellet_exterior'
  []
  [max_clad_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'clad_outside_top clad_outside_right'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [clad_total_hoop_strain]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    start_point = '2.90e-3 2.55e-3 0.0'
    end_point = '2.90e-3 0.725 0.0'
    num_points = 300
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec6'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 42000400'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_fuel_elongation max_clad_elongation max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec6]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec6
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/WPF/analysis/FM-1/FM_base.i)

# FM-1 Base Input File

gap_bottom_length = 0.31e-3
top_bot_cladding_height = 2.24e-3
# calculations
cladding_ir = '${fparse fuel_radius + cladding_gap_width}'
gas_plenum_height = '${fparse plenum_volume / pi / cladding_ir^2}'
fuel_y_start = '${fparse gap_bottom_length + top_bot_cladding_height}'
alpha_start = 877
alpha_end = 936
bubble_concentration = 1e15

cladding_block = 'cladding cladding_tri'

y_tc1 = '${fparse 2.55e-3+22.0*0.0254}'
y_tc2 = '${fparse y_tc1-4.5*0.0254}'
y_tc3 = '${fparse y_tc2-3.5*0.0254}'
y_tc4 = '${fparse y_tc3-2.0*0.0254}'
y_tc5 = '${fparse y_tc4-3.0*0.0254}'
y_tc6 = '${fparse y_tc1-4.0*0.0254}'

x_tc = 0.002920

p_tc1 = '${x_tc} ${y_tc1} 0.0'
p_tc2 = '${x_tc} ${y_tc2} 0.0'
p_tc3 = '${x_tc} ${y_tc3} 0.0'
p_tc4 = '${x_tc} ${y_tc4} 0.0'
p_tc5 = '${x_tc} ${y_tc5} 0.0'
p_tc6 = '${x_tc} ${y_tc6} 0.0'

# A relatively coarse radial mesh density can be used
# since localized refining is done by TRI3 elements
clad_n_rad = 10

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  alpha_transition_end = ${alpha_end}
  alpha_transition_start = ${alpha_start}
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
  converge_on = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
[]

[Mesh]
  # Pin design parameters from FIPD database
  [gen]
    type = FIPDRodletMeshGenerator
    fipd_geom_file = ${raw '../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/ ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} / ${pin_id} _design.csv'}

    gap_bottom_length = 0.31e-3 # arbitrary
    cladding_bottom_plug_length = 2.24e-3 # arbitrary
    cladding_top_plug_length = 2.24e-3 # arbitrary

    cladding_sidewall_radial_elements = ${clad_n_rad}
    cladding_sidewall_axial_element_intervals = '0 0.540 0.625 1.0'
    cladding_sidewall_axial_element_numbers = '150 1000 150'
    use_tri_for_cladding_sidewall = '0 1 0'
    cladding_top_plug_radial_elements = 10
    cladding_top_plug_axial_elements = 5
    cladding_bottom_plug_axial_elements = 5
    fuel_radial_elements = 10
    fuel_axial_element_intervals = '0 1'
    fuel_axial_element_numbers = '1000'
    tri_element_size_factor = 0.4
    elem_type = QUAD4
    make_stand = true
    make_cap = true
    cap_axial_elements = 15
    stand_axial_elements = 15
  []
  [sodium_height]
    type = SideSetsFromBoundingBoxGenerator
    input = gen
    bottom_left = '0 0 0'
    top_right = '${fparse cladding_ir + cladding_thickness} ${fparse fuel_y_start + fuel_height} 0'
    included_boundaries = 'cladding_inside_right'
    boundary_new = '1005'
  []
  [gas_height]
    type = SideSetsFromBoundingBoxGenerator
    input = sodium_height
    bottom_left = '0 ${fparse fuel_y_start + fuel_height} 0'
    top_right = '${fparse cladding_ir + cladding_thickness} ${fparse fuel_y_start + fuel_height + gas_plenum_height + top_bot_cladding_height} 0'
    included_boundaries = 'cladding_inside_right'
    boundary_new = '1006'
  []
  [sodium_plenum_rename]
    type = RenameBoundaryGenerator
    input = gas_height
    old_boundary = '1005 1006'
    new_boundary = 'sodium_height gas_height'
  []

  patch_size = 40
  patch_update_strategy = always
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
  coord_type = RZ
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block} cap stand'
  []
  [disp_x]
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block} cap stand'
  []
  [disp_y]
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block} cap stand'
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [fflux_axial_peaking_factors]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 0.0
  []
  [fflux_axial_peaking_factors_elongate]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 0.0
  []
  [flux_history] # Time-dependent pin average fast flux from FIPD database
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 0.0
  []
  [clad_od_temp]
    type = PiecewiseBilinear
    data_file = './data/temp_hist.csv'
    xaxis = 1
  []
  [ab_sodium_vol]
    type = MeshPropertyFunction
    mesh_generator = gen
    mesh_property_name = sodium_volume
    scale_factor = -1.0
  []
  [sodium_volume]
    # Need to account for the factor that hot pressing is also occupying the open pores
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_names = 'porosity_sodium_logging_avg volume_fuel raw_sodium_vol temp_sodium_avg'
    symbol_values = 'porosity_sodium_logging_avg volume_fuel ab_sodium_vol temp_sodium_avg'
    # Note the the symbol before volume_fuel should be negative as volume_fuel itself is negative
    expression = 'raw_sodium_vol * 954 / (1012 - 0.23 * temp_sodium_avg) - volume_fuel * porosity_sodium_logging_avg'
  []
  [power_history]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 0.0
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 0.0
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors_extended]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 0.0
  []
  [anisotropic_swelling_factor]
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_names = 'disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg fuel_height fuel_radius'
    symbol_values = 'disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg ${fuel_height} ${fuel_radius}'
    expression = '(disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg / ${fuel_radius}) / (disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg / ${fuel_height})'
  []
  [gap_thermal_conductivity]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '124.67 - 0.11381 * t + 5.5226e-5 * t^2 - 1.1842e-8 * t^3'
  []
  [id_vpp_func] # vpp_function used to track FCCI-related cladding degradation.
    type = MetallicFuelWastageDegradationFunction
    vectorpostprocessor_name = id_pen_total
    argument_column = y
    wastage_type = ID
    value_column = total_id_reduction
    use_metadata = true
    degradation_factor = 0.001
    mesh_generator = 'gen'
    transition_width = 1E-4
  []
  [od_vpp_func] # vpp_function used to track CCCI-related cladding degradation.
    type = MetallicFuelWastageDegradationFunction
    vectorpostprocessor_name = od_wastage
    argument_column = y
    wastage_type = OD
    value_column = cc_wastage_thickness
    use_metadata = true
    degradation_factor = 0.001
    mesh_generator = 'gen'
    transition_width = 1E-4
  []

  [fuel_melt_func]
    type = MetallicFuelMeltingFunction
    vectorpostprocessor_name = fuel_melting
    argument_column = y
    value_column = fuel_melting_thickness
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = 'gen'
    transition_width = 2e-4
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    block = fuel
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'firstinv_strain stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
    volumetric_locking_correction = true
  []
  [cladding]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    eigenstrain_names = 'cladding_thermal_eigenstrain'
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
    volumetric_locking_correction = true
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [gravity]
    type = ADGravity
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block}'
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = ADHeatConduction
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block} cap stand'
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = ADHeatConductionTimeDerivative
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block} cap stand'
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = ADFissionRateHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = 'fuel'
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    energy_deposited_in_fuel = 0.95
  []
  [disp_x_dt]
    type = ADTimeDerivative
    variable = disp_x
    block = ' cap stand'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [disp_y_dt]
    type = ADTimeDerivative
    variable = disp_y
    block = 'cap stand'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [disp_x_diff]
    type = ADMatAnisoDiffusion
    variable = disp_x
    block = 'cap stand'
    diffusivity = d_x
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [disp_y_diff]
    type = ADMatDiffusion
    variable = disp_y
    block = 'cap stand'
    diffusivity = 1e8
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = FuelPinGeometry
    clad_bottom = cladding_outside_bottom
    clad_inner_wall = cladding_inside_right
    clad_outer_wall = cladding_outside_right
    clad_top = cladding_outside_top
    pellet_exteriors = fuel_outside_all
  []
  [fuel_thm_exp]
    type = LayeredAverage
    variable = fuel_thermal_strain_xx
    direction = y
    num_layers = 1000
    block = fuel
  []
  [clad_thm_exp]
    type = LayeredAverage
    variable = clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx
    direction = y
    num_layers = 1000
    block = ${cladding_block}
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [fuel_cladding_mechanical]
    primary = cladding_inside_right
    secondary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    model = coulomb
    friction_coefficient = 0.1
    formulation = mortar
    c_normal = '${fparse 1e17 * magic_factor}'
    c_tangential = '${fparse 1e19 * magic_factor}'
    correct_edge_dropping = true
  []
[]

[MortarGapHeatTransfer]
  [inside2outside]
    temperature = temp
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
    gap_conductivity_function = gap_thermal_conductivity
    gap_conductivity_function_variable = temp
    primary_boundary = cladding_inside_right
    secondary_boundary = fuel_contact_surfaces
    gap_flux_options = 'CONDUCTION'
    ghost_point_neighbors = true
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'centerline cap_top'
    value = 0.0
    preset = false
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_bottom'
    value = 0.0
    preset = false
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = 'cladding_outside_right'
      factor = 1378.95 # in Pa, 0.2 psia as measured by transducer
      use_automatic_differentiation = true
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 'inside_surfaces'
      initial_pressure = 84116 # in Pa, 12.2 psi
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = temp_gas_avg
      volume = volume_plenum
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fg_released
      use_automatic_differentiation = true
    []
  []
  [surf] # Setting temperature BC base on FIPD data
    type = ADFunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_bottom cladding_outside_right cladding_outside_top'
    function = clad_od_temp
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [dummy_hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [relx]
  []
  [clad_thm_exp]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_thm_exp]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = fuel
  []
  [func_val1]
  []
  [func_val2]
  []
  [func_val3]
  []
  # OPTD Active during this stage
  [pen_thick_aux]
    family = MONOMIAL
    order = CONSTANT
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block}'
  []
  [total_id_reduction]
    family = MONOMIAL
    order = CONSTANT
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block}'
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence_aux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [func_val1]
    type = FunctionAux
    function = id_vpp_func
    variable = func_val1
    block = 'cladding cladding_tri'
  []
  [func_val2]
    type = FunctionAux
    function = od_vpp_func
    variable = func_val2
    block = 'cladding cladding_tri'
  []
  [func_val3]
    type = FunctionAux
    function = fuel_melt_func
    variable = func_val3
    block = fuel
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [relx_aux]
    type = ParsedAux
    variable = relx
    block = fuel
    use_xyzt = true
    expression = 'x / ${fuel_radius}'
  []
  [clad_thm_exp]
    type = SpatialUserObjectAux
    variable = clad_thm_exp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    user_object = clad_thm_exp
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = cladding_thermal_eigenstrain
    variable = clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx
    index_j = 0
    index_i = 0
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain_xx]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = fuel_thermal_strain
    variable = fuel_thermal_strain_xx
    index_j = 0
    index_i = 0
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain_yy]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = fuel_thermal_strain
    variable = fuel_thermal_strain_yy
    index_j = 1
    index_i = 1
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_thm_exp]
    type = SpatialUserObjectAux
    variable = fuel_thm_exp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    user_object = fuel_thm_exp
    block = fuel
  []
  #OPTD
  [assign_pen_thick_aux]
    type = ADMaterialRealAux
    variable = pen_thick_aux
    property = liquid_penetration
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block}'
  []
  [assign_total_id_reduction]
    type = ParsedAux
    variable = total_id_reduction
    coupled_variables = 'pen_thick_aux wastage_thickness'
    expression = 'pen_thick_aux + wastage_thickness'
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block}'
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fuel_pen]
    type = ADMetallicFuelLiquidCladdingPenetration
    temperature = temp
    mesh_generator = gen
    fuel_elongation_pp = max_fuel_elongation
    liquid_penetration_model = 'ANL_CONSERVATIVE'
    fuel_pu = Pu_0
    burnup = burnup
    outputs = all
    calculate_fuel_melting_thickness = true
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block}'
  []
  [longHT9_failure]
    type = HT9FailureClad
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    method = cdf_long
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
  [d_x]
    type = ADConstantAnisotropicMobility
    tensor = '1e3 0 0
              0   1e6 0
              0   0 0'
    M_name = d_x
  []
  [cap_thcond]
    type = ADGenericConstantMaterial
    prop_names = 'thermal_conductivity specific_heat density'
    prop_values = '65 1200 830'
    block = 'cap stand'
    outputs = all
  []
  [interconnected_porosity]
    type = ADParsedMaterial
    block = 'fuel'
    property_name = interconnected_porosity
    material_property_names = 'porosity interconnectivity'
    expression = 'porosity * interconnectivity'
    outputs = all
  []

  [fission_rate]
    type = ADUPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${fuel_radius}
    X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = 'fuel'
    outputs = all
  []
  [fission_rate_elongate]
    type = ADUPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors_extended
    pellet_radius = ${fuel_radius}
    X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    outputs = all
    fission_rate_name = fission_rate
  []
  [burnup]
    type = ADUPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${fuel_density}
    block = 'fuel'
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup_elongate]
    type = ADUPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    initial_X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    outputs = all
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    density = ${fuel_density}
    burnup_name = burnup
  []
  [fuel_elastic_stress]
    type = ADComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    inelastic_models = 'hotpress fuel_upuzrcreep gas_swelling'
    block = 'fuel'
    outputs = all
  []
  [hotpress]
    type = ADUPuZrHotPressingStressUpdate
    block = 'fuel'
    outputs = all
    surface_energy = 1.6
    plenum_pressure = plenum_pressure
    porosity_name = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-1
    interconnectivity = interconnectivity
    bubble_concentration = ${bubble_concentration}
    temperature = temp
    creep_model = MFH
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    atomic_volume = 2.15e-29
    porosity_start = 0.01
    porosity_end = 0
    grain_boundary_D0 = 4e-29
    grain_boundary_Q = 0
    absolute_tolerance = 1e-9
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ADPorosityFromStrain
    block = 'fuel'
    initial_porosity = 1e-10
    inelastic_strain = 'combined_inelastic_strain'
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADUPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    youngs_model = LANL
    block = 'fuel'
    temperature = temp
    use_old_porosity = true
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'youngs_modulus poissons_ratio'
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = ADUPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = 'fuel'
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    use_old_porosity = true
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-1
    outputs = all
    automatic_differentiation_return_mapping = false
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ADUPuZrThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = 'fuel'
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 298.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
    outputs = all
    thermal_expansion_model = LANL
    X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ADSimpleFissionGasViscoplasticityStressUpdate
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
    block = 'fuel'
    bubble_concentration = ${bubble_concentration}
    initial_bubble_concentration = ${bubble_concentration}
    compute_interconnectivity = true
    fission_gas_yield = 0.3017
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    initial_atoms_per_bubble = 1e-05
    initial_bubble_radius = 1e-15
    initial_fgm_dissolved = 0
    interconnection_cutoff = 0.99
    interconnection_initiating_porosity = 0.23
    interconnection_terminating_porosity = 0.25
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-2
    retained_gas_fraction = 0.25
    interconnection_dependent_retained_gas_fraction = 0.5
    surface_energy = 1.6
    anisotropic_factor = 0.26
    initial_porosity = 1e-10
    fuel_melting_function = fuel_melt_func
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ADBurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = 'fuel'
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
    outputs = all
    anisotropic_factor = 0.26
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = ADUPuZrThermal
    block = 'fuel'
    X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
    porosity_model = logged
    sodium_logged_porosity = sodium_logged_porosity
  []
  [sodium_logging]
    type = ADUPuZrSodiumLogging
    block = 'fuel'
    porosity = porosity
    interconnectivity = interconnectivity
    sodium_infiltration_fraction = 0.28
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    block = 'fuel'
    strain_free_density = ${fuel_density}
    outputs = all
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = ADFastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    axial_power_profile = fflux_axial_peaking_factors
    rod_ave_lin_pow = flux_history
    block = fuel
    factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux_elongate]
    type = ADFastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    axial_power_profile = fflux_axial_peaking_factors_elongate
    rod_ave_lin_pow = flux_history
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
  [cladding_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADHT9ElasticityTensor
    temperature = temp
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    outputs = all
    id_wastage_degradation_function = id_vpp_func
    od_wastage_degradation_function = od_vpp_func
    output_properties = 'youngs_modulus poissons_ratio'
  []
  [cladding_stress]
    type = ADComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    inelastic_models = 'cladding_creep'
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    outputs = all
  []
  [cladding_creep]
    type = ADHT9CreepUpdate
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
    primary_creep_model = MFH
    secondary_creep_model = MFH
    irradiation_creep_model = MFH
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ADHT9ThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 298.0
    eigenstrain_name = cladding_thermal_eigenstrain
    outputs = all
  []
  [cladding_thermal]
    type = ADHT9Thermal
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
  []
  [cladding_density]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    strain_free_density = '${clad_density}'
    outputs = all
  []
  [wastage_thickness]
    type = ADMetallicFuelWastage
    method = burnup_ht9_opt
    burnup = burnup
    temperature = temp
    scale_factor = 1
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    outputs = all
  []
  [cc_wastage_thickness]
    type = ADMetallicFuelCoolantWastage
    clad_material = HT9
    use_effective_method = true
    temperature = temp
    scale_factor = 1
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [disp_x]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = disp_x
    max_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [disp_y]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = disp_y
    max_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temp
    max_increment = 100
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [vcp]
    type = VCP
    full = true
    primary_variable = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
    preconditioner = 'LU'
    adaptive_condensation = true
    lm_variable = 'fuel_cladding_mechanical_normal_lm fuel_cladding_mechanical_tangential_lm inside2outside_thermal_lm'
    is_lm_coupling_diagonal = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'NEWTON'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew -snes_converged_reason -ksp_converged_reason'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_type -mat_mffd_err -pc_factor_shift_type -pc_factor_shift_amount -snes_force_iteration'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu    superlu_dist   1e-5          NONZERO               1e-15 1'
  line_search = 'none'
  snesmf_reuse_base = false
  verbose = true

  l_max_its = 60
  nl_max_its = 100
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 5e-9

  end_time = '${fparse run_time + total_transient_time}'
  dtmin = 1e-5
  dtmax = 5.0

  automatic_scaling = true
  compute_scaling_once = false
  off_diagonals_in_auto_scaling = true
  ignore_variables_for_autoscaling = 'fuel_cladding_mechanical_normal_lm fuel_cladding_mechanical_tangential_lm inside2outside_thermal_lm'

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = actual_cladding_time_step_limit

    dt = 0.01
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
    cutback_factor_at_failure = 0.9
    growth_factor = 2
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [_dt]
    type = TimestepSize
  []
  [_transient_t]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = ''
    expression = 't-t0'
    use_t = true
    constant_names = 't0'
    constant_expressions = '${run_time}'
  []
  # elemental temperatures
  [temp_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = 'fuel'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [temp_fuel_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [temp_fuel_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    block = 'fuel'
    value_type = min
  []
  [temp_cladding_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [temp_cladding_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [temp_cladding_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    value_type = min
  []

  # boundary temperatures
  [temp_gas_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 'gas_height cladding_inside_top'
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  # Beyond gap closure, sodium temperarture is almost the same as the cap.
  [temp_sodium_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = 'cap'
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [temp_inside_surfaces_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 'inside_surfaces'
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [temp_fuel_centerline_avg]
    type = AxisymmetricCenterlineAverageValue
    boundary = 'centerline'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_fuel_centerline_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = 'centerline'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_fuel_centerline_min]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = 'centerline'
    variable = temp
    value_type = min
  []
  [temp_fuel_surface_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_fuel_surface_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_fuel_surface_min]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
    variable = temp
    value_type = min
  []
  [temp_cladding_inside_right_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_cladding_inside_right_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_cladding_outside_right_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_right'
    variable = temp
  []

  # stresses
  [stress_vonmises_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_vonmises_fuel_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_vonmises_fuel_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    value_type = min
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_hydro_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_hydro_fuel_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_hydro_fuel_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_vonmises_cladding_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [stress_vonmises_cladding_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [stress_vonmises_cladding_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    value_type = min
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [stress_hydro_cladding_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [stress_hydro_cladding_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [stress_hydro_cladding_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [contact_pressure_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = fuel_cladding_mechanical_normal_lm
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
  []

  # strain information
  [strain_solid_swelling_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swelling
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [strain_gas_swelling_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = effective_fission_gas_strain
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [strain_hot_pressing_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = effective_hot_pressing_strain
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [strain_volumetric_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = firstinv_strain
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [strain_axial_fuel_avg]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg disp_y_fuel_bottom_surface_avg'
    expression = '(disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg - disp_y_fuel_bottom_surface_avg) / ${fuel_height}'
  []
  [disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'fuel_top'
  []
  [disp_y_fuel_top_surface_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'fuel_top'
  []
  [disp_y_fuel_bottom_surface_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'fuel_bottom'
  []
  [disp_y_fuel_bottom_surface_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'fuel_bottom'
  []
  [disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
  []
  [disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
  []
  [disp_x_cladding_interior_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
  []
  [disp_x_cladding_interior_min]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
    value_type = min
  []
  [disp_x_cladding_interior_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
  []
  [disp_x_cladding_exterior_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_right'
  []
  [disp_x_cladding_exterior_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_right'
  []
  [anisotropic_swelling_factor]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = anisotropic_swelling_factor
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = fuel_outside_all
  []

  # geometric information
  [volume_cladding_interior]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_all'
  []
  [volume_fuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'fuel_outside_all'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volume_plenum]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'inside_surfaces'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = sodium_volume
  []
  [plenum_ratio]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'volume_plenum volume_fuel'
    expression = 'volume_plenum / volume_fuel'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volume_sodium]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = sodium_volume
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  # energy information
  [flux_clad]
    type = ADSideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_fuel]
    type = ADSideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 'fuel_contact_surfaces'
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [power_integral]
    type = ADElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [linear_heat_generation_rate]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [burnup_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [burnup_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fission_rate_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []

  # fission gas information
  [fg_produced]
    type = ADElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fgm_produced
    block = fuel
  []
  [fg_released]
    type = ADElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fgm_released
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fg_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fg_released
    fission_gas_generated = fg_produced
  []
  [interconnected_porosity_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = interconnected_porosity
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [porosity_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [porosity_fuel_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [porosity_fuel_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = min
    block = fuel
  []
  [porosity_sodium_logging_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = sodium_logged_porosity
    block = fuel
  []

  # extras
  [actual_time_step_limit]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block}'
    outputs = none
  []
  [actual_fuel_time_step_limit]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = 'fuel'
    outputs = 'console'
  []
  [actual_cladding_time_step_limit]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    outputs = 'console'
  []
  [time_step_limit]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    expression = 'if(actual_time_step_limit > 1e6, 1e6, actual_time_step_limit)'
    pp_names = 'actual_time_step_limit'
  []
  [max_wastagethickness]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = wastage_thickness
  []
  [max_wst_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = temp
    proxy_variable = wastage_thickness
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [max_wst_burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = burnup
    proxy_variable = wastage_thickness
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []

  # OPTD
  [temp_tc1]
    type = PointValue
    point = ${p_tc1}
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_tc2]
    type = PointValue
    point = ${p_tc2}
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_tc3]
    type = PointValue
    point = ${p_tc3}
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_tc4]
    type = PointValue
    point = ${p_tc4}
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_tc5]
    type = PointValue
    point = ${p_tc5}
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_tc6]
    type = PointValue
    point = ${p_tc6}
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_vm]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = cladding
    variable = vonmises_stress
  []
  [max_pen_total]
    type = VectorPostprocessorReductionValue
    vector_name = total_id_reduction
    vectorpostprocessor = id_pen_total
    value_type = max
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [id_wastage]
    type = FuelRodLineValueSampler
    variable = wastage_thickness
    material = 'clad'
    fraction = 0.0
    num_points = 600
    orientation = 'vertical'
    fuel_pin_geometry = 'pin_geometry'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = none
  []
  [id_pen_total]
    type = FuelRodLineValueSampler
    variable = total_id_reduction
    material = 'clad'
    fraction = 0.0
    num_points = 600
    orientation = 'vertical'
    fuel_pin_geometry = 'pin_geometry'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = none
  []
  [od_wastage]
    type = FuelRodLineValueSampler
    variable = cc_wastage_thickness
    material = 'clad'
    fraction = 1.0
    num_points = 600
    orientation = 'vertical'
    fuel_pin_geometry = 'pin_geometry'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = none
  []
  [fuel_melting]
    type = FuelRodLineValueSampler
    variable = fuel_melting_thickness
    material = 'fuel'
    fraction = 1.0
    num_points = 600
    orientation = 'vertical'
    fuel_pin_geometry = 'pin_geometry'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = none
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = 'console'
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  color = true
  perf_graph = true
  sync_times = ${time_spots}

  [checkpoint]
    type = Checkpoint
    time_step_interval =  1
    enable = false
  []
  [exodus]
    type = Exodus
    time_step_interval =  500
    sync_times = ${time_spots}
    enable = false
  []
  [ext]
    type = Exodus
    time_step_interval =  5
    enable = true
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    show = 'time_step_size temp_fuel_avg temp_fuel_centerline_max temp_cladding_avg temp_cladding_max stress_vonmises_fuel_max stress_hydro_fuel_max stress_hydro_fuel_min contact_pressure_max strain_axial_fuel_avg power_integral burnup_avg fission_rate_avg fg_percent porosity_fuel_avg time_step_limit anisotropic_swelling_factor plenum_ratio volume_fuel volume_plenum max_wastagethickness temp_tc1 temp_tc2 temp_tc3 temp_tc4 temp_tc5 temp_tc6 _transient_t max_vm max_pen_total actual_fuel_time_step_limit actual_cladding_time_step_limit max_cdf'
  []
  [csv_general]
    type = CSV
    file_base = 'FM-1/FM-1_csv_general'
  []
  [csv_gold]
    type = CSV
    show = 'temp_tc1 temp_tc2 temp_tc3 temp_tc4 temp_tc5 temp_tc6 _transient_t max_vm max_pen_total max_cdf'
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = '${fparse run_time+10} ${fparse run_time+20} ${fparse run_time+50} ${fparse run_time+100} ${fparse run_time+200}
                  ${fparse run_time+500} ${fparse run_time+1000} ${fparse run_time+2000} ${fparse run_time+3000} ${fparse run_time+4000}
                  ${fparse run_time+5000} ${fparse run_time+6000}'
    file_base = 'FM-1/FM-1_gold'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/x441_base_legacy_swell.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11  # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    pellet_height = ${pellet_height}
    clad_top_gap_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    bottom_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    top_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    clad_bot_gap_height = 0.2e-3 # arbitrary
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    ny_p = 260
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 260
    ny_cu = ${ny_cu}
    ny_cl = ${ny_cl}
    pellet_quantity = 1
    elem_type = QUAD8
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_size = 30
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  # Aux variables for output
  [porosity]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [element_failed]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '0.151e6 0.151e6'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = pellet
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain fuel_volumetric_swelling'
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [porosity]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = porosity
    property = porosity
    block = pellet
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [failed_element]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = element_failed
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = pellet
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-3
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature   = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure      = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux      = 5261.5   # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material    = sodium
    rod_diameter        = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch           = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate    = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [fuel_volumetric_swelling]
    type = UPuZrVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
#    hydrostatic_stress = hydrostatic_stress
    hydrostatic_stress = 1e6
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_volumetric_swelling
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = pellet
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [longHT9_failure]
    type = HT9FailureClad
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    method = cdf_long
    temperature = temp
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 100
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [flux_from_clad]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_prod
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_rel
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = pellet
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'all_pellet_exterior'
  []
  [max_clad_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'clad_outside_top clad_outside_right'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [clad_total_hoop_strain]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    start_point = '2.90e-3 2.55e-3 0.0'
    end_point = '2.90e-3 0.725 0.0'
    num_points = 300
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec6'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 42000400'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_fuel_elongation max_clad_elongation max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec6]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec6
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(assessment/MOX/JOYO/B14/PTM003/analysis/b14_ptm003_2DRZ_t.i)


initial_fuel_density = 11172.82

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]
[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  reference_vector = 'ref'
[]
[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    pellet_quantity = 1
    pellet_height = 0.4
    pellet_outer_radius = 0.0027
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    clad_gap_width = 0.00008
    clad_thickness = 0.00047
    clad_bot_gap_height = 1.0e-3
    bottom_clad_height = 2.24e-3
    top_clad_height = 2.24e-3
    clad_top_gap_height = 0.685
    elem_type = QUAD8
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 100
    nx_p = 20
    ny_p = 100
    ny_cu = 3
    ny_cl = 3
  []
  patch_size = 50
  patch_update_strategy = iteration
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]
[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = FuelPinGeometry
  []
[]
[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 295.0
  []
[]
[AuxVariables]
  [pore]
  []
  [fission_rate]
  []
  [burnup]
  []
  [radial_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [effective_creep_strain]
    block = clad
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]
[Functions]
  [power_history] #related to the LHGR at the midplane
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = ' 0  72000  158040  160200  246600  248400  249000.012  251280'
    y = ' 0  39814.5  39814.5  44289.3  44289.3  53927.4  53927.4  0'
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux_function]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 251280'
    y = '3.3e+15 3.3e+15'
  []
  [f_temp_out_clad]
    type = PiecewiseBilinear
    x = '0.000175  0.0464075  0.0843675  0.1075625  0.152025  0.1994625  0.2464725  0.2947475  0.356915  0.43356  0.49848  0.625  0.700475  0.797485  0.8723425  0.96'
    y = '0 251280'
    z = '295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295 634.94  662.273  676.998  686.217  706.339  727  743.358  758.311  780.069  799.077  815.576  846.374  860.233  875.494  882.809  889.8'
    scale_factor = 1
    axis = 1
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PiecewiseBilinear
    x = '0.000175  0.0464075  0.0843675  0.1075625  0.152025  0.1994625  0.2464725  0.2947475  0.356915  0.43356  0.49848  0.625  0.700475  0.797485  0.8723425  0.96'
    y = '0 251280'
    z = '0.751  0.752  0.767  0.796  0.82  0.852  0.875  0.915  0.944  0.963  0.988  1  0.985  0.955  0.913  0.846 0.751  0.752  0.767  0.796  0.82  0.852  0.875  0.915  0.944  0.963  0.988  1  0.985  0.955  0.913  0.846'
    scale_factor = 1
    axis = 1
  []
  [q]
    type = CompositeFunction
    functions = 'power_history axial_peaking_factors'
  []
  [average_power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = ' 0  72000  158040  160200  246600  248400  249000.012  251280'
    y = ' 0  34700  34700  38600  38600  47000  47000  0'
  []
[]
[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [pellets]
    block = pellet
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain fuel_volumetric_strain'
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz'
    use_finite_deform_jacobian = true
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [clad]
    block = clad
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz'
    use_finite_deform_jacobian = true
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]
[Kernels]
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]
[AuxKernels]
  [fission_rate]
    type = FissionRateGeneral
    fission_rate_formulation = MOX
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
    initial_porosity = 0.1409
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    rod_ave_lin_pow = power_history
    pellet_diameter = 0.0054
    execute_on = timestep_begin
    porosity = pore
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    variable = burnup
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [radial_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = radial_strain
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 0
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [effective_creep_strain]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = effective_creep_strain
    variable = effective_creep_strain
    block = clad
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]
[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    formulation = kinematic
    model = frictionless
    penalty = 1e7
  []
[]
[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = fis_gas_released
    contact_pressure = contact_pressure
    quadrature = true
  []
[]
[BCs]
  [temp_clad_outside]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    function = f_temp_out_clad
    boundary = 2
  []
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad_bottom]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel_bottom]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 101325
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      material_input = fis_gas_released
      output = plenum_pressure
    []
  []
[]
[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    block = clad
    flux_function = fast_neutron_flux_function
  []
  [fuel_thermal]
    type = MAMOXThermal
    temperature = temp
    porosity = pore
    block = pellet
    Am_content = 0.0237
    oxy_to_metal_ratio = 1.961
    output_properties = 'thermal_conductivity'
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MAMOXElasticityTensor
    block = pellet
  []
  [elastic_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = pellet
    #outputs = exodus
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = MAMOXThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    oxygen_to_metal_ratio = 1.97
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [fuel_volumetric_swelling]
    type = UO2VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    gas_swelling_model_type = SIFGRS
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    initial_fuel_density = 11172.82
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_volumetric_strain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = SS316Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 8000
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = SS316ElasticityTensor
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    elastic_constants_model = legacy_ifr
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = SS316ThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_ss316creep]
    type = SS316CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = elastic
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ss316creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    grain_radius_const = 11e-06
    bubble_gb_limit = 1.0e+11
  []
[]
[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]
[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -sub_pc_type'
  petsc_options_value = 'asm lu'
  line_search = 'none'
  fixed_point_max_its = 1
  fixed_point_abs_tol = 1e-3
  fixed_point_rel_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 50
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-3
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-3
  start_time = 0
  n_startup_steps = 1
  end_time = 251280
  dtmax = 10000
  dtmin = 0.25
  automatic_scaling = true
  compute_scaling_once = false
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1e1
    optimal_iterations = 15
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
    growth_factor = 2
    cutback_factor = .5
    force_step_every_function_point = true
    timestep_limiting_function = power_history
  []
[]
[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = burnup
  []
  [ave_pore]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = pore
  []
  [max_pore]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    block = pellet
    value_type = max
    variable = pore
  []
  [min_pore]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    block = pellet
    value_type = min
    variable = pore
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    #  variable = temp
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    #  variable = temp
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_released_percentage]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    #  variable = temp
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [rod_input_power]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = average_power_history
    scale_factor = 0.4 # rod height
  []
[]
[VectorPostprocessors]
  [fuel_radial_temperature_Sample1]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = temp
    start_point = '0.0 0.283 0.0'
    end_point = '0.0027 0.283 0.0'
    num_points = 200
    execute_on = final
    sort_by = x
    outputs = line_plot
  []
  [radial_porosity_Sample1]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = pore
    start_point = '0.0 0.283 0.0'
    end_point = '0.0027 0.283 0.0'
    num_points = 200
    execute_on = final
    sort_by = x
    outputs = line_plot
  []
  [fuel_radial_temperature_Sample2]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = temp
    start_point = '0.0 0.347 0.0'
    end_point = '0.0027 0.347 0.0'
    num_points = 200
    execute_on = final
    sort_by = x
    outputs = line_plot
  []
  [radial_porosity_Sample2]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = pore
    start_point = '0.0 0.347 0.0'
    end_point = '0.0027 0.347 0.0'
    num_points = 200
    execute_on = final
    sort_by = x
    outputs = line_plot
  []
  [fuel_radial_temperature_Sample3]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = temp
    start_point = '0.0 0.2 0.0'
    end_point = '0.0027 0.2 0.0'
    num_points = 200
    execute_on = final
    sort_by = x
    outputs = line_plot
  []
  [radial_porosity_Sample3]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = pore
    start_point = '0.0 0.2 0.0'
    end_point = '0.0027 0.2 0.0'
    num_points = 200
    execute_on = final
    sort_by = x
    outputs = line_plot
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  exodus = true
  color = true
  csv = true
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
  []
  [line_plot]
    type = CSV
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
    time_step_interval =  1
    file_base = 1d
    create_final_symlink = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    execute_on = FINAL
    show = 'ave_temp_interior max_pore'
  []
[]
[MultiApps]
  [sub]
    type = TransientMultiApp
    app_type = BisonApp
    execute_on = timestep_end
    catch_up = true
    max_catch_up_steps = 10
    positions_file = positions.txt
    input_files = b14_ptm003_pore.i
  []
[]
[Transfers]
  [temp_to_sub]
    type = MultiAppProjectionTransfer
    to_multi_app = sub
    source_variable = temp
    variable = temp
  []
  [pore_from_sub]
    type = MultiAppGeometricInterpolationTransfer
    from_multi_app = sub
    source_variable = pore
    variable = pore
  []
[]
[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(test/tests/triso_failure/triso_1d_failure.i)

[GlobalParams]
  density = 10810.0
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '0 2.485e-4 3.425e-4 3.425e-4 3.835e-4 4.195e-4 4.595e-4'
    mesh_density = '6 6 0 6 8 6'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1346.0
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [radial_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(4.52013e-4/6.0*t*t*t*t*t - 8.36313e-3/5.0*t*t*t*t + 5.67549e-2/4.0*t*t*t - 1.74247e-1/3.0*t*t + 2.62692e-1/2.0*t - 1.43234e-1)'
  []
  [tangential_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(1.30457e-4/4.0*t*t*t - 2.10029e-3/3.0*t*t + 9.07826e-3/2.0*t - 3.24737e-2)'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 7.75e19
  []
  [k_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '4.93e-29'
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1000000 1000000'
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedOPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1000000 1000000'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedOPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1 1'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedIPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1 1'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    block = fuel
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  strain = small
  [fuel_buffer_sic]
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
    eigenstrain_names = thermal_strain
  []
  [ipyc_opyc]
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    incremental = true
    eigenstrain_names = 'thermal_strain pyc_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    function = fission_rate
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    molecular_weight = 0.270
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    penalty = 1e5
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    # coupling to a postprocessor
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released co_production'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe;
                          CO'
    released_fractions = '0.153 0.847;
                          1'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_temperature]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    value = 1346.0
  []
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    #  apply gas pressure on buffer and IPyC boundaries
    [plenumPressure]
      use_displaced_mesh = false
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      initial_pressure = 0
      startup_time = 1.0e4
      R = 8.3143
      # coupling to post processor
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = volumeGas
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released co_production'
      output = plenum_pressure
    []
  []

[]

[Materials]
  [radial_stress]
    type = RankTwoCylindricalComponent
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    cylindrical_axis_point1 = '0 0 0'
    cylindrical_axis_point2 = '0 0 1'
    cylindrical_component = RadialStress
    property_name = radial_stress
    outputs = all
  []
  [max_principal_stress]
    type = RankTwoInvariant
    property_name = max_principal_stress
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    invariant = MaxPrincipal
  []
  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 1.708707e18
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    grain_radius_const = 5.0e-6
  []
  [stress]
    type = ComputeLinearElasticStress
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
  []
  [PyC_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    k = k_function
    poissons_ratio = 0.4
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [PyC_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    radial_eigenstrain_function = radial_eigenstrain
    tangential_eigenstrain_function = tangential_eigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = pyc_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [PyC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.5e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [fuel_thermal]
    type = UO2Thermal
    thermal_conductivity_model = FINK_LUCUTA
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    burnup = burnup
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [fuel_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 10810.0
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [buffer_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = buffer
    thermal_conductivity = 0.5
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [buffer_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1000
    block = buffer
  []
  [PyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []
  [PyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [PyC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1880.0
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.7e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.13
  []
  [SiC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = SiC
    thermal_conductivity = 13.9
    specific_heat = 620.0
  []
  [SiC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
    block = SiC
  []
  [characteristic_strength_SiC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '9640000'
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
    block = SiC
  []
  [characteristic_strength_PyC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '964000'
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temperature]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart -pc_type -pc_hypre_type -pc_hypre_boomeramg_max_iter'
  petsc_options_value = '201                hypre    boomeramg      4'
  line_search = 'none'
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-10
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 15
  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50
  start_time = 0.0
  num_steps = 10
  dtmax = 2e5
  dtmin = 1
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 20
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [dt]
    type = TimestepSize
  []
  [burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumeTotal]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [volumeFuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel_outer_boundary
  []
  [volumeGas]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_boundary IPyC_inner_boundary'
    addition = -5.53e-11
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeBufferShell]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  # Postprocessors for CO production
  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
  []
  [avg_surface_temperature]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [time_int_surf_temperature]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = avg_surface_temperature
  []
  [co_production]
    type = CarbonMonoxideProduction
    total_fissions = total_fissions
    time_integrated_triso_temperature = time_int_surf_temperature
    initial_enrichment = 0.14029
  []
  [tang_SiC]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = stress_yy
    elementid = 18
  []
  [strength_SiC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_SiC
  []
  [strength_IPyC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [failure_indicator_IPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_IPyC
  []
  [failure_indicator_debonding]
    type = TRISODebondingFailureIndicator
    boundary = IPyC_outer_boundary
    bond_strength = 1e5
    stress_name = radial_stress
  []
  [strength_OPyC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = OPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [failure_indicator_OPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = OPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_OPyC
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedIPyC'
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC_crackedOPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedOPyC'
  []
  [triso_failure]
    type = TRISOFailureEvaluation
    IPyC_failure = failure_indicator_IPyC
    OPyC_failure = failure_indicator_OPyC
    SiC_failure = failure_indicator_SiC
    SiC_failure_crackedIPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC
    SiC_failure_crackedOPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedOPyC
    SiC_failure_debonding = failure_indicator_debonding
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(test/tests/triso/pyc_creep/miller.i)

#
# Test of PyC creep model using the Miller correlation.
#
# This is a uniaxial test, axisymmetric coordinates, with a constant axial pressure.
#
# Given the temperature (1200 K), flux (1.25e18 n/m^2), and pressure (-1e5 Pa),
# the total creep strain can be calculated by hand as 6.5587e-5.
#
# BISON computes this strain precisely.  Check creep_strain_yy.
#

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.00
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  use_displaced_mesh = false
  [mesh]
    type = FileMeshGenerator
    file = creep_pyc.e
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1200
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [flux]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '1.25e18'
  []
[]

[Physics]
  [SolidMechanics]
    [QuasiStatic]
      [all]
        strain = SMALL
        incremental = true
        add_variables = true
        generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz vonmises_stress'
      []
    []
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [Pressure]
    [the_pressure]
      boundary = 4
      factor = -1e5
    []
  []
  [y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 3
    value = 0.0
  []
  [temperature]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    value = 1200
    boundary = '3 4'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = false
    flux_function = flux
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    normal_x = 1
    normal_y = 0
  []
  [elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 1
    youngs_modulus = 4.74e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.3
  []
  [solid1]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = 1
    thermal_conductivity = 1.0
    specific_heat = 1.0
  []
  [density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = 1
    strain_free_density = 2200
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [creep_strain_yy]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = 1
    variable = creep_strain_yy
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp '
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'
  l_max_its = 60
  nl_max_its = 15
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-8
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-6
  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 80e6
  dtmax = 5e6
  dtmin = 1
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 0
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
  [Predictor]
    type = SimplePredictor
    scale = 1.0
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  csv = true
[]

(examples/TRISO/accident_simulation/triso1D_accident.i)

# This example is 1D spherical analysis of a TRISO fuel particle. Fully coupled
# heat transfer and solid mechanics, plus diffusion of the fission product
# species cesium (Cs) are simulated.  The mesh includes contact surfaces
# between the buffer and IPyC layers to facilitate a gap opening between
# these layers. These surfaces are initially in mechanical contact but
# are assumed to have no strength in tension. A coarse mesh is used to
# provide a short run time.

# The calculation simulates fuel-life in three steps. The first step is an
# irradiation period, where constant power and a fixed particle surface
# temperature (1500 K) are assumed over a lifetime of 76 Ms (2.4 yrs).
# For the second step, fuel removal and storage are simulated by setting
# the reactor power and Cs source terms to zero, reducing the particle
# surface temperature to ambient (300 K), and then holding it
# for 100 days. A third and final step simulates accident
# behavior by increasing the particle surface temperature from ambient
# to 2073 K over 2 hrs, and then holding it at this elevated temperature
# for an additional 200 hrs. At the particle outer boundary, the Cs
# concentration is held at zero and the pressure at ambient during the
# entire simulation. The particle is assumed to be stress-free at an
# initial temperature of 1500 K.
#
# Details about this simulation are given in Section 4 of the following
# article: J. D. Hales, R. L. Williamson, S. R. Novascone, D. M. Perez,
# B. W. Spencer and G. Pastore, "Multidimensional multiphysics simulation
# of TRISO particle fuel", Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 443, p. 531,
# 2013.

# This is a version using an interface kernel to model gap mass transfer.
# Sorption constants are given in Table 1 of the following article: A.
# Londono-Hurtado, I. Szlufarska, R. Bratton and D. Morgan, "A review of
# fission product sorption in carbon structures", Journal of Nuclear
# Materials, Vol. 426, p. 254, 2012.

initial_fuel_density = 11000

[GlobalParams]
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = disp_x
  flux_conversion_factor = 0.85
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen] # exclude gap to establish buffer-IPyC neighbor relationships for the sorption interface kernel
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '0 2.125e-4 3.125e-4 3.525e-4 3.875e-4 4.275e-4'
    mesh_density = '10 5 2 2 2'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
  [break] # create gap between buffer and IPyC to model mechanical and thermal contact
    type = BreakMeshByBlockGenerator
    input = gen
    block_pairs = 'buffer IPyC'
    split_interface = true
    add_interface_on_two_sides = true
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 1500.0
  []
  [conc]
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [creep_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [creep_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [creep_zz]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gap_HTC]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gap_distance]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 76e6 76.001e6'
    y = '1 1     0'
  []
  [temp_bc]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0    76e6  76.001e6 84.641e6 84.6482e6'
    y = '1500 1500  300      300      2073'
  []
  [k_function]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0     200e6'
    y = '4e-37 4e-37'
  []
  [d1_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'exp(t/4.5e25)'
  []
  [integral_flux_error]
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_names = 'buffer_integral_flux IPyC_integral_flux'
    symbol_values = 'buffer_integral_flux IPyC_integral_flux'
    expression = 'IPyC_integral_flux + buffer_integral_flux'
  []
  [partial_pressure_error]
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_names = 'buffer_partial_pressure IPyC_partial_pressure'
    symbol_values = 'buffer_partial_pressure IPyC_partial_pressure'
    expression = 'IPyC_partial_pressure - buffer_partial_pressure'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz stress_xy stress_yz stress_zx hydrostatic_stress'
  strain = FINITE
  incremental = true
  add_variables = false
  [default]
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC OPyC'
    eigenstrain_names = 'thermal_strain swelling_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [SiC]
    block = 'SiC'
    eigenstrain_names = 'thermal_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # units of J/fission
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_ie]
    type = TimeDerivative
    variable = conc
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusion
    variable = conc
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_source]
    type = BodyForce
    variable = conc
    function = power_history
    value = 1.22e-5 # units of moles/m**3-s
    block = fuel
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_decay]
    type = Decay
    variable = conc
    radioactive_decay_constant = 7.297e-10 # units:(1/sec)  The constant for Cesium
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fission_rate]
    type = FissionRateGeneral
    fission_rate_formulation = GENERIC
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    fission_rate_function = power_history
    value = 3.89e19
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    variable = fluence
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    molecular_weight = 0.270 # units of kg/mole
    execute_on = timestep_begin
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [creep_xx]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = creep_xx
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 0
    block = 'buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [creep_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = creep_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    block = 'buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [creep_zz]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = creep_zz
    index_i = 2
    index_j = 2
    block = 'buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = buffer_IPyC
    execute_on = linear
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = IPyC_buffer
    secondary = buffer_IPyC
    penalty = 1e5
    model = frictionless
    formulation = penalty
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = IPyC_buffer
    secondary = buffer_IPyC
    initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to a postprocessor which supplies the initial plenum/gap gas mass
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released co_production' # coupling to postprocessors which supply the fission gas addition, co addition
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe;
                          CO'
    released_fractions = '0.153 0.847;
                          1'
    gap_geometry_type = SPHERE
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    roughness_coef = 0.0
    quadrature = true
  []
[]

[InterfaceKernels]
  [cesium_gap]
    type = SorptionIsothermGapInterface
    variable = conc
    neighbor_var = conc
    partial_pressure_name = partial_pressure
    sorption_penalty = 1e5
    diffusivity = arrhenius_diffusion_coef
    use_flux_penalty = true
    flux_penalty = 1e3
    boundary = buffer_IPyC
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[BCs]
  # pin particle along symmetry planes
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  # fix temperature on free surface
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = exterior
    function = temp_bc
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  # fix concentration on free surface
  [freesurf_conc]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = conc
    boundary = exterior
    value = 0.0
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [PlenumPressure] #  apply plenum pressure on clad inner walls and pellet surfaces
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 'buffer_IPyC IPyC_buffer'
      initial_pressure = 0
      startup_time = 1.0e4
      R = 8.3145
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to post processor to get initial fill gas mass
      temperature = ave_temp_interior # coupling to post processor to get gas temperature approximation
      volume = volumeGas # coupling to post processor to get gas volume
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released co_production' # coupling to post processor to get fission gas added, co added
      output = plenum_pressure # coupling to post processor to output plenum/gap pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 5e17
  []

  [fission_gas_release] # Sifgrs fission gas release mode
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate # coupling to fission_rate aux variable
    grain_radius_const = 5.0e-6
  []

  [fuel_thermal]
    type = UO2Thermal
    thermal_conductivity_model = FINK_LUCUTA
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    initial_porosity = 0.0
  []
  [fuel_swelling]
    type = UO2VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    gas_swelling_model_type = MATPRO
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    eigenstrain_name = 'swelling_strain'
    initial_fuel_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fuel_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [fuel_elasticity]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    youngs_modulus = 2.2e11
    poissons_ratio = .345
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1500.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density} # kg/m^3
  []
  [fuel_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = fuel
    d1 = 5.6e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 209.0e+3 # J/mol
    d2 = 5.2e-4 # m^2/s
    q2 = 362.0e+3 # J/mol
    gas_constant = 8.3143 # J/K-mol
    temperature = temp
  []

  [buffer_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    pyc_type = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = 'swelling_strain'
  []
  [buffer_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.65e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1500.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [buffer_elasticity]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    youngs_modulus = 2e10
    poissons_ratio = .23
  []
  [buffer_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = buffer
    temperature = temp
  []
  [buffer_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = buffer
    thermal_conductivity = 0.5 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 720.0 # J/kg-K
  []
  [buffer_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1000.0 #kg/m^3
    block = buffer
  []
  [buffer_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = buffer
    d1 = 1.0e-12 # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0
    d2 = 0.0
    q2 = 0.0
    gas_constant = 8.3143 # J/K-mol
    temperature = temp
  []
  [buffer_partial_pressure]
    type = SorptionPartialPressure
    A = 19.33
    B = -47290
    D = 1.518
    E = 4338
    d1 = 3.397
    d2 = 6.15e-4
    unit_scale = 1e3 # convert from mol to mmol
    density = density # convert from mmol/m^3 to mmol/kg
    concentration = conc
    temperature = temp
    block = 'buffer IPyC'
    outputs = 'all'
    output_properties = partial_pressure
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'IPyC OPyC buffer'
  []
  [IPyC_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    pyc_type = dense
    eigenstrain_name = 'swelling_strain'
  []
  [IPyC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.65e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1500.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [IPyC_elasticity]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    youngs_modulus = 4.74e10
    poissons_ratio = .23
  []
  [IPyC_disp]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    temperature = temp
  []
  [IPyC_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [IPyC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    strain_free_density = 1900.0
  []
  [IPyC_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = IPyC
    d1 = 6.3e-8
    q1 = 222.0e+3
    d2 = 0.0
    q2 = 0.0
    gas_constant = 8.3143 # J/K-mol
    temperature = temp
  []
  [SiC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1500.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [SiC_elasticity]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.4e11
    poissons_ratio = .13
  []
  [SiC_creep]
    type = MonolithicSiCCreepUpdate
    block = SiC
    temperature = temp
    k_function = k_function
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    block = SiC
    tangent_operator = elastic
    inelastic_models = 'SiC_creep'
  []
  [SiC_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = SiC
    thermal_conductivity = 13.9 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 620.0 # J/kg-K
  []
  [SiC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 3180.0 # kg/m^3
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = SiC
    d1 = 5.5e-14 # m^2/s
    d1_function = d1_function
    d1_function_variable = fluence
    q1 = 125.0e+3 # J/mol
    d2 = 1.6e-2 # m^2/s
    q2 = 514.0e+3 # J/mol
    gas_constant = 8.3143 # J/K-mol
    temperature = temp
  []

  [OPyC_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    pyc_type = dense
    eigenstrain_name = 'swelling_strain'
  []
  [OPyC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.65e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1500.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [OPyC_elasticity]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = OPyC
    youngs_modulus = 4.74e10
    poissons_ratio = .23
  []
  [OPyC_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = OPyC
    d1 = 6.3e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 222.0e+3 # J/mol
    d2 = 0.0
    q2 = 0.0
    gas_constant = 8.3143 # J/K-mol
    temperature = temp
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temp
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-9
  nl_max_its = 15

  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 85.3682e6
  dt = 100

  dtmax = 2e6
  dtmin = 1

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 100
    optimal_iterations = 6
    growth_factor = 1.5
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
    time_t = '0    76e6  76.001e6 84.641e6 84.6482e6'
    time_dt = '20  20     20      20       20'
  []

  [Predictor]
    type = SimplePredictor
    scale = 1
    skip_times_old = '0    76e6  76.001e6 84.641e6 84.6482e6'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  exodus = true
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
  []
  [csv]
    type = CSV
    sync_times = '100 6308007 75696087'
    sync_only = true
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [Cs_release]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc
    boundary = exterior
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [dt]
    type = TimestepSize
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fis_gas_produced] # fission gas produced (moles)
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_released] # fission gas released to plenum (moles)
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeTotal]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = exterior
    scale_factor = -1
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeFuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel_outer_boundary
    scale_factor = -1
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeGas]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'buffer_IPyC IPyC_buffer'
    # ro = 3.125e-4
    # ri = 2.125e-4
    # vb = 4/3*pi*(ro^3-ri^3) = 8.76e-11
    # buffer density = 1000
    # PyC density    = 1900
    # fill ratio = 10/19
    # vb*10/19 = 4.6e-11
    # Must remove 4.6e-11 m^3 from the volume
    addition = -4.6e-11
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeBufferShell]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'buffer_IPyC IPyC_buffer'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 'buffer_IPyC IPyC_buffer'
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []

  # Postprocessors for CO production

  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [avg_surface_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temp
    boundary = exterior
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [time_int_surf_temp]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = avg_surface_temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [co_production]
    type = CarbonMonoxideProduction
    total_fissions = total_fissions
    time_integrated_triso_temperature = time_int_surf_temp
    initial_enrichment = 0.14029
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [num_lin_it]
    type = NumLinearIterations
  []
  [num_nonlin_it]
    type = NumNonlinearIterations
  []
  [tot_lin_it]
    type = CumulativeValuePostprocessor
    postprocessor = num_lin_it
  []
  [tot_nonlin_it]
    type = CumulativeValuePostprocessor
    postprocessor = num_nonlin_it
  []
  [alive_time]
    type = PerfGraphData
    section_name = Root
    data_type = TOTAL
  []

  [buffer_integral_flux]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = conc
    boundary = buffer_IPyC
    diffusivity = arrhenius_diffusion_coef
  []
  [IPyC_integral_flux]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = conc
    boundary = IPyC_buffer
    diffusivity = arrhenius_diffusion_coef
  []
  [buffer_partial_pressure]
    type = SideAverageMaterialProperty
    property = partial_pressure
    boundary = buffer_IPyC
  []
  [IPyC_partial_pressure]
    type = SideAverageMaterialProperty
    property = partial_pressure
    boundary = IPyC_buffer
  []
  [integral_flux_error]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = integral_flux_error
  []
  [partial_pressure_error]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = partial_pressure_error
  []
  [integral_Cs_release]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = Cs_release
  []
  [Cs_production]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 1.22e-5 # units of moles/m**3-s
  []
  [time_integral_Cs_production]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = Cs_production
  []
  [volumeFuel_initial]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel_outer_boundary
    scale_factor = -1
    execute_on = initial
  []
  [integral_Cs_production]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'time_integral_Cs_production volumeFuel_initial'
    expression = 'time_integral_Cs_production * volumeFuel_initial'
  []
  [Cs_release_fraction]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'integral_Cs_release integral_Cs_production'
    expression = 'integral_Cs_release / integral_Cs_production'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [temperaturevpp]
    type = SideValueSampler
    boundary = 11
    variable = temp
    sort_by = x
    outputs = 'csv'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X423/analysis/x423_lm_base.i)

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${fuel_density}
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11  # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = true
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  X_Pu = ${fuel_pu}
  X_Zr = ${fuel_zr}
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [gen]
    type = FIPDRodletMeshGenerator
    fipd_geom_file = ${raw '../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X423/ ${pin_id} / ${pin_id} _design.csv'}
    fipd_as_fabricated_file = ${raw '../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X423/ ${pin_id} / ${pin_id} _as_fabricated.csv'}

    gap_bottom_length = 0.31e-3 # arbitrary
    cladding_bottom_plug_length = 2.24e-3 # arbitrary
    cladding_top_plug_length = 2.24e-3 # arbitrary

    cladding_sidewall_radial_elements = 10
    cladding_sidewall_axial_element_numbers = '2 150 150'
    cladding_top_plug_radial_elements = 10
    cladding_top_plug_axial_elements = 5
    cladding_bottom_plug_radial_elements = 10
    cladding_bottom_plug_axial_elements = 5
    fuel_radial_elements = 6
    fuel_axial_element_intervals = '0 1'
    fuel_axial_element_numbers = '150'
    use_default_cladding_sidewall_axial_element_intervals = true
    elem_type = QUAD4
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  # Aux variables for output
  [creep_strain_mag]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [element_failed]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [func_val1]
  []
  [func_val2]
  []
  # AuxVariables used for thermal expansion correction
  [fuel_thermal_strain_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_thm_exp]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = fuel
  []
  [clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = cladding
  []
  [clad_thm_exp]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = cladding
  []
[]

[Functions]  #copied from fipd-tdep
  [clad_od_temp]
    type =  FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X423/ ${pin_id} /clad_od_temp_history_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
  []
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X423/ ${pin_id} /power_history_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
  []
  [pwr_axial_peaking_factors]
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X423/ ${pin_id} /peakingfactor_power_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
  []
  [pwr_axial_peaking_factors_elongate]
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X423/ ${pin_id} /peakingfactor_power_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
    fuel_elongation_pp = max_fuel_elongation
  []
  [fflux_axial_peaking_factors]
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X423/ ${pin_id} /peakingfactor_flux_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
    extrapolate_to_zero = true
  []
  [fflux_axial_peaking_factors_elongate]
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X423/ ${pin_id} /peakingfactor_flux_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
    extrapolate_to_zero = true
    fuel_elongation_pp = max_fuel_elongation
  []
  [flux_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X423/ ${pin_id} /flux_history_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 56465640'
    y = '0.151e6 0.151e6'
  []
  [id_vpp_func]
    type = MetallicFuelWastageDegradationFunction
    vectorpostprocessor_name = id_wastage
    argument_column = y
    wastage_type = ID
    value_column = wastage_thickness
    use_metadata = true
    degradation_factor = 0.001
    mesh_generator = 'gen'
    transition_width = 1E-4
  []
  [od_vpp_func]
    type = MetallicFuelWastageDegradationFunction
    vectorpostprocessor_name = od_wastage
    argument_column = y
    wastage_type = OD
    value_column = cc_wastage_thickness
    use_metadata = true
    degradation_factor = 0.001
    mesh_generator = 'gen'
    transition_width = 1E-4
  []
  [ci_temp]
    type = PiecewiseLinearFromVectorPostprocessor
    argument_column = y
    component = y
    value_column = temp
    vectorpostprocessor_name = clad_inn_temp
  []
  [na_vol]
    type = MeshPropertyFunction
    mesh_generator = gen
    mesh_property_name = sodium_volume
    scale_factor = -1.0
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  temperature = temp
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = true
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain fuel_volumetric_strain'
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = true
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = cladding
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_swelling clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie_f]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = fuel
    density_name = density
  []
  [heat_ie_c]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = cladding
    density_name = density
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = FissionRateHeatSource
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    block = cladding
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [failed_element]
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_right'
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = element_failed
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = fuel
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = cladding
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = cladding
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = cladding
  []
  [func_val1]
    type = FunctionAux
    function = id_vpp_func
    variable = func_val1
    block = cladding
  []
  [func_val2]
    type = FunctionAux
    function = od_vpp_func
    variable = func_val2
    block = cladding
  []
  # AuxKernels used to correct thermal expansion
  [fuel_thermal_strain_xx]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = fuel_thermal_strain
    variable = fuel_thermal_strain_xx
    index_j = 0
    index_i = 0
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = fuel_thermal_strain
    variable = fuel_thermal_strain_yy
    index_j = 1
    index_i = 1
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_thm_exp]
    type = SpatialUserObjectAux
    variable = fuel_thm_exp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    user_object = fuel_thm_exp
    block = fuel
  []
  [clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
    variable = clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx
    index_j = 0
    index_i = 0
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = cladding
  []
  [clad_thm_exp]
    type = SpatialUserObjectAux
    variable = clad_thm_exp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    user_object = clad_thm_exp
    block = cladding
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = cladding_inside_right
    secondary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-3
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = cladding_inside_right
    secondary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = 0.5e-03
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = centerline
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = fuel_bottom
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = cladding_outside_bottom
    value = 0.0
  []
  [fuel_top_temp]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    boundary = fuel_top
    variable = temp
    function = ci_temp
  []
  [surf] #copied from fipd-tdep
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_bottom cladding_outside_right cladding_outside_top'
    function = clad_od_temp
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = 'cladding_outside_bottom cladding_outside_right cladding_outside_top'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 'fuel_outside_all cladding_inside_all'
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    block = fuel
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = pwr_axial_peaking_factors
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    outputs = all
  []
  [fission_rate_elongate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    block = cladding
    fission_rate_name = fission_rate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = pwr_axial_peaking_factors_elongate
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Pu = ${fuel_pu}
    initial_X_Zr = ${fuel_zr}
    density = ${fuel_density}
    outputs = all
    block = fuel
  []
  [burnup_elongate]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Pu = ${fuel_pu}
    initial_X_Zr = ${fuel_zr}
    density = ${fuel_density}
    outputs = all
    block = cladding
    burnup_name = burnup
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    rod_ave_lin_pow = flux_history
    axial_power_profile = fflux_axial_peaking_factors
    block = fuel
    factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux_elongate]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    rod_ave_lin_pow = flux_history
    axial_power_profile = fflux_axial_peaking_factors_elongate
    block = cladding
    factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_elastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 2e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [fuel_volumetric_swelling]
    type = UPuZrVolumetricSwellingEigenstrainLM
    block = fuel
    use_preset_bubble_size = true
    anisotropic_factor = 1.26
    temperature = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    burnup = burnup
    fis_gas_ret = fis_gas_ret
    hydrostatic_stress = hydrostatic_stress
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_volumetric_strain
    gas_swelling_scale_factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = fuel
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = ${fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = FgrUPuZrLM
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    epsilon_c = 0.36
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = SS316ElasticityTensor
    temperature = temp
    id_wastage_degradation_function = id_vpp_func
    od_wastage_degradation_function = od_vpp_func
    block = cladding
    elastic_constants_model = legacy_ifr
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ss316creep'
    block = cladding
  []
  [clad_ss316creep]
    type = SS316CreepUpdate
    block = cladding
    temperature = temp
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
    id_wastage_degradation_function = id_vpp_func
    od_wastage_degradation_function = od_vpp_func
  []
  [clad_swelling]
    type = SS316VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = clad_swelling
    fast_neutron_fluence = fast_neutron_fluence
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = SS316ThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = cladding
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = SS316Thermal
    block = cladding
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = cladding
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [longSS316_failure]
    type = D9FailureClad
    block = cladding
    method = steady_state
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
  [wastage_thickness]
    type = MetallicFuelWastage
    method = flux_ss316
    temperature = temp
    scale_factor = 1
    boundary = cladding_inside_right
    outputs = all
  []
  [cc_wastage_thickness]
    type = MetallicFuelCoolantWastage
    clad_material = SS316
    use_effective_method = true
    temperature = temp
    scale_factor = 1
    boundary = cladding_outside_right
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [limitT]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 50
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 100
  l_tol = 1e-3
  nl_max_its = 50
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-5
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = ${time_last}
  dtmin = 1
  dtmax = ${max_dt}

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_function = power_history
    #max_function_change = 300 # Removed to decrease run time
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 100
    iteration_window = 2
    optimal_iterations = 10
    force_step_every_function_point = true
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [_dt]
    type = TimestepSize
    outputs = 'csv_general console'
  []
  [num_lin_it]
    type = NumLinearIterations
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [num_nonlin_it]
    type = NumNonlinearIterations
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [tot_lin_it]
    type = CumulativeValuePostprocessor
    postprocessor = num_lin_it
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [tot_nonlin_it]
    type = CumulativeValuePostprocessor
    postprocessor = num_nonlin_it
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [alive_time]
    type = PerfGraphData
    section_name = Root
    data_type = TOTAL
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = cladding_inside_top
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = centerline
    variable = temp
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    variable = temp
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = cladding_inside_right
    variable = temp
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = cladding
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = cladding
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [avg_hydro]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = cladding_inside_all
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel_outside_all
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'fuel_outside_all cladding_inside_all'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = na_vol
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [flux_from_clad]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = cladding_inside_right
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_prod
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_rel
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = fuel
    outputs = 'csv_general console'
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [gaseous_porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gaseous_porosity
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = cladding
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [max_clad_creep_strain_mag]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = cladding
    variable = creep_strain_mag
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = cladding
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = fuel_top
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [avg_fuel_ax_thm_str]
    type = AxisymmetricCenterlineAverageValue
    variable = fuel_thermal_strain_yy
    boundary = fuel_inner_radial_surface
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [max_clad_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_top cladding_outside_right'
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [max_wastagethickness]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = wastage_thickness
    outputs = 'console'
  []
  [avg_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = csv_general
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = cladding_outside_right
    sort_by = y
    outputs = none
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = centerline
    sort_by = y
    outputs = none
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    sort_by = y
    outputs = none
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = cladding_inside_right
    sort_by = y
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = none
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = cladding_outside_right
    sort_by = y
    outputs = none
  []
  [id_wastage]
    type = FuelRodLineValueSampler
    variable = wastage_thickness
    material = 'clad'
    fraction = 0.0
    num_points = 600
    orientation = 'vertical'
    fuel_pin_geometry = 'pin_geometry'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = none
  []
  [od_wastage]
    type = FuelRodLineValueSampler
    variable = cc_wastage_thickness
    material = 'clad'
    fraction = 1.0
    num_points = 600
    orientation = 'vertical'
    fuel_pin_geometry = 'pin_geometry'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = none
  []
  # PIE Comparison VPPs
  [nrad_comparison_0]
    type = FIPDAxialPIEComparison
    boundary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    sort_by = y
    csv_file = ${raw '../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X423/ ${pin_id} /X423_ ${pin_id} _NRAD.csv'}
    variable = disp_x
    thermal_strain_variable = fuel_thm_exp
    involved_component = fuel
    mesh_generator = gen
    series_type_to_read = 'Fuel O.D. (mils)'
    outputs = csv_vpp_0
    enable = ${enable_0}
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    extra_pp_output_name = 'extra_csv extra_csv_0'
    max_fuel_elongation_pp_name = max_fuel_elongation
    avg_fuel_ax_thm_str_pp_name = avg_fuel_ax_thm_str
    gas_swelling_pp_name = gas_swelling
    solid_swelling_pp_name = solid_swelling
  []
  [nrad_comparison_a]
    type = FIPDAxialPIEComparison
    boundary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    sort_by = y
    csv_file = ${raw '../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X423/ ${pin_id} /X423A_ ${pin_id} _NRAD.csv'}
    variable = disp_x
    thermal_strain_variable = fuel_thm_exp
    involved_component = fuel
    mesh_generator = gen
    series_type_to_read = 'Fuel O.D. (mils)'
    outputs = csv_vpp_a
    enable = ${enable_a}
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    extra_pp_output_name = 'extra_csv extra_csv_a'
    max_fuel_elongation_pp_name = max_fuel_elongation
    avg_fuel_ax_thm_str_pp_name = avg_fuel_ax_thm_str
    gas_swelling_pp_name = gas_swelling
    solid_swelling_pp_name = solid_swelling
  []
  [nrad_comparison_b]
    type = FIPDAxialPIEComparison
    boundary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    sort_by = y
    csv_file = ${raw '../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X423/ ${pin_id} /X423B_ ${pin_id} _NRAD.csv'}
    variable = disp_x
    thermal_strain_variable = fuel_thm_exp
    involved_component = fuel
    mesh_generator = gen
    series_type_to_read = 'Fuel O.D. (mils)'
    outputs = csv_vpp_b
    enable = ${enable_b}
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    extra_pp_output_name = 'extra_csv extra_csv_b'
    max_fuel_elongation_pp_name = max_fuel_elongation
    avg_fuel_ax_thm_str_pp_name = avg_fuel_ax_thm_str
    gas_swelling_pp_name = gas_swelling
    solid_swelling_pp_name = solid_swelling
  []
  [nrad_comparison_c]
    type = FIPDAxialPIEComparison
    boundary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    sort_by = y
    csv_file = ${raw '../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X423/ ${pin_id} /X423C_ ${pin_id} _NRAD.csv'}
    variable = disp_x
    thermal_strain_variable = fuel_thm_exp
    involved_component = fuel
    mesh_generator = gen
    series_type_to_read = 'Fuel O.D. (mils)'
    outputs = csv_vpp_c
    enable = ${enable_c}
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    extra_pp_output_name = 'extra_csv extra_csv_c'
    max_fuel_elongation_pp_name = max_fuel_elongation
    avg_fuel_ax_thm_str_pp_name = avg_fuel_ax_thm_str
    gas_swelling_pp_name = gas_swelling
    solid_swelling_pp_name = solid_swelling
  []
[]

[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = FuelPinGeometry
    clad_bottom = cladding_outside_bottom
    clad_inner_wall = cladding_inside_right
    clad_outer_wall = cladding_outside_right
    clad_top = cladding_outside_top
    pellet_exteriors = fuel_outside_all
  []
  [fuel_thm_exp]
    type = LayeredAverage
    variable = fuel_thermal_strain_xx
    direction = y
    num_layers = 1000
    block = fuel
  []
  [clad_thm_exp]
    type = LayeredAverage
    variable = clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx
    direction = y
    num_layers = 1000
    block = cladding
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  color = false
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots}
  []
  [csv_vpp_0]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots_0}
    enable = ${enable_0}
    create_latest_symlink = true
  []
  [csv_vpp_a]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots_a}
    enable = ${enable_a}
    create_latest_symlink = true
  []
  [csv_vpp_b]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots_b}
    enable = ${enable_b}
    create_latest_symlink = true
  []
  [csv_vpp_c]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots_c}
    enable = ${enable_c}
    create_latest_symlink = true
  []
  [csv_general]
    type = CSV
    sync_times = ${time_spots}
  []
  [extra_csv]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots_extra}
  []
  [extra_csv_0]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots_0}
    enable = ${enable_0}
  []
  [extra_csv_a]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots_a}
    enable = ${enable_a}
  []
  [extra_csv_b]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots_b}
    enable = ${enable_b}
  []
  [extra_csv_c]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots_c}
    enable = ${enable_c}
  []
  [exodus]
    type = Exodus
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots}
  []
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/x441_base_1_5D.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [layered1D_mesh]
    type = Layered1DMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    fuel_height = ${pellet_height}
    plenum_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    nx_c = 4
    slices_per_block = 10
    elem_type = EDGE2
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = Layered1DFuelPinGeometry
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [disp_y]
  []
  [disp_z]
  []

  # Aux variables for output
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '1.0 1.0'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
  [clad_axial_pressure]
    type = CladdingAxialPressureFunction
    plenum_pressure = plenum_pressure
    coolant_pressure = coolant_press_ramp
    coolant_pressure_scaling_factor = 0.151e6
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [fuel_axial_pressure]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = plenum_pressure
    symbol_names = plenum_pressure
    symbol_values = plenum_pressure
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/Layered1D]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = true
    add_scalar_variables = true
    out_of_plane_strain_name = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_pressure_function = fuel_axial_pressure
    generate_output = 'effective_creep_strain stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain gas_swelling_eigenstrain solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = true
    add_scalar_variables = true
    out_of_plane_strain_name = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_pressure_function = clad_axial_pressure
    generate_output = 'effective_creep_strain stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = fuel
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '2'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '2'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux = 5261.5 # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material = sodium
    rod_diameter = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = fuel
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = fuel
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = UPuZrGaseousEigenstrain
    temperature = temp
    eigenstrain_name = gas_swelling_eigenstrain
    initial_porosity = 0.0
    bubble_number_density = 1e20
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'porosity gaseous_porosity'
    block = fuel
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = BurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = fuel
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = fuel
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 100
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior] # average temperature of the cladding interior and all pellet exteriors
    type = LayeredSideAverageValuePostprocessor
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [clad_inner_vol] # volume inside of cladding
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 7
    component = 0
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    #outputs = exodus
  []
  [pellet_volume] # fuel pellet total volume
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 8
    component = 0
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    #outputs = exodus
  []
  [avg_clad_temp] # average temperature of cladding interior
    type = LayeredSideAverageValuePostprocessor
    boundary = 7
    variable = temp
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    component = 0
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [flux_from_clad] # area integrated heat flux from the cladding
    type = LayeredSideFluxIntegralPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [flux_from_fuel] # area integrated heat flux from the fuel
    type = LayeredSideFluxIntegralPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralPowerPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = fuel
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralFisGasProducePostprocessor
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralFisGasReleasePostprocessor
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = fuel
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = fuel
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = fuel
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = fuel
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [gaseous_porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gaseous_porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 41991000'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(examples/TRISO/failure_probability_direct_integration/triso_1d.i)

kernel_radius = 213.35e-6
buffer_thickness = 98.9e-6
IPyC_thickness = 40.4e-6
SiC_thickness = 35.2e-6
OPyC_thickness = 43.4e-6

coordinates1 = '${fparse kernel_radius}'
coordinates2 = '${fparse coordinates1+buffer_thickness}'
coordinates3 = '${fparse coordinates2+IPyC_thickness}'
coordinates4 = '${fparse coordinates3+SiC_thickness}'
coordinates5 = '${fparse coordinates4+OPyC_thickness}'

initial_fuel_density = 10966

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
  initial_enrichment = 0.14029 # [wt-]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0 # convert E>0.10 to E>0.18 MeV
  stress_free_temperature = 481 # used for thermal expansion
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 # [J/fission]
  O_U = 1.428 # Initial Oxygen to Uranium atom ratio
  C_U = 0.392 # Initial Carbon to Uranium atom ratio
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '0 ${coordinates1} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates3} ${coordinates4} ${coordinates5}'
    mesh_density = '5 3 0 5 3 4'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[UserObjects]
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_OPyC = OPyC_outer_boundary
    outer_SiC = SiC_outer_boundary
    outer_IPyC = IPyC_outer_boundary
    inner_IPyC = IPyC_inner_boundary
    outer_buffer = buffer_outer_boundary
    outer_kernel = fuel_outer_boundary
    include_particle = true
    include_pebble = false
    IPyC_thickness_mean = 40.4e-6
    SiC_thickness_mean = 35.2e-6
    OPyC_thickness_mean = 43.4e-6
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 481
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [temp_bc]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = outer_temp.csv
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 1
    format = columns
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 5.75e19
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = '1363350801.3058'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedIPyC]
    type = TRISOStressCorrelationFunction
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    polynomial_coefficients_IPyC = '1 7017 -2.368e8'
    polynomial_coefficients_SiC = '1 1.492e4 -3.802e7'
    polynomial_coefficients_OPyC = '1 -1.273e4 1.849e8'
    correlation_factor = -1.1824630660785265
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_asphericity]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = '1086690814.283'
  []
  [stress_correlation_asphericity]
    type = TRISOStressCorrelationFunction
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    polynomial_coefficients_IPyC = '1 -2070 3.458e7'
    polynomial_coefficients_SiC = '1 -868.9 -1.368e7'
    polynomial_coefficients_OPyC = '1 1734 -1.988e7'
    correlation_factor = 1.0626986695756293
  []
  [stress_change_correlation_asphericity]
    type = TRISOStressCorrelationFunction
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    polynomial_coefficients_IPyC = '1 -856 1.593e7'
    polynomial_coefficients_SiC = '1 1774 -5.253e7'
    polynomial_coefficients_OPyC = '1 456.4 -1.459e7'
    correlation_factor = 1.0113764663823708
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz max_principal_stress'
  add_variables = true
  strain = FINITE
  incremental = true
  [fuel]
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'UCO_swelling_eigenstrain UCO_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [buffer]
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_names = 'Buffer_IIDC_strain Buffer_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [IPyC]
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'IPyC_IIDC_strain IPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    eigenstrain_names = 'SiC_thermal_eigenstrain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [OPyC]
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'OPyC_IIDC_strain OPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [burnup]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = burnup
    property = burnup
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe'
    released_fractions = '0.185 0.815'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    quadrature = false
    min_gap = 1e-7
    max_gap = 50e-6
    gap_geometry_type = sphere
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    function = temp_bc
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      startup_time = 1e4
      initial_pressure = 0
      R = 8.3145
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_gas_temp
      volume = 'gap_volume buffer_void_volume kernel_void_volume'
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released'
      output = gas_pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 6.2425e+17
  []
  [UCO_burnup]
    type = TRISOBurnup
    initial_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_thermal]
    type = UCOThermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UCOElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain]
    type = UCOVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_swelling_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10.0e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_TE_strain
  []
  [UCO_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UCOFGR
    block = fuel
    average_grain_radius = 10e-6
    temperature = temperature
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    cutoff_neutron_flux = 0.0
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [BAF_IPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0465
    block = IPyC
  []
  [BAF_OPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0429
    block = OPyC
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = BufferElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_stress]
    type = BufferCEGACreep
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_thermal]
    type = BufferThermal
    block = buffer
    initial_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = buffer
    strain_free_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_TE]
    type = BufferThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_IIDC]
    type = BufferCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = IPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [IPyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [IPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = IPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1890
  []
  [IPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [IPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MonolithicSiCElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    elastic_modulus_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_thermal]
    type = MonolithicSiCThermal
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = SiC
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
  []
  [SiC_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = SiC_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [OPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = OPyC
    temperature = temperature
    initial_BAF = 1.0
  []
  [OPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = OPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [OPyC_thermal_conductivity]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = OPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [OPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = OPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1900
  []
  [OPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [OPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [characteristic_strength_SiC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '9640000'
    block = SiC
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
  []
  [characteristic_strength_PyC]
    type = PyCCharacteristicStrength
    temperature = temperature
    X = 1.02
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 100
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-8
  nl_max_its = 20

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 50

  #num_steps = 1

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 4.831315e7

  dtmin = 1e-4
  dt = 5e5
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_gas_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = buffer
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [gap_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [buffer_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = buffer
    theoretical_density = 2250
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [kernel_th_density]
    type = UCOTheoreticalDensity
    execute_on = initial
  []
  [kernel_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = fuel
    theoretical_density = kernel_th_density
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [particle_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_fluence]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    block = SiC
    value_type = min
    mat_prop = stress_yy
  []
  [weibull_failure_probability_IPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureProbability
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 9.5
    characteristic_strength = characteristic_strength
  []
  [weibull_failure_probability_SiC_crackedIPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureProbabilityUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = stress_yy
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedIPyC'
  []
  [weibull_failure_probability_SiC]
    type = WeibullFailureProbabilityUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = stress_yy
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_asphericity'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_asphericity'
    stress_change_correlation_function = 'stress_change_correlation_asphericity'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  show = 'weibull_failure_probability_IPyC weibull_failure_probability_SiC weibull_failure_probability_SiC_crackedIPyC'
  print_linear_residuals = false
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = false
  exodus = false
  perf_graph = true
  print_linear_converged_reason = false
  print_nonlinear_converged_reason = false
[]

(test/tests/triso/pyc_elasticity_tensor/anisotropic_exact.i)

# This test is to verify the implementation of PyCElasticityTensor material.

# It focuses on the full anisotropic elasticity tensor, including rotations.

# It is also used to verify exceptions and the isotropic and anisotropic Jacobians calculated by AD.

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  flux_conversion_factor = 0.85
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  use_displaced_mesh = false
  [mesh]
    type = CircularCrossSectionMeshGenerator
    num_sectors = 30
    offset = '0.0 0.0'
    elements_per_ring = '0 4 0'
    block_names = 'null PyC_quad null2'
    coordinates = '0.037 0.038 0.039'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [density]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 673.15
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [flux_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0    1e4    1e8'
    y = '0 7.5e18 7.5e18'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [perm_PyC]
    block = PyC_quad
    add_variables = true
    strain = SMALL
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [density]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = density
    property = density
    block = PyC_quad
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'bottom'
    value = 0
  []
  [no_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'left'
    value = 0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [inside_pressure]
      boundary = 1001
      factor = 1e4
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = flux_history
  []
  [stress]
    type = ComputeLinearElasticStress
    block = PyC_quad
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = PyC_quad
  []
  [elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = PyC_quad
    initial_BAF = 1.05
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = PyC_quad
    strain_free_density = 1900.0
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_tol = 1e-5
  nl_max_its = 10
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-10
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  start_time = 0.0
  num_steps = 1
  dt = 1e3
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [temperature]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = 'max'
    block = PyC_quad
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fluence]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = 'max'
    block = PyC_quad
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [sigma_x]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = 'max'
    block = PyC_quad
    variable = stress_xx
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [sigma_y]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = 'max'
    block = PyC_quad
    variable = stress_yy
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [sigma_z]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = 'max'
    block = PyC_quad
    variable = stress_zz
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [strain_x]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = 'max'
    block = PyC_quad
    variable = strain_xx
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [strain_y]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = 'max'
    block = PyC_quad
    variable = strain_yy
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [strain_z]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = 'max'
    block = PyC_quad
    variable = strain_zz
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [density]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = 'max'
    block = PyC_quad
    variable = density
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  csv = true
  exodus = true
[]

(test/tests/solid_mechanics/failurecladHT9/cdf_based/both_cdf_hightemp.i)

## Description ##
# Four elements of HT9 clad (2D) for a total pipe wall thickness 0.005 m have an internal pressure
# applied for 21.8 years in two time steps. The first time step has no failure, but the CDF of the
# internal (first) element is 0.545 and the outside (final) element is 0.501. The final time step has
# CDF values all greater than 1 with the final cell barely failing with a CDF of 1. The clad failure value
# is set to 1 for every element due to the temperature being set higher than in the low temperature CDF test.

# The temperature is 923.0 K giving a Dorn number of 1.5442e-8 which correlates to failure after
# 6.33e8 seconds have passed at a constant hoop stress for the first element. The last element has a
# Dorn number of 1.6801e-8 and failure occurs at 6.88e8 seconds.

#Postprocessor Values:
#+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
#| time           | sig_hoop_0     | sig_hoop_1     | sig_hoop_2     | sig_hoop_3     | sigma_zz       |
#+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
#|   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |
#|   3.440000e+08 |   2.524551e+07 |   2.508043e+07 |   2.492104e+07 |   2.476216e+07 |   2.500101e+07 |
#|   6.880000e+08 |   2.524551e+07 |   2.508043e+07 |   2.492104e+07 |   2.476216e+07 |   2.500101e+07 |
#+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  volumetric_locking_correction = true
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [mesh]
    type = FileMeshGenerator
    file = axisymm_thin_cyl_q4.e
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 923.0
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [clad_fail]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_xy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_zz]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [applied_pressure]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '  0    1.0e6  9.0e7'
    y = '0.641e6  0.641e6  0.641e6'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [all]
    strain = finite
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFluxAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    factor = 0
  []
  [clad_fail]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = clad_fail
    execute_on = 'timestep_end'
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cdf_amount
    execute_on = 'timestep_end'
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    scalar_type = HoopStress
    execute_on = 'linear timestep_end'
  []
  [stress_xx]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_xx
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 0
  []
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
  []
  [stress_xy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_xy
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 1
  []
  [stress_zz]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_zz
    index_i = 2
    index_j = 2
  []
[] # AuxKernels

[Postprocessors]
  [sigma_zz]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = stress_zz
  []
  [sig_hoop_0]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = hoop_stress
    elementid = 0
  []
  [sig_hoop_1]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = hoop_stress
    elementid = 1
  []
  [sig_hoop_2]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = hoop_stress
    elementid = 2
  []
  [sig_hoop_3]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = hoop_stress
    elementid = 3
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [top_bot_y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = '1'
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [inner_press]
      boundary = 4
      factor = 1.0
      function = applied_pressure
    []
  []
  [temp_fix]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = '1 2 3 4'
    value = 923.0  #K
  []
[]

[Materials]
  # This is the module being tested
  [FailureClad]
    block = 1
    type = HT9FailureClad
    hoop_stress = hoop_stress
    temperature = temp
    method = cdf_both
  []

  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    block = 1
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    #youngs_modulus = 1.88e11 # Theses were actually overwrittent by MechHT9
    #poissons_ratio = 0.236
    youngs_modulus = 234468.6944e6
    poissons_ratio = 0.221956
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = 1
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = 1
    factor = 0.0
  []

  [thermal]
    block = 1
    type = HT9Thermal
    temperature = temp
  []

  [density]
    block = 1
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 7874
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient

  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu     superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-6
  l_max_its = 30
  nl_max_its = 50
  dt = 3.44e8
  start_time = 0.0
  num_steps = 2
  dtmin = 100.0
  l_tol = 1e-4
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  csv = false
  [out]
    type = Exodus
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 5
  []
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/FBTA/analysis/steady_state/AK181/181193/IFR1_181193.i)

# IFR-1 Pin 181193
# Inspired by BISON IFR-1 Assessment Case and BISON X441 Assessment Case

exp_id = AK181
pin_id = 181193
fipd_submodule_dir = '../../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/'

cladding_ir = '${fparse 0.226*0.5*0.0254}'
cladding_thickness = '${fparse 0.022*0.0254}'
fuel_radius = ${fparse 0.196*0.5*0.0254}

# Fuel length is 6.5 + 36.0 + 6.5 = 49.0 inch
# Which is 0.13265 0.73470 0.13265

reflector_frac = 0.13265
active_frac = 0.73470
transition_frac = 0.001
fuel_intervals = '0 ${fparse reflector_frac-transition_frac} ${reflector_frac} ${fparse reflector_frac+active_frac} ${fparse reflector_frac+active_frac+transition_frac} 1.0'

reflector_height = '${fparse 6.5*0.0254}'
active_fuel_height = '${fparse 36.0*0.0254}'
transition_height = '${fparse reflector_height/reflector_frac*transition_frac}'

clad_plug_thick = 2.24e-3
bot_gap_thick = 0.31e-3

bottom_blanket_start = '${fparse clad_plug_thick+bot_gap_thick}'
bottom_transition_layer_start = '${fparse bottom_blanket_start+reflector_height-transition_height}'
active_fuel_start = '${fparse bottom_blanket_start+reflector_height}'
active_fuel_end = '${fparse active_fuel_start+active_fuel_height}'
top_transition_layer_end = '${fparse active_fuel_end+transition_height}'
top_blanket_end = '${fparse active_fuel_end+reflector_height}'
gas_plenum_height = '${fparse 39.0*0.0254}'
sodium_cap_height = '${fparse 1.0*0.0254}'

time_last = 53611920
max_dt = 1e5

magic_factor = 5e-1 #1.00e-01

A_U = 0.23803 # [kg/mol]
A_Pu = 0.240 # [kg/mol]
A_Zr = 0.091224 # [kg/mol]
W_Pu = 0.19
W_Zr = 0.1
W_U = '${fparse 1 - W_Pu - W_Zr}'
A_tot = '${fparse 1 / (W_U / A_U + W_Pu / A_Pu + W_Zr / A_Zr)}'
X_Pu = '${fparse W_Pu / A_Pu * A_tot}'
fuel_pu = ${X_Pu}
initial_X_Zr = '${fparse W_Zr / A_Zr * A_tot}'

fuel_density = 15.73e3

alpha_start = 877
alpha_end = 936
bubble_concentration = 1e15

cladding_block = 'cladding'

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${fuel_density}
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11  # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  alpha_transition_end = ${alpha_end}
  alpha_transition_start = ${alpha_start}
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
  converge_on = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
[]

[Mesh]
  [gen]
    type = FIPDRodletMeshGenerator
    fipd_geom_file = ${raw ' ${fipd_submodule_dir} / ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} / ${pin_id} _design.csv'}

    gap_bottom_length = ${bot_gap_thick}
    cladding_bottom_plug_length = ${clad_plug_thick}
    cladding_top_plug_length = ${clad_plug_thick}

    cladding_sidewall_radial_elements = 10
    cladding_sidewall_axial_element_numbers = '2 400 400'
    cladding_top_plug_radial_elements = 10
    cladding_top_plug_axial_elements = 5
    cladding_bottom_plug_axial_elements = 5
    fuel_radial_elements = 10
    fuel_axial_element_intervals = ${fuel_intervals}
    fuel_axial_element_numbers = '30 1 400 1 30'
    use_default_cladding_sidewall_axial_element_intervals = true
    elem_type = QUAD4

    make_stand = true
    make_cap = true
    cap_axial_elements = 15
    stand_axial_elements = 15
  []
  # As RodletMeshGenerator does not support axial blankets
  # We need to define them ourselves
  [upper_blanket]
    type = ParsedSubdomainMeshGenerator
    input = gen
    excluded_subdomains = 'cladding cap stand'
    combinatorial_geometry = 'y>=y0'
    constant_names = 'y0'
    constant_expressions = '${top_transition_layer_end}'
    block_id = 11
    block_name = 'upper_blanket'
  []
  [lower_blanket]
    type = ParsedSubdomainMeshGenerator
    input = upper_blanket
    excluded_subdomains = 'cladding cap stand upper_blanket'
    combinatorial_geometry = 'y<=y0'
    constant_names = 'y0'
    constant_expressions = '${bottom_transition_layer_start}'
    block_id = 12
    block_name = 'lower_blanket'
  []
  [upper_transition]
    type = ParsedSubdomainMeshGenerator
    input = lower_blanket
    excluded_subdomains = 'cladding cap stand upper_blanket'
    combinatorial_geometry = 'y>=y0'
    constant_names = 'y0'
    constant_expressions = '${active_fuel_end}'
    block_id = 13
    block_name = 'upper_transition'
  []
  [lower_transition]
    type = ParsedSubdomainMeshGenerator
    input = upper_transition
    excluded_subdomains = 'cladding cap stand lower_blanket'
    combinatorial_geometry = 'y<=y0'
    constant_names = 'y0'
    constant_expressions = '${active_fuel_start}'
    block_id = 14
    block_name = 'lower_transition'
  []

  [sodium_height]
    type = SideSetsFromBoundingBoxGenerator
    input = lower_transition
    bottom_left = '0 0 0'
    top_right = '${fparse cladding_ir + cladding_thickness} ${top_blanket_end} 0'
    included_boundaries = 'cladding_inside_right'
    boundary_new = '1005'
  []
  [gas_height]
    type = SideSetsFromBoundingBoxGenerator
    input = sodium_height
    bottom_left = '0 ${top_blanket_end} 0'
    top_right = '${fparse cladding_ir + cladding_thickness} ${fparse top_blanket_end + sodium_cap_height + gas_plenum_height + clad_plug_thick} 0'
    included_boundaries = 'cladding_inside_right'
    boundary_new = '1006'
  []
  [sodium_plenum_rename]
    type = RenameBoundaryGenerator
    input = gas_height
    old_boundary = '1005 1006'
    new_boundary = 'sodium_height gas_height'
  []

  patch_size = 40
  patch_update_strategy = always
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
  coord_type = RZ
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
    block = 'fuel cladding cap stand upper_blanket lower_blanket upper_transition lower_transition'
  []
  [disp_x]
    block = 'fuel cladding cap stand upper_blanket lower_blanket upper_transition lower_transition'
  []
  [disp_y]
    block = 'fuel cladding cap stand upper_blanket lower_blanket upper_transition lower_transition'
  []
[]

[Functions]
  # We do not have SE2P data for IFR-1
  # [clad_od_temp]
  #   type =  FIPDAxialProfileFunction
  #   data_file = ${raw 'fipd /clad_od_temp_history_ ${pin_id} .csv'}

  #   bottom_clad_height = ${clad_plug_thick}
  #   clad_bottom_gap_height = ${fparse bot_gap_thick+reflector_height}
  #   fuel_slug_length = ${active_fuel_height}
  # []
  [coolant_flux_function]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = ${raw ' ${fipd_submodule_dir} / ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} / flow_history_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
  []
  [coolant_pressure_function]
    # Constant coolant inlet pressure (Pa) taken from [Cabell, 1980].
    # From IFR-1 Assessment Case
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 1018327
  []
  [coolant_T_in_function]
    # Sodium coolant inlet temperature (K). See [Porter and Tsai, 2011]
    # We would like to always use 633.15 K
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 633.15
  []
  [ab_sodium_vol]
    type = MeshPropertyFunction
    mesh_generator = gen
    mesh_property_name = sodium_volume
    scale_factor = -1.0
  []
  [sodium_volume]
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_names = 'porosity_sodium_logging_avg volume_fuel raw_sodium_vol temp_sodium_avg'
    symbol_values = 'porosity_sodium_logging_avg volume_fuel ab_sodium_vol temp_sodium_avg'
    expression = 'raw_sodium_vol * 954 / (1102 - 0.23 * temp_sodium_avg) - volume_fuel * porosity_sodium_logging_avg'
  []
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = ${raw ' ${fipd_submodule_dir} / ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} / power_history_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
  []
  [power_history_avg]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = ${raw ' ${fipd_submodule_dir} / ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} / power_history_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    scale_factor = 0.811078523
  []
  [pwr_axial_peaking_factors]
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw ' ${fipd_submodule_dir} / ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} / peakingfactor_power_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking

    bottom_clad_height = ${clad_plug_thick}
    clad_bottom_gap_height = ${fparse bot_gap_thick+reflector_height}
    fuel_slug_length = ${active_fuel_height}
  []
  [pwr_axial_peaking_factors_cdf]
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw ' ${fipd_submodule_dir} / ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} / peakingfactor_power_cdf_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    data_shift_type = peaking

    bottom_clad_height = ${clad_plug_thick}
    clad_bottom_gap_height = ${fparse bot_gap_thick+reflector_height}
    fuel_slug_length = ${active_fuel_height}
  []
  [pwr_axial_peaking_factors_elongate]
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw ' ${fipd_submodule_dir} / ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} / peakingfactor_power_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
    fuel_elongation_pp = max_fuel_elongation

    bottom_clad_height = ${clad_plug_thick}
    clad_bottom_gap_height = ${fparse bot_gap_thick+reflector_height}
    fuel_slug_length = ${active_fuel_height}
  []
  [fflux_axial_peaking_factors]
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw ' ${fipd_submodule_dir} / ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} / peakingfactor_flux_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
    extrapolate_to_zero = true

    bottom_clad_height = ${clad_plug_thick}
    clad_bottom_gap_height = ${fparse bot_gap_thick+reflector_height}
    fuel_slug_length = ${active_fuel_height}
  []
  [fflux_axial_peaking_factors_elongate]
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw ' ${fipd_submodule_dir} / ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} / peakingfactor_flux_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
    extrapolate_to_zero = true
    fuel_elongation_pp = max_fuel_elongation

    bottom_clad_height = ${clad_plug_thick}
    clad_bottom_gap_height = ${fparse bot_gap_thick+reflector_height}
    fuel_slug_length = ${active_fuel_height}
  []
  [flux_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = ${raw ' ${fipd_submodule_dir} / ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} / flux_history_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
  []
  [id_vpp_func]
    type = MetallicFuelWastageDegradationFunction
    vectorpostprocessor_name = id_wastage
    argument_column = y
    wastage_type = ID
    value_column = wastage_thickness
    use_metadata = true
    degradation_factor = 0.001
    mesh_generator = 'gen'
    transition_width = 1E-4
  []
  [od_vpp_func]
    type = MetallicFuelWastageDegradationFunction
    vectorpostprocessor_name = od_wastage
    argument_column = y
    wastage_type = OD
    value_column = cc_wastage_thickness
    use_metadata = true
    degradation_factor = 0.001
    mesh_generator = 'gen'
    transition_width = 1E-4
  []
  [anisotropic_swelling_factor]
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_names = 'disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg fuel_height fuel_radius'
    symbol_values = 'disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg ${active_fuel_height} ${fuel_radius}'
    expression = '(disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg / fuel_radius) / (disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg / fuel_height)'
  []
  [gap_thermal_conductivity]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '124.67 - 0.11381 * t + 5.5226e-5 * t^2 - 1.1842e-8 * t^3'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = false
    generate_output = 'firstinv_strain stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress '
                      'hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz '
                      'elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy '
                      'strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = 'fuel upper_blanket lower_blanket'
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [gravity]
    type = ADGravity
    block = 'fuel cladding upper_blanket lower_blanket'
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = ADHeatConduction
    block = 'fuel cladding cap stand upper_blanket lower_blanket upper_transition lower_transition'
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = ADHeatConductionTimeDerivative
    block = 'fuel cladding cap stand upper_blanket lower_blanket upper_transition lower_transition'
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = ADFissionRateHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = 'fuel upper_blanket lower_blanket upper_transition lower_transition'
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    energy_deposited_in_fuel = 0.95
  []
  [disp_x_dt]
    type = ADTimeDerivative
    variable = disp_x
    block = 'cap stand upper_transition lower_transition'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [disp_y_dt]
    type = ADTimeDerivative
    variable = disp_y
    block = 'cap stand upper_transition lower_transition'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [disp_x_diff]
    type = ADMatAnisoDiffusion
    variable = disp_x
    block = 'cap stand upper_transition lower_transition'
    diffusivity = d_x
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [disp_y_diff]
    type = ADMatDiffusion
    variable = disp_y
    block = 'cap stand upper_transition lower_transition'
    diffusivity = 1e8
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[UserObjects]
  [fuel_thm_exp]
    type = LayeredAverage
    variable = fuel_thermal_strain_xx
    direction = y
    num_layers = 1000
    block = 'fuel upper_blanket lower_blanket'
  []
  [pin_geometry]
    type = FuelPinGeometry
    clad_bottom = cladding_outside_bottom
    clad_inner_wall = cladding_inside_right
    clad_outer_wall = cladding_outside_right
    clad_top = cladding_outside_top
    pellet_exteriors = fuel_outside_all
  []
  [clad_thm_exp]
    type = LayeredAverage
    variable = clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx
    direction = y
    num_layers = 1000
    block = cladding
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [fuel_cladding_mechanical]
    primary = cladding_inside_right
    secondary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    model = coulomb
    friction_coefficient = 0.1
    formulation = mortar
    c_normal = ${fparse 1e17 * magic_factor}
    c_tangential = ${fparse 1e19 * magic_factor}
    tangential_lm_scaling = 1.0e-22
    normal_lm_scaling = 1.0e-4
    correct_edge_dropping = true
  []
[]

[MortarGapHeatTransfer]
  [inside2outside]
    temperature = temp
    primary_emissivity = 0
    secondary_emissivity = 0
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
    gap_conductivity_function = gap_thermal_conductivity
    gap_conductivity_function_variable = temp
    primary_boundary = cladding_inside_right
    secondary_boundary = fuel_contact_surfaces
    gap_flux_options = 'CONDUCTION'
    thermal_lm_scaling = 1e-4
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'centerline cap_top'
    value = 0.0
    preset = false
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_bottom'
    value = 0.0
    preset = false
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = 'cladding_outside_right'
      factor = 0.151e6
      use_automatic_differentiation = true
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 'inside_surfaces'
      initial_pressure = 84116 # in Pa, 12.2 psi
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = temp_gas_avg
      volume = volume_plenum
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fg_released
      use_automatic_differentiation = true
    []
  []

  [convection]
    type = ConvectiveHeatFluxBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = cladding_outside_right
    T_infinity = coolant_temperature
    heat_transfer_coefficient = coolant_channel_htc
  []
[]

[FluidProperties]
  [sodium_uo]
    type = SodiumProperties
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [relx]
  []
  [clad_thm_exp]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = cladding
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = 'fuel upper_blanket lower_blanket'
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = 'fuel upper_blanket lower_blanket'
  []
  [fuel_thm_exp]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = 'fuel upper_blanket lower_blanket'
  []
  [clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = cladding
  []
  [func_val1]
  []
  [func_val2]
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence_aux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = 'cladding'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [func_val1]
    type = FunctionAux
    function = id_vpp_func
    variable = func_val1
    block = 'cladding'
  []
  [func_val2]
    type = FunctionAux
    function = od_vpp_func
    variable = func_val2
    block = 'cladding'
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    block = cladding
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [relx_aux]
    type = ParsedAux
    variable = relx
    block = 'fuel upper_blanket lower_blanket upper_transition lower_transition'
    use_xyzt = true
    expression = 'x / ${fuel_radius}'
  []
  [clad_thm_exp]
    type = SpatialUserObjectAux
    variable = clad_thm_exp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    user_object = clad_thm_exp
    block = cladding
  []
  [clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = cladding_thermal_eigenstrain
    variable = clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx
    index_j = 0
    index_i = 0
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = cladding
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain_xx]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = fuel_thermal_strain
    variable = fuel_thermal_strain_xx
    index_j = 0
    index_i = 0
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = 'fuel upper_blanket lower_blanket'
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain_yy]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = fuel_thermal_strain
    variable = fuel_thermal_strain_yy
    index_j = 1
    index_i = 1
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = 'fuel upper_blanket lower_blanket'
  []
  [fuel_thm_exp]
    type = SpatialUserObjectAux
    variable = fuel_thm_exp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    user_object = fuel_thm_exp
    block = 'fuel upper_blanket lower_blanket'
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [coolant]
    type = SodiumCoolantChannelMaterial
    boundary = cladding_outside_right
    inlet_temperature_function = coolant_T_in_function
    rod_linear_power = power_history_avg
    inlet_massflux_function = coolant_flux_function
    axial_power_profile_cdf = pwr_axial_peaking_factors_cdf
    pellet_height = ${active_fuel_height}
    cladding_radius = '${fparse cladding_ir + cladding_thickness}'
    wire_wrap_diameter = ${fparse 0.054*0.0254}
    temperature = temp
    sodium_user_object = sodium_uo
    htc_model = BGF
    update_temperature = true
    pin_location = interior
    peclet_limit_behavior = error
    outputs = all
  []

  [d_x]
    type = ADConstantAnisotropicMobility
    tensor = '1e3 0 0
              0   1e6 0
              0   0 0'
    M_name = d_x
  []
  [cap_thcond]
    type = ADGenericConstantMaterial
    prop_names = 'thermal_conductivity specific_heat density'
    prop_values = '65 1200 830'
    block = 'cap stand'
    outputs = all
  []
  [interconnected_porosity]
    type = ADParsedMaterial
    property_name = interconnected_porosity
    material_property_names = 'porosity interconnectivity'
    expression = 'porosity * interconnectivity'
    outputs = all
    block = 'fuel upper_blanket lower_blanket'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ADUPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = pwr_axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${fuel_radius}
    X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${fuel_pu}
    block = 'fuel upper_blanket lower_blanket upper_transition lower_transition'
    outputs = all
  []
  [fission_rate_elongate]
    type = ADUPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = pwr_axial_peaking_factors_elongate
    pellet_radius = ${fuel_radius}
    X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${fuel_pu}
    block = 'cladding'
    outputs = all
    fission_rate_name = fission_rate
  []
  [burnup]
    type = ADUPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${fuel_pu}
    density = ${fuel_density}
    block = 'fuel upper_blanket lower_blanket upper_transition lower_transition'
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup_elongate]
    type = ADUPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Pu = ${fuel_pu}
    initial_X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    outputs = all
    block = cladding
    density = ${fuel_density}
    burnup_name = burnup
  []
  [fuel_elastic_stress]
    type = ADComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    inelastic_models = 'hotpress fuel_upuzrcreep gas_swelling'
    block = 'fuel upper_blanket lower_blanket'
    outputs = all
  []
  [hotpress]
    type = ADUPuZrHotPressingStressUpdate
    block = 'fuel upper_blanket lower_blanket'
    outputs = all
    surface_energy = 1.6
    plenum_pressure = plenum_pressure
    porosity_name = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-3 #1e-1
    interconnectivity = interconnectivity
    bubble_concentration = ${bubble_concentration}
    temperature = temp
    creep_model = MFH
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    atomic_volume = 2.15e-29
    porosity_start = 0.01
    porosity_end = 0
    grain_boundary_D0 = 4e-29
    grain_boundary_Q = 0
    absolute_tolerance = 1e-9
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ADPorosityFromStrain
    block = 'fuel upper_blanket lower_blanket'
    initial_porosity = 1e-10
    inelastic_strain = 'combined_inelastic_strain'
    outputs = all
  []
  [porosity_transition]
    type = ADGenericConstantMaterial
    prop_names = 'porosity interconnectivity'
    prop_values = '0.0 0.0'
    block = 'upper_transition lower_transition'
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADUPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${fuel_pu}
    youngs_model = LANL
    block = 'fuel upper_blanket lower_blanket'
    temperature = temp
    use_old_porosity = true
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'youngs_modulus poissons_ratio'
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = ADUPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = 'fuel upper_blanket lower_blanket'
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment=1e-1
    use_old_porosity = true
    automatic_differentiation_return_mapping = false
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ADUPuZrThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = 'fuel upper_blanket lower_blanket'
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 298.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
    outputs = all
    thermal_expansion_model = LANL
    X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${fuel_pu}
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ADSimpleFissionGasViscoplasticityStressUpdate
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
    block = 'fuel upper_blanket lower_blanket'
    bubble_concentration = ${bubble_concentration}
    initial_bubble_concentration = ${bubble_concentration}
    compute_interconnectivity = true
    fission_gas_yield = 0.25
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    initial_atoms_per_bubble = 1e-05
    initial_bubble_radius = 1e-15
    initial_fgm_dissolved = 0
    interconnection_cutoff = 0.99
    interconnection_initiating_porosity = 0.23
    interconnection_terminating_porosity = 0.25
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-2
    retained_gas_fraction = 0.25
    interconnection_dependent_retained_gas_fraction = 0.5
    surface_energy = 1.6
    anisotropic_factor = 0.26
    initial_porosity = 1e-10
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ADBurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = 'fuel upper_blanket lower_blanket'
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
    outputs = all
    anisotropic_factor = 0.26
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = ADUPuZrThermal
    block = 'fuel upper_blanket lower_blanket upper_transition lower_transition'
    X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${fuel_pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
    porosity_model = logged
    sodium_logged_porosity = sodium_logged_porosity
  []
  [sodium_logging]
    type = ADUPuZrSodiumLogging
    block = 'fuel upper_blanket lower_blanket upper_transition lower_transition'
    porosity = porosity
    interconnectivity = interconnectivity
    sodium_infiltration_fraction = 0.28
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = ${fuel_density}
    block = 'fuel upper_blanket lower_blanket upper_transition lower_transition'
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = ADFastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    axial_power_profile = fflux_axial_peaking_factors
    rod_ave_lin_pow = flux_history
    block = 'fuel upper_blanket lower_blanket upper_transition lower_transition'
    factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux_elongate]
    type = ADFastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    axial_power_profile = fflux_axial_peaking_factors_elongate
    rod_ave_lin_pow = flux_history
    block = cladding
    factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [disp_x]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = disp_x
    max_increment = 1e-4
  []
  [disp_y]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = disp_y
    max_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temp
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [vcp]
    type = VCP
    full = true
    primary_variable = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
    preconditioner = 'LU'
    adaptive_condensation = true
    lm_variable = 'fuel_cladding_mechanical_normal_lm fuel_cladding_mechanical_tangential_lm inside2outside_thermal_lm'
    is_lm_coupling_diagonal = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'NEWTON'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew -snes_converged_reason -ksp_converged_reason'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_type -mat_mffd_err -pc_factor_shift_type -pc_factor_shift_amount -snes_force_iteration'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu    superlu_dist   1e-5          NONZERO               1e-15 1'
  line_search = 'none'
  snesmf_reuse_base = false
  verbose = true

  l_max_its = 60
  nl_max_its = 30
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-4 #5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-8 #5e-9

  end_time = ${time_last}
  dtmin = 1
  dtmax = ${max_dt}

  automatic_scaling = true
  compute_scaling_once = false
  off_diagonals_in_auto_scaling = true
  ignore_variables_for_autoscaling = 'fuel_cladding_mechanical_normal_lm fuel_cladding_mechanical_tangential_lm inside2outside_thermal_lm'

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_function = power_history
    dt = 100
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 20
    force_step_every_function_point = true

    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = 'fuel cladding'
  []

  [_dt]
    type=TimestepSize
  []
  # elemental temperatures
  [temp_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = 'fuel'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [temp_fuel_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [temp_fuel_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    block = 'fuel'
    value_type = min
  []
  [temp_cladding_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = 'cladding'
  []
  [temp_cladding_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    block = 'cladding'
  []
  [temp_cladding_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    block = 'cladding'
    value_type = min
  []

  # boundary temperatures
  [temp_gas_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 'gas_height cladding_inside_top'
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [temp_sodium_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 'sodium_height fuel_bottom cladding_inside_bottom fuel_top'
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [temp_inside_surfaces_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 'inside_surfaces'
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [temp_fuel_centerline_avg]
    type = AxisymmetricCenterlineAverageValue
    boundary = 'centerline'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_fuel_centerline_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = 'centerline'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_fuel_centerline_min]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = 'centerline'
    variable = temp
    value_type = min
  []
  [temp_fuel_surface_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_fuel_surface_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_fuel_surface_min]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
    variable = temp
    value_type = min
  []
  [temp_cladding_inside_right_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_cladding_inside_right_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_cladding_outside_right_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_right'
    variable = temp
  []

  # stresses
  [stress_vonmises_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_vonmises_fuel_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_vonmises_fuel_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    value_type = min
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_hydro_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_hydro_fuel_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_hydro_fuel_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_vonmises_cladding_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = 'cladding'
  []
  [stress_vonmises_cladding_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = 'cladding'
  []
  [stress_vonmises_cladding_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    value_type = min
    block = 'cladding'
  []
  [stress_hydro_cladding_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    block = 'cladding'
  []
  [stress_hydro_cladding_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    block = 'cladding'
  []
  [stress_hydro_cladding_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = 'cladding'
  []

  # strain information
  [strain_solid_swelling_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swelling
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [strain_gas_swelling_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = effective_fission_gas_strain
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [strain_hot_pressing_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = effective_hot_pressing_strain
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [strain_volumetric_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = firstinv_strain
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [strain_axial_fuel_avg]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg disp_y_fuel_bottom_surface_avg'
    expression = '(disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg - disp_y_fuel_bottom_surface_avg) / ${active_fuel_height}'
  []
  [disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'fuel_top'
  []
  [disp_y_fuel_top_surface_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'fuel_top'
  []
  [disp_y_fuel_bottom_surface_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'fuel_bottom'
  []
  [disp_y_fuel_bottom_surface_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'fuel_bottom'
  []
  [disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
  []
  [disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
  []
  [disp_x_cladding_interior_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
  []
  [disp_x_cladding_interior_min]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
    value_type = min
  []
  [disp_x_cladding_interior_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
  []
  [disp_x_cladding_exterior_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_right'
  []
  [disp_x_cladding_exterior_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_right'
  []
  [anisotropic_swelling_factor]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = anisotropic_swelling_factor
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = fuel_outside_all
  []

  # geometric information
  [volume_cladding_interior]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_all'
  []
  [volume_fuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'fuel_outside_all'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volume_plenum]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'inside_surfaces'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = sodium_volume
  []
  [plenum_ratio]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'volume_plenum volume_fuel'
    expression = 'volume_plenum / volume_fuel'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volume_sodium]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = sodium_volume
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  # energy information
  [flux_clad]
    type = ADSideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_fuel]
    type = ADSideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 'fuel_contact_surfaces'
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [power_integral]
    type = ADElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [linear_heat_generation_rate]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [burnup_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [burnup_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fission_rate_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []

  # fission gas information
  [fg_produced]
    type = ADElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fgm_produced
    block = fuel
  []
  [fg_released]
    type = ADElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fgm_released
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fg_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fg_released
    fission_gas_generated = fg_produced
  []
  [interconnected_porosity_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = interconnected_porosity
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [porosity_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [porosity_fuel_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [porosity_fuel_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = min
    block = fuel
  []
  [porosity_sodium_logging_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = sodium_logged_porosity
    block = fuel
  []

  # extras
  [actual_time_step_limit]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = 'fuel cladding'
    outputs = none
  []
  [time_step_limit]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    expression = 'if(actual_time_step_limit > 1e6, 1e6, actual_time_step_limit)'
    pp_names = 'actual_time_step_limit'
  []
  [max_wastagethickness]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = wastage_thickness
  []
  [max_wst_temp]
    type=ElementExtremeValue
    value_type=max
    variable=temp
    proxy_variable=wastage_thickness
    block='cladding'
  []
  [max_wst_burnup]
    type=ElementExtremeValue
    value_type=max
    variable=burnup
    proxy_variable=wastage_thickness
    block='cladding'
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [id_wastage]
    type = FuelRodLineValueSampler
    variable = wastage_thickness
    material = 'clad'
    fraction = 0.0
    num_points = 600
    orientation = 'vertical'
    fuel_pin_geometry = 'pin_geometry'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = none
  []
  [od_wastage]
    type = FuelRodLineValueSampler
    variable = cc_wastage_thickness
    material = 'clad'
    fraction = 1.0
    num_points = 600
    orientation = 'vertical'
    fuel_pin_geometry = 'pin_geometry'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = none
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  color = true
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
  []
  [csv_general]
    type = CSV
    execute_on = FINAL
  []
  [exodus]
    type = Exodus
    enable = false
    additional_execute_on = 'FAILED'
  []
  [params_exodus_final]
    type = Exodus
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

!include d9_clad_base.i

(examples/metal_fuel/X447_coarse/DP21_test.i)

# This tests UPuZrGaseousEigenstrainwithHotPressingPuSwelling, a swelling model for UPuZr metal fuel
# that allows for further expansion after UPuZrGaseousEignestrain has reached
# terminating porosity. Swelling is allowed to continue if the hydrostatic stress
# within the fuel is negative, and is allowed to shrink when the hydrostatic force
# exceeds the plenum pressure. Thermal stress and mechanical stress caused from FCMI
# is coupled in this example to provide a variable hydrostatic stress, which determines
# the creep rate within the fuel and compressibility of the fuel matrix.
#
# The swelling model is based on Eq. (13.146) in "Fundamental aspects of nuclear
# reactor fuel elements" by Olander.
#
# The fission gas that is released is based on an empirical model
# which states that once the gaseous swelling reaches a value of
# 0.33 (corresponding to a porosity of 0.24812), 80% of the fission gas so far
# produced is immediately released. After that, 100% of the gas produced is released.
# These values were changed to represent experimental EBR-II data within the gas_swelling block.
# For information regarding swelling and porosity, see the above reference or the
# following reference:
# Karahan A., Modeling of Thermo Mechanical and Irradiation Behavior of Metallic
# and Oxide Fuels for Sodium Fast Reactors, Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2009.

initial_fuel_density = 15800

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  X_Pu = 0.16029880703609925
  X_Zr = 0.22566146557004974
  temperature = temp
[]

[Problem]
  type = AugmentedLagrangianContactProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    include_fuel = true
    clad_thickness = 0.000381
    pellet_outer_radius = 0.0021971
    pellet_height = 0.34417
    clad_top_gap_height = 0.3652172
    clad_gap_width = 0.0003429
    bottom_clad_height = 0.0127
    top_clad_height = 0.0127
    clad_bot_gap_height = 0.001
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 5
    ny_p = 25
    nx_c = 2
    ny_c = 25
    ny_cu = 2
    ny_cl = 2
    pellet_quantity = 1
    elem_type = QUAD4
  []
  patch_size = 60
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1000 1e4 1.05e4 4.9e4 5e4'
    y = '0 1000 40000 39000 42000 0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 3.9e7'
    y = '151000.0 151000.0'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 10000 5.9e4 6e4'
    y = '648 648 648 295'
  []
  [flow_rate]
    type = PiecewiseConstant
    x = '0 3.899e7 3.9e7'
    y = '5000 5000 5000'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = custom
    custom_params = '0.87995117  1.10795043 -1.30983206  0.01018143'
    pellet_length = 0.34417
    pellet_y_start = 0.0137
  []
  [axial_flux_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = custom
    custom_params = '0.79140541  1.73120833 -2.13298844  0.2151691'
    pellet_length = 0.34417
    pellet_y_start = 0.0137
    zero_beyond_top_and_bottom = False
  []
  [flux_history]
  type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 3.899e7 3.9e7'
    y = '2.5e19 2.5e19 0'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  strain = FINITE
  add_variables = true
  generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz volumetric_strain'
  [fuel]
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = pellet
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain gas_swelling_eigenstrain solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
  []
  [clad]
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model =  coulomb
    formulation =  augmented_lagrange
    friction_coefficient = 0.2
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 0.4
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
    al_penetration_tolerance = 1e-6
    al_incremental_slip_tolerance = 0.8
    al_frictional_force_tolerance = 0.8
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 68.0
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-4
    min_gap = 0.0003429
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_plenum
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
      execute_on = timestep_end
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature   = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure      = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux      = flow_rate
    coolant_material    = sodium
    rod_diameter        = 0.005842
    rod_pitch           = 0.0069
    linear_heat_rate    = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fuel_arr]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = pellet
    d1 = 4.47e-8
    q1 = 115002
    d2 = 0
    q2 = 0
    gas_constant = 8.3143
  []
  [fuel_soret]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = pellet
    prop_names = Qheat
    prop_values = 0.2072896
  []
  [wastage_thickness]
    type = MetallicFuelWastage
    method = flux_ht9
    burnup = burnup
    temperature = temp
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
    scale_factor = 1
    boundary = 5
    outputs = all
  []
  [phase]
    type = PhaseUPuZr
    X_Pu = 0.16029880703609925
    X_Zr = 0.22566146557004974
    block = pellet
    AB_temp = 965.15
    CD_temp = 995.15
    outputs = all
    calc_H = false
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = 0.0021971
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = 0.22566146557004974
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_elastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-2
    relative_tolerance = 1e-8
    fission_rate=fission_rate
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = UPuZrThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = UPuZrGaseousEigenstrainwithHotPressingPuSwelling
    eigenstrain_name = gas_swelling_eigenstrain
    temperature = temp
    initial_porosity = 0.03185
    bubble_number_density = 5e17
    interconnection_initiating_porosity = 0.28
    interconnection_terminating_porosity = 0.30
    creep_rate = creep_rate
    hydrostatic_stress = hydrostatic_stress
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'porosity gaseous_porosity hot_pressing'
    block = pellet
    hotpress_scalar = 0.4
    plenum_pressure = plenum_pressure
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = BurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = pellet
    swelling_factor = 1.5
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = pellet
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = billone
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = pellet
    fractional_yield = 0.25
    critical_porosity = 0.29
    fractional_fgr_initial = 0.4
    fractional_fgr_post = 0.7354
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    block = clad
    factor = 1
    axial_power_profile = axial_flux_peaking_factors
    rod_ave_lin_pow = flux_history
    outputs = all
  []
  [clad_creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = HT9ThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [clad_volumetric_swelling]
    type = HT9VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = clad_volume_eigenstrain
    block = clad
    fast_neutron_fluence = fast_neutron_fluence
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
    temperature = temp
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'
  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 20
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-3
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-5
  end_time = 1000
  dtmin = 1e-12
  dtmax = 5e5
  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1e2
    growth_factor = 2
    cutback_factor = 0.01
    iteration_window = 5
    optimal_iterations = 20
    force_step_every_function_point = true
    timestep_limiting_function = power_history
    time_t = '1e6'
    time_dt = '1'
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_plenum]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 6
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_hot_pressing]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    execute_on = timestep_end
    variable = hot_pressing
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_prod
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_rel
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [max_inc_damp_x]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 3e-4
    variable = disp_x
  []
  [max_inc_damp_y]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 3e-4
    variable = disp_y
  []
  [max_inc_temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 25
    variable = temp
  []
[]

(assessment/TRISO/validation/AGR-34/SharedFiles/capsule_dtf.i)

kernel_radius = 178.65e-6
PyC_thickness = 20e-6

coordinates1 = '${fparse kernel_radius}'
coordinates2 = '${fparse coordinates1+PyC_thickness}'

[GlobalParams]
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  initial_enrichment = 0.19717 # [wt-]
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 # [J/fission]
  O_U = 1.430 # Initial oxygen to uranium atom ratio
  C_U = 0.361 # Initial carbon to uranium atom ratio
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [mesh]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '0 ${coordinates1} ${coordinates2}'
    mesh_density = '18 14'
    block_names = 'fuel PyC'
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[UserObjects]
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_OPyC = PyC_outer_boundary
    outer_SiC = PyC_outer_boundary
    outer_IPyC = PyC_outer_boundary
    inner_IPyC = PyC_outer_boundary
    outer_buffer = PyC_outer_boundary
    outer_kernel = fuel_outer_boundary
    include_particle = true
    include_pebble = false
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1200
  []
  [conc_Ag]
    initial_condition = 0.0
    scaling = 1e12 #1e18
  []
  [conc_Cs]
    initial_condition = 0.0
    scaling = 1e12 #1e18
  []
  [conc_Sr]
    initial_condition = 0.0
    scaling = 1e12 #1e18
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [Ag_diff_coef]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [Cs_diff_coef]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [Sr_diff_coef]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [temp_bc]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 1
    xy_in_file_only = false
    format = columns
    data_file='AGR-34_capsule_daily_data/Cap1Temps.csv'
  []
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 76e6'
    y = '1 1'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = LinearCombinationFunction
    functions = power_history
    w = 4.8156e+19
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []

  [mass_Ag_dt]
    type = TimeDerivative
    variable = conc_Ag
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_Ag]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusion
    variable = conc_Ag
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_source_Ag]
    type = SpeciesSourceRate
    variable = conc_Ag
    property_name = Ag_generation
    block = fuel
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []

  [mass_Cs_dt]
    type = TimeDerivative
    variable = conc_Cs
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusion
    variable = conc_Cs
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_source_Cs]
    type = SpeciesSourceRate
    variable = conc_Cs
    property_name = Cs_generation
    block = fuel
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []

  [mass_Sr_dt]
    type = TimeDerivative
    variable = conc_Sr
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_Sr]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusion
    variable = conc_Sr
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Sr
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_source_Sr]
    type = SpeciesSourceRate
    variable = conc_Sr
    property_name = Sr_generation
    block = fuel
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [burnup]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = burnup
    property = burnup
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [Ag_diff_coef]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = Ag_diff_coef
    property = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [Cs_diff_coef]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = Cs_diff_coef
    property = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [Sr_diff_coef]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = Sr_diff_coef
    property = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Sr
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    function = temp_bc
    boundary = exterior
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [freesurf_conc_Ag]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = conc_Ag
    boundary = exterior
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_conc_Cs]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = conc_Cs
    boundary = exterior
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_conc_Sr]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = conc_Sr
    boundary = exterior
    value = 0.0
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = power_history
    factor = 0.5519e+18
  []
  [UCO_burnup]
    type = TRISOBurnup
    initial_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []

  [UCO_thermal]
    type = UCOThermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [UCO_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 11098.0
  []

  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UCOFGR
    block = fuel
    average_grain_radius = 10e-6
    temperature = temperature
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
  []

  # Arrhenius diffusion coefficients for kernel, PyC, and SiC
  #   come from IAEA TECDOC-978, French parameters.
  [fuel_conc_Ag]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = fuel
    d1 = 1.0e-6             # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
  []
  [fuel_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = fuel
    d1 = 1.0e-6             # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []
  [fuel_conc_Sr]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = fuel
    d1 = 1.0e-6             # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Sr
  []
  [mass_source_Ag_property]
    type = SpeciesSourceMaterial
    property_name = Ag_generation
    kind = Ag
    block = fuel
  []
  [mass_source_Cs_property]
    type = SpeciesSourceMaterial
    property_name = Cs_generation
    kind = Cs
    block = fuel
  []
  [mass_source_Sr_property]
    type = SpeciesSourceMaterial
    property_name = Sr_generation
    kind = Sr
    block = fuel
  []

  ### PyC  properties
  [PyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = PyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []

  [PyC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = PyC
    density = 1988.0
  []

  [PyC_conc_Ag]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = PyC
    d1 = 1.0e-6             # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
  []
  [PyC_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = PyC
    d1 = 1.0e-6             # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []
  [PyC_conc_Sr]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = PyC
    d1 = 1.0e-6             # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Sr
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
  show_var_residual = 'temperature conc_Ag conc_Cs conc_Sr'
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-9
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-9
  nl_max_its = 20

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 31890240

  dt = 86400
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [release_heat_inc]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    arrhenius_prpty_name = thermal_conductivity
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [release_Ag_inc]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc_Ag
    boundary = exterior
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [released_Ag]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor # computes time integration of value
    value = release_Ag_inc
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [total_Ag]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = Ag_generation_total
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [x_Ag_released]
    type = FractionalRelease
    released = released_Ag
    total = total_Ag
  []
  [retained_Ag]
    type = ElementIntegralVariablePostprocessor
    variable = conc_Ag
  []
  [release_Cs_inc]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc_Cs
    boundary = exterior
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [released_Cs]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = release_Cs_inc
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [total_Cs]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = Cs_generation_total
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [x_Cs_released]
    type = FractionalRelease
    released = released_Cs
    total = total_Cs
  []
  [retained_Cs]
    type = ElementIntegralVariablePostprocessor
    variable = conc_Cs
  []
  [release_Sr_inc]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc_Sr
    boundary = exterior
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Sr
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [released_Sr]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = release_Sr_inc
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [total_Sr]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = Sr_generation_total
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [x_Sr_released]
    type = FractionalRelease
    released = released_Sr
    total = total_Sr
  []
  [retained_Sr]
    type = ElementIntegralVariablePostprocessor
    variable = conc_Sr
  []

  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_produced
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  ### Postprocessors for CO production
  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  ##### irradiation conditions
  [particle_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_fluence]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  print_linear_residuals = false
  print_linear_converged_reason = false
  print_nonlinear_converged_reason = false
  exodus = false
  csv = true
[]

(assessment/MOX/JOYO/MK-II/analysis/MK-II_master_old_bubble_gb_lim.i)


initial_fuel_density = 10920.4

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  initial_porosity = 0.07
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]
[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  reference_vector = 'ref'
[]
[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    pellet_quantity = 1
    pellet_height = 0.55
    pellet_outer_radius = 0.002315
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    clad_gap_width = 0.000085
    clad_thickness = 0.00035
    clad_bot_gap_height = 1.0e-3
    bottom_clad_height = 2.24e-3
    top_clad_height = 2.24e-3
    clad_top_gap_height = 0.549
    elem_type = QUAD8
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 100
    nx_p = 10
    ny_p = 100
    ny_cu = 3
    ny_cl = 3
  []
  patch_size = 50
  patch_update_strategy = iteration
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]
[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = FuelPinGeometry
  []
[]
[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 295.0
  []
[]
[AuxVariables]
  [pore]
  []
  [fission_rate]
    block = pellet
  []
  [burnup]
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_gen_3]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_grn_3]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_bdr_3]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_rel_3]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [bbl_bdr_2]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [vcn_bdr_2]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [atm_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [vcn_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [prs_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [prseq_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [rad_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [vol_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [GBCoverage]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [eff_diff_coeff]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [deltav_v0_bd]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [radial_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [effective_creep_strain]
    block = clad
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]
[Functions]
  [power_history] #related to the LHGR at the midplane
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0  70000  12697021'
    y = '0  48827.8  48827.8'
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux_function]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0  70000  12697021'
    y = '0 2.6e+19 2.6e+19'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PiecewiseBilinear
    x = '0  0.065  0.134  0.202  0.271  0.339  0.406  0.519'
    y = '0 12697021'
    z = '0.889  1.041  1.152  1.173  1.129  0.971  0.782  0.672 0.889  1.041  1.152  1.173  1.129  0.971  0.782  0.672'
    scale_factor = 1
    axis = 1
  []
  [q]
    type = CompositeFunction
    functions = 'power_history axial_peaking_factors'
  []
  [average_power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0  70000  12697021'
    y = '0  40000  40000'
  []
  [clad_surface_temp]
    type = PiecewiseBilinear
    x = '0  0.065  0.134  0.202  0.271  0.339  0.406  0.519'
    y = '0 12697021'
    z = '295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295 416.36  422.49  428.63  434.27  439.36  444.71  450.07  455.48'
    scale_factor = 1
    axis = 1
  []
  [pressure_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1'
    y = '1 1'
  []
[]
[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [pellets]
    block = pellet
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain fuel_volumetric_strain'
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz'
    use_finite_deform_jacobian = true
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [clad]
    block = clad
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz'
    use_finite_deform_jacobian = true
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]
[Kernels]
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]
[AuxKernels]
  [fission_rate]
    type = FissionRateGeneral
    fission_rate_formulation = MOX
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
    initial_porosity = 0.07
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    rod_ave_lin_pow = power_history
    pellet_diameter = 0.00463
    execute_on = timestep_begin
    porosity = pore
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    variable = burnup
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fggen]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_gen_3
    property = gas_concentration_generated_total
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fggrn]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_grn_3
    property = gas_concentration_intra_total
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fgbdr]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_bdr_3
    property = gas_concentration_GB_bubble_volume
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fgrel]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_rel_3
    property = gas_concentration_release_total
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [nbbl2]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = bbl_bdr_2
    property = bubble_GB_surface_density
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [nvcn2]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = vcn_bdr_2
    property = vacancy_concentration_GB_surface
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [atmbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = atm_bbl_bdr
    property = atom_per_bubble_GB
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [vcnbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = vcn_bbl_bdr
    property = vacancy_per_bubble_GB
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [prsbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = prs_bbl_bdr
    property = bubble_GB_pressure
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [prseqbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = prseq_bbl_bdr
    property = bubble_GB_pressure_equilibrium
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [radbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = rad_bbl_bdr
    property = bubble_radius_GB
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = vol_bbl_bdr
    property = bubble_GB_volume
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [frcvrg]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = GBCoverage
    property = GBCoverage
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [diffc]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = eff_diff_coeff
    property = eff_diff_coeff
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [dvv0bd]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = deltav_v0_bd
    property = deltav_v0_bubble_GB
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [radial_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = radial_strain
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 0
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [effective_creep_strain]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = effective_creep_strain
    variable = effective_creep_strain
    block = clad
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
[]
[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    formulation = kinematic
    model = frictionless
    penalty = 1e7
  []
[]
[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = fis_gas_released
    contact_pressure = contact_pressure
    quadrature = true
  []
[]
[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = '12'
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad_bottom]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel_bottom]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [temp_clad_out]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = '2'
    function = clad_surface_temp
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      factor = 101325
      function = pressure_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 300000
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      material_input = fis_gas_released
      output = plenum_pressure
    []
  []
[]
[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    block = clad
    flux_function = fast_neutron_flux_function
  []
  [fuel_thermal]
    type = MAMOXThermal
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    Am_content = 0.0
    Np_content = 0.0
    porosity = pore
    output_properties = 'thermal_conductivity'
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MAMOXElasticityTensor
    block = pellet
  []
  [elastic_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = MAMOXThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    oxygen_to_metal_ratio = 1.98
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [fuel_volumetric_swelling]
    type = UO2VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    gas_swelling_model_type = SIFGRS
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    initial_fuel_density = 10920.4
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_volumetric_strain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = SS316Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 8000
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = SS316ElasticityTensor
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    elastic_constants_model = legacy_ifr
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = SS316ThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_ss316creep]
    type = SS316CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = elastic
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ss316creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    diff_coeff_option = TURNBULL_D1_4D2_4D3
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    grain_radius_const = 8.01e-6
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
[]
[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]
[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist'
  line_search = 'none'
  fixed_point_abs_tol = 1e-2
  fixed_point_rel_tol = 1e-2
  fixed_point_max_its = 1
  l_max_its = 70
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 70
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-2
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-2
  start_time = 0
  n_startup_steps = 1
  end_time = 12697021
  dtmax = 2e5
  dtmin = 0.25
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 5000
    optimal_iterations = 15
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
    growth_factor = 2
    cutback_factor = .5
    force_step_every_function_point = true
    timestep_limiting_function = power_history
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 7
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_released_percentage]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_grain]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGrainSifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_boundary]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasBoundarySifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [rod_input_power]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = average_power_history
    scale_factor = 0.55 # rod height
  []
  [average_vonMises_fuel]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = pellet
  []
  [average_vonMises_clad]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = clad
  []
  [average_strain_rr_fuel]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = radial_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [average_strain_rr_clad]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = radial_strain
    block = clad
  []
  [average_creep_strain_clad]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = effective_creep_strain
    block = clad
  []
  [ave_pore]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = pore
  []
  [max_pore]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = pore
  []
  [min_pore]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    value_type = min
    variable = pore
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  exodus = true
  color = true
  csv = true
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    execute_on = FINAL
    show = 'ave_temp_interior fis_gas_released_percentage max_pore'
  []
[]
[MultiApps]
  [sub]
    type = TransientMultiApp
    app_type = BisonApp
    execute_on = timestep_end
    catch_up = true
    max_catch_up_steps = 10
    positions_file = positions.txt
    input_files = MK-II_sub_old_bubble_gb_lim.i
  []
[]
[Transfers]
  [temp_to_sub]
    type = MultiAppProjectionTransfer
    to_multi_app = sub
    source_variable = temp
    variable = temp
  []
  [pore_from_sub]
    type = MultiAppGeometricInterpolationTransfer
    from_multi_app = sub
    source_variable = pore
    variable = pore
  []
[]
[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
  show_var_residual = 'temp disp_x disp_y'
[]

(test/tests/ADMetallicFuelWastage/ad_flux_ht9.i)

# This test is to verify the calculation in ADMetallicFuelWastage (flux_ht9)

[Mesh]
  [mesh]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 1
  []
[]

[Problem]
  solve = false
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 1000
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [temp]
    type = ConstantAux
    variable = temp
    value = 1000
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    factor = 1E19
    outputs = all
  []
  [converter]
    type = MaterialADConverter
    reg_props_in = 'fast_neutron_flux'
    ad_props_out = 'ad_fast_neutron_flux'
  []
  [wastage]
    type = ADMetallicFuelWastage
    fast_neutron_flux = 'ad_fast_neutron_flux'
    method = flux_ht9
    temperature = temp
    burnup = 0.0
    scale_factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  num_steps = 15
  dt = 1.0e6
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [wastage_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = wastage_thickness
  []
  [temp_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
  []
  [flux_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  csv = true
[]

(assessment/TRISO/benchmark/IAEA_CRP-6/fuel_performance/case_7/case_7_1D.i)

#
# This case is taken from Advances in high temperature gas cooled reactor fuel
# technology. Technical Report IAEA-TECDOC-1674, International Atomic Energy
# Agency, 2012.
#
# See also Hales, et al., Multidimensional multiphysics simulation of TRISO
# particle fuel, JNM, 443, 2013.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.07.070
#
# The correctness of the results computed by this case must be checked against
# results from the IAEA benchmark.  The best way to do this is to compare
# results with information in the JNM article.
#

[GlobalParams]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '3.50e-4 3.90e-4 4.25e-4 4.65e-4'
    mesh_density = '4 4 4'
    block_names = 'IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [radial_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(7.27026e-4/4.0*t*t*t - 5.05553e-3/3.0*t*t + 1.83715e-2/2.0*t - 2.12522e-2)'
  []
  [tangential_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(-8.88086e-4/4.0*t*t*t + 5.03465e-3/3.0*t*t - 3.42182e-3/2.0*t - 1.79113e-2)'
  []
  [pressure]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '26.2e6/8e7*t'
  []
  [k_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '2.715e-29'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1273.0
  []
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [IPyC_OPyC]
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    strain = finite
    eigenstrain_names = pyc_eigenstrain
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    strain = finite
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  [interior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    factor = 1.0
    function = pressure
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 3.75e17 # n/m^2-sec
  []
  [stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = 'SiC'
  []
  [PyC_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    k = k_function
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [PyC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    strain_free_density = 1900.0
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [PyC_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    radial_eigenstrain_function = radial_eigenstrain
    tangential_eigenstrain_function = tangential_eigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = pyc_eigenstrain
  []
  [PyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.7e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.13
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart -pc_type -pc_hypre_type -pc_hypre_boomeramg_max_iter'
  petsc_options_value = '201                hypre    boomeramg      4'
  line_search = 'none'
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 15
  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50
  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 8e7
  dt = 1.0
  dtmax = 1e6
  dtmin = 1.0e4
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [max_yy_IPyC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = IPyC
  []
  [max_yy_SiC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = SiC
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(test/tests/triso_pebble/1D_pebble_from_csv.i)

[GlobalParams]
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  flux_conversion_factor = 0.85
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '0 0.0138 0.018 0.02'
    mesh_density = '5    10   10'
    block_names = 'core fuel shell'
  []
[]

[Distributions]
  [normal_kernel_r]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 213.35e-6
    standard_deviation = 4.4e-6
    lower_bound = 1.9575e-04
    upper_bound = 2.3095e-04
  []
  [normal_buffer_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 98.9e-6
    standard_deviation = 8.4e-6
    lower_bound = 6.53e-05
    upper_bound = 1.325e-04
  []
  [normal_ipyc_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 40.4e-6
    standard_deviation = 2.5e-6
    lower_bound = 3.0400e-05
    upper_bound = 5.0400e-05
  []
  [normal_sic_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 35.2e-6
    standard_deviation = 1.2e-6
    lower_bound = 3.0400e-05
    upper_bound = 4.0000e-05
  []
  [normal_opyc_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 43.4e-6
    standard_deviation = 2.9e-6
    lower_bound = 3.1800e-05
    upper_bound = 5.5000e-05
  []
[]

[DiracKernels]
  [vpp_point_source]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSource
    variable = temperature
    point_source_values = heat_source
    value_name = heat_inc
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []
[]

[UserObjects]
  [point_source_location]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSourceLocation
    min_radius = 0.0138
    max_radius = 0.018
    geometry = SPHERE
    fuel_element_blocks = fuel
    execute_on = 'INITIAL'
    num_particles = 100
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [heat_source]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSourceFromFile
    file_base_time = monte_carlo_out_time
    file_base_source = monte_carlo_out_release_heat_inc
    x_header_in_file = 'time:time'
    y_header_in_file = 'release_heat_inc:release_heat_inc'
    source_name = heat_inc
    num_files = 2
    num_particles = 100
    format = columns
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
  []
  [point_source_output]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSourceOutput
    vector_postprocessor = heat_source
    value_name = heat_inc
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 773.15
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [density]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [thermal_conductivity]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [specific_heat]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [density]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = density
    property = density
    block = 'core fuel shell'
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [thermal_conductivity]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = thermal_conductivity
    property = thermal_conductivity
    block = 'core fuel shell'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [specific_heat]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = specific_heat
    property = specific_heat
    block = 'core fuel shell'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [coolant_temp]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    value = 773.15
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 76e6'
    y = '1 1'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = LinearCombinationFunction
    functions = power_history
    w = 5.75e19
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = power_history
    factor = 6.28e17
  []
  [fueled_region_thermal]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    block = fuel
    graphite_grade = A3_27_1800
    packing_fraction = 0.22
    temperature = temperature
    initial_matrix_density = 1750.0
  []
  [fuel_region_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = fuel
    property_name = density
    expression = 1750.0
  []
  [shell_region_thermal]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    block = shell
    graphite_grade = A3_27_1800
    packing_fraction = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    initial_matrix_density = 1750.0
  []
  [shell_region_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = shell
    property_name = density
    expression = 1750.0
  []
  [core_region_thermal]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    block = core
    graphite_grade = A3_27_1800
    packing_fraction = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    initial_matrix_density = 1400.0
  []
  [core_region_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = core
    property_name = density
    expression = 1400.0
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
  show_var_residual = 'temperature'
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-9
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-9
  nl_max_its = 15

  l_tol = 1e-5
  l_max_its = 30

  start_time = 0.0
  dt = 10
  num_steps = 2
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(test/tests/ADMetallicFuelWastage/ad_flux_ss316-jac.i)

# This tests the AD jacobian for ADMetallicFuelWastage (flux_ht9)

[Mesh]
  [mesh]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 2
    nx = 2
    ny = 2
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
  []
[]

[ICs]
  [temp]
    type = ConstantIC
    variable = temp
    value = 300
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [left]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = 3
    value = 1000
  []
  [right]
    type = ADFunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = 1
    function = right_temp
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [temp_diff]
    type = ADHeatConduction
    variable = temp
    thermal_conductivity = 15.0
  []
  [temp_dt]
    type = ADHeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    specific_heat = 100.0
    density_name = 7900
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [right_temp]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 1000.0/(1.0+wt*1000)
    symbol_names = 'wt'
    symbol_values = 'avg_wastage'
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    factor = 1E19
    outputs = all
  []
  [converter]
    type = MaterialADConverter
    reg_props_in = 'fast_neutron_flux'
    ad_props_out = 'ad_fast_neutron_flux'
  []
  [wastage]
    type = ADMetallicFuelWastage
    fast_neutron_flux = 'ad_fast_neutron_flux'
    method = flux_ss316
    temperature = temp
    burnup = 0.0
    scale_factor = 1.0
    boundary = 3
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  num_steps = 15
  dt = 1.0e6
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [avg_wastage]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = wastage_thickness
  []
  [avg_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
  []
[]

(examples/accident_tolerant_fuel/u3si2_sic/u3si2_outer_monolith_1.5D.i)

# Model is of a 10 pellet fuel rodlet modeled in 1.5D.  The rodlet contains
# U3Si2 fuel and a multilayer silicon carbide cladding (an inner composite
# winding layer) and an outer monolithic layer. The inner composite layer is
# 0.75 mm thick and the outer monolithic layer is 0.25 mm thick. The internal
# layered1D mesh generator can model a clad an arbitrary number of additional blocks.
# Therefore, to create the multilayer SiC clad the composite layer is assigned to the
# clad block and the monolithic_layer is assigned to the monolithic_layer block
# as specified in the additional_block_names parameter in the Mesh block.


initial_fuel_density = 11590.0

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  initial_porosity = 0.05
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  displacements = disp_x
  temperature = temperature
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [layered1D_mesh]
    type = Layered1DMeshGenerator
    slices_per_block = 10
    clad_gap_width = 8.0e-5
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    clad_thickness = 0.00075
    nx_c = 5
    additional_block_names = 'monolithic_layer'
    additional_elements_per_ring = '3'
    additional_ring_thicknesses = '0.00025'
    fuel_height = 0.1186
    plenum_height = 0.027
  []
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = Layered1DFuelPinGeometry
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 580.0 # set initial temperature to coolant inlet
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [disp_y] ## Required for easier visualization in Paraview
  []
  [disp_z] ## Required for easier visualization in Paraview
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    block = 'clad monolithic_layer'
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    block = 'clad monolithic_layer'
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [grain_radius]
    block = fuel
    initial_condition = 10e-6
  []
  [solid_swell]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = fuel
  []
  [gaseous_swelling]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = fuel
  []
  [densification]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumetric_swelling_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = fuel
  []
  [relocation]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = fuel
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e4 1e8'
    y = '0 25000 25000'
    scale_factor = 1
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 1
  []
  [pressure_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '-200 0 1e8'
    y = '6.537e-3 1 1'
  []
  [q]
    type = CompositeFunction
    functions = 'power_history axial_peaking_factors'
  []
  [clad_axial_pressure]
    type = CladdingAxialPressureFunction
    plenum_pressure = plenum_pressure
    coolant_pressure = pressure_ramp
    coolant_pressure_scaling_factor = 15.5e6
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [fuel_axial_pressure]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = plenum_pressure
    symbol_names = plenum_pressure
    symbol_values = plenum_pressure
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    burnup_function = burnup
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Physics]
  [SolidMechanics]
    [Layered1D]
      [fuel]
        block = fuel
        add_variables = true
        strain = SMALL
        incremental = true
        add_scalar_variables = true
        out_of_plane_strain_name = strain_yy
        fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
        out_of_plane_pressure_function = fuel_axial_pressure
        eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain fuel_swelling_strain'
        generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress strain_xx'
        extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
        group_scalar_vars_in_reference_residual = true
        mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
      []
      [composite]
        block = clad
        add_variables = true
        strain = SMALL
        incremental = true
        add_scalar_variables = true
        out_of_plane_strain_name = strain_yy
        fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
        out_of_plane_pressure_function = clad_axial_pressure
        eigenstrain_names = 'composite_thermal_strain composite_swelling_strain'
        generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress strain_xx'
        extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
        group_scalar_vars_in_reference_residual = true
        mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
      []
      [monolith]
        block = monolithic_layer
        add_variables = true
        strain = SMALL
        incremental = true
        add_scalar_variables = true
        out_of_plane_strain_name = strain_yy
        fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
        out_of_plane_pressure_function = clad_axial_pressure
        eigenstrain_names = 'monolith_thermal_strain monolith_swelling_strain'
        generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress strain_xx'
        extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
        group_scalar_vars_in_reference_residual = true
        mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
      []
    []
  []
[]

[Burnup]
  [burnup]
    block = fuel
    rod_ave_lin_pow = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    num_radial = 80
    num_axial = 11
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    fuel_volume_ratio = 1.0
    RPF = RPF
    fuel_type = U3Si2
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    block = 'clad monolithic_layer'
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = 'clad monolithic_layer'
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [grain_radius]
    type = GrainRadiusAux
    block = fuel
    variable = grain_radius
    temperature = temperature
    execute_on = linear
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = fuel
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gaseous_swelling
    property = gaseous_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = fuel
  []
  [densification]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = densification
    property = densification
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumetric_swelling_strain]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = volumetric_swelling_strain
    property = volumetric_swelling_strain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = fuel
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    formulation = kinematic
    model = frictionless
    penalty = 1e7
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to a postprocessor which supplies the initial plenum/gap gas mass
    gas_released = fis_gas_released # coupling to a postprocessor which supplies the fission gas addition
    contact_pressure = contact_pressure
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all] # pin pellets and clad along axis of symmetry (y)
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure] # apply coolant pressure on clad outer walls
    [coolantPressure]
      use_displaced_mesh = false
      boundary = 2
      function = pressure_ramp # use the pressure_ramp function defined above
      factor = 15.5e6
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure] # apply plenum pressure on clad inner walls and pellet surfaces
    [plenumPressure]
      use_displaced_mesh = false
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 2.0e6
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.314
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to post processor to get initial fill gas mass
      temperature = ave_temp_interior # coupling to post processor to get gas temperature approximation
      volume = gas_volume # coupling to post processor to get gas volume
      material_input = fis_gas_released # coupling to post processor to get fission gas added
      output = plenum_pressure # coupling to post processor to output plenum/gap pressure
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface] # apply convective boundary to clad outer surface
    variable = temperature
    boundary = 2
    inlet_temperature = 580 # K
    inlet_pressure = 15.5e6 # Pa
    inlet_massflux = 3800 # kg/m^2-sec
    rod_diameter = 10.368e-3 # m
    rod_pitch = 1.26e-2 # m
    linear_heat_rate = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    block = 'clad monolithic_layer'
    rod_ave_lin_pow = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    factor = 3e13
  []
  ### U3Si2 Fuel
  [fuel_thermal]
    type = SilicideFuelThermal
    block = fuel
    thermal_conductivity_model = WHITE
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = U3Si2ElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    block = fuel
    tangent_operator = elastic
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_creep'
  []
  [fuel_creep]
    type = U3Si2CreepUpdate
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = U3Si2ThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [fuel_volumetric_swelling]
    type = U3Si2VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    gaseous_swelling_type = FINLAY
    temperature = temperature
    burnup_function = burnup
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_swelling_strain
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = U3Si2Sifgrs
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    burnup_function = burnup
    grain_radius_const = 2.5e-05
  []

  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []

  ### Composite SiC
  [composite_thermal]
    type = CompositeSiCThermal
    thermal_conductivity_model = STONE
    temperature = temperature
    block = clad
  []
  [composite_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 2700.0
  []
  [composite_elasticity_tensor]
    type = CompositeSiCElasticityTensor
    block = clad
  []
  [composite_stress]
    type = ComputeStrainIncrementBasedStress
    block = clad
  []
  [composite_thermal_expansion]
    type = CompositeSiCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = composite_thermal_strain
  []
  [composite_irradiation_swelling]
    type = CompositeSiCVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = clad
    temperature = temperature
    fast_neutron_fluence = fast_neutron_fluence
    swelling_model = KATOH
    number_of_substeps = 1000
    eigenstrain_name = composite_swelling_strain
  []

  ### Monolithic SiC
  [monolith_thermal]
    type = MonolithicSiCThermal
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = STONE
    block = monolithic_layer
  []
  [monolith_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = monolithic_layer
    strain_free_density = 3120.0
  []
  [monolith_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MonolithicSiCElasticityTensor
    block = monolithic_layer
  []
  [monolith_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    block = monolithic_layer
    tangent_operator = elastic
    inelastic_models = 'monolith_creep'
  []
  [monolith_creep]
    type = MonolithicSiCCreepUpdate
    block = monolithic_layer
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
    temperature = temperature
    k_function = 2e-37
  []
  [monolith_thermal_expansion]
    type = MonolithicSiCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = monolithic_layer
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = monolith_thermal_strain
  []
  [monolith_irradiation_swelling]
    type = CompositeSiCVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = monolithic_layer
    temperature = temperature
    fast_neutron_fluence = fast_neutron_fluence
    swelling_model = KATOH
    number_of_substeps = 1000
    eigenstrain_name = monolith_swelling_strain
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [limitT]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 100.0
    variable = temperature
  []
  [limitX]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 1e-5
    variable = disp_x
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 50
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 50
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  start_time = -200
  n_startup_steps = 1
  end_time = 8.0e7
  dtmax = 1e6
  dtmin = 1

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 2e2
    optimal_iterations = 25
    iteration_window = 5
    growth_factor = 2
    cutback_factor = .5
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior] # average temperature of the cladding interior and all pellet exteriors
    type = LayeredSideAverageValuePostprocessor
    boundary = 9
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [clad_inner_vol] # volume inside of cladding
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 7
    component = 0
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [pellet_volume] # fuel pellet total volume
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 8
    component = 0
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [avg_clad_temp] # average temperature of cladding interior
    type = LayeredSideAverageValuePostprocessor
    boundary = 7
    variable = temperature
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_produced] # fission gas produced (moles)
    type = LayeredElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrsPostprocessor
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [fis_gas_released] # fission gas released to plenum (moles)
    type = LayeredElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrsPostprocessor
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [fis_gas_grain]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralFisGasGrainSifgrsPostprocessor
    block = fuel
    outputs = exodus
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [fis_gas_boundary]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralFisGasBoundarySifgrsPostprocessor
    block = fuel
    outputs = exodus
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []

  [gas_volume]
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    component = 0
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [flux_from_clad] # area integrated heat flux from the cladding
    type = LayeredSideFluxIntegralPostprocessor
    variable = temperature
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [flux_from_fuel] # area integrated heat flux from the fuel
    type = LayeredSideFluxIntegralPostprocessor
    variable = temperature
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [_dt] # time step
    type = TimestepSize
  []
  [num_lin_it]
    type = NumLinearIterations
  []
  [num_nonlin_it]
    type = NumNonlinearIterations
  []
  [tot_lin_it]
    type = CumulativeValuePostprocessor
    postprocessor = num_lin_it
  []
  [tot_nonlin_it]
    type = CumulativeValuePostprocessor
    postprocessor = num_nonlin_it
  []
  [alive_time]
    type = PerfGraphData
    section_name = Root
    data_type = TOTAL
  []

  [rod_total_power]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralPowerPostprocessor
    variable = temperature
    burnup_function = burnup
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [rod_input_power]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.1186 # rod height
  []

  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = fuel
  []
  [gaseous_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gaseous_swelling
    block = fuel
  []
  [densification]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = densification
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumetric_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_swelling_strain
    block = fuel
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  exodus = true
  csv = true
  color = false
[]

(test/tests/triso_pebble/triso_1d.i)

kernel_radius = 213.35e-6
buffer_thickness = 98.9e-6
IPyC_thickness = 40.4e-6
SiC_thickness = 35.2e-6
OPyC_thickness = 43.4e-6

coordinates1 = '${fparse kernel_radius}'
coordinates2 = '${fparse coordinates1+buffer_thickness}'
coordinates3 = '${fparse coordinates2+IPyC_thickness}'
coordinates4 = '${fparse coordinates3+SiC_thickness}'
coordinates5 = '${fparse coordinates4+OPyC_thickness}'

[GlobalParams]
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  initial_enrichment = 0.14029 # [wt-]
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 # [J/fission]
  O_U = 1.428 # Initial Oxygen to Uranium atom ratio
  C_U = 0.392 # Initial Carbon to Uranium atom ratio
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [mesh]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '0 ${coordinates1} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates3} ${coordinates4} ${coordinates5}'
    mesh_density = '18 14 12 16 16'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[UserObjects]
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_OPyC = OPyC_outer_boundary
    outer_SiC = SiC_outer_boundary
    outer_IPyC = IPyC_outer_boundary
    inner_IPyC = IPyC_inner_boundary
    outer_buffer = buffer_outer_boundary
    outer_kernel = fuel_outer_boundary
    include_particle = true
    include_pebble = false
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 773.15
  []
  [conc_Ag]
    initial_condition = 0.0
    scaling = 1e14
  []
  [conc_Cs]
    initial_condition = 0.0
    scaling = 1e14
  []
  [conc_Sr]
    initial_condition = 0.0
    scaling = 1e14
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [Ag_diff_coef]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [Cs_diff_coef]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [Sr_diff_coef]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 76e6'
    y = '1 1'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = LinearCombinationFunction
    functions = power_history
    w = 5.75e19
  []
  [d1_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'exp(t/4.5e25)'
  []
  [temp_bc_func]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = temp_bc
    symbol_names = temp_bc
    symbol_values = temp_bc
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []

  [mass_Ag_dt]
    type = TimeDerivative
    variable = conc_Ag
  []
  [mass_Ag]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusion
    variable = conc_Ag
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_source_Ag]
    type = SpeciesSourceRate
    variable = conc_Ag
    property_name = Ag_generation
    block = fuel
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []

  [mass_Cs_dt]
    type = TimeDerivative
    variable = conc_Cs
  []
  [mass_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusion
    variable = conc_Cs
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_source_Cs]
    type = SpeciesSourceRate
    variable = conc_Cs
    property_name = Cs_generation
    block = fuel
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []

  [mass_Sr_dt]
    type = MassLumpedTimeDerivative
    variable = conc_Sr
  []
  [mass_Sr]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusion
    variable = conc_Sr
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Sr
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_source_Sr]
    type = SpeciesSourceRate
    variable = conc_Sr
    property_name = Sr_generation
    block = fuel
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [burnup]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = burnup
    property = burnup
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [Ag_diff_coef]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = Ag_diff_coef
    property = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [Cs_diff_coef]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = Cs_diff_coef
    property = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [Sr_diff_coef]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = Sr_diff_coef
    property = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Sr
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    function = temp_bc_func
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [freesurf_conc_Ag]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = conc_Ag
    boundary = exterior
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_conc_Cs]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = conc_Cs
    boundary = exterior
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_conc_Sr]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = conc_Sr
    boundary = exterior
    value = 0.0
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = power_history
    factor = 6.28e17
  []
  [UCO_burnup]
    type = TRISOBurnup
    initial_density = 10966.0
  []

  [UCO_thermal]
    type = UCOThermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [UCO_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = fuel
    property_name = density
    expression = 10966.0
  []

  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UCOFGR
    block = fuel
    average_grain_radius = 10e-6
    temperature = temperature
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    cutoff_neutron_flux = 0.0
  []

  # Arrhenius diffusion coefficients for kernel, PyC, and SiC
  #   come from IAEA TECDOC-978, French parameters.
  [fuel_conc_Ag]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = fuel
    d1 = 6.7e-9 # m^2/s
    q1 = 165e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
  []
  [fuel_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = fuel
    d1 = 5.6e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 209e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []
  [fuel_conc_Sr]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = fuel
    d1 = 2.2e-3 # m^2/s
    q1 = 488e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Sr
  []
  [mass_source_Ag_property]
    type = SpeciesSourceMaterial
    property_name = Ag_generation
    kind = Ag
    block = fuel
  []
  [mass_source_Cs_property]
    type = SpeciesSourceMaterial
    property_name = Cs_generation
    kind = Cs
    block = fuel
  []
  [mass_source_Sr_property]
    type = SpeciesSourceMaterial
    property_name = Sr_generation
    kind = Sr
    block = fuel
  []

  ### Buffer Properties

  [buffer_thermal]
    type = BufferThermal
    block = buffer
    initial_density = 1050.0
  []

  [Buffer_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = buffer
    property_name = density
    expression = 1050.0
  []

  [buffer_conc_Ag]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = buffer
    d1 = 1e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
  []
  [buffer_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = buffer
    d1 = 1e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []
  [buffer_conc_Sr]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = buffer
    d1 = 1e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Sr
  []

  ### IPyC  properties

  [IPyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []

  [IPyC_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = IPyC
    property_name = density
    expression = 1907.0
  []

  [IPyC_conc_Ag]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = IPyC
    d1 = 5.3e-9 # m^2/s
    q1 = 154e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
  []
  [IPyC_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = IPyC
    d1 = 6.3e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 222e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []
  [IPyC_conc_Sr]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = IPyC
    d1 = 2.3e-6 # m^2/s
    q1 = 197e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Sr
  []

  ### SiC properties

  [SiC_thermal]
    type = MonolithicSiCThermal
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = miller
  []

  [SiC_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = SiC
    property_name = density
    expression = 3200.0
  []

  [SiC_conc_Ag]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = SiC
    d1 = 3.6e-9 # m^2/s
    q1 = 215e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
  []
  [SiC_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = SiC
    d1 = 5.5e-14 # m^2/s
    q1 = 125e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []
  [SiC_conc_Sr]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = SiC
    d1 = 1.2e-9 # m^2/s
    q1 = 205e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Sr
  []

  ###  OPyC properties

  [OPyC_thermal_conductivity]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = OPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []

  [OPyC_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = OPyC
    property_name = density
    expression = 1907.0
  []


  [OPyC_conc_Ag]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = OPyC
    d1 = 5.3e-9 # m^2/s
    q1 = 154e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
  []
  [OPyC_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = OPyC
    d1 = 6.3e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 222e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []
  [OPyC_conc_Sr]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = OPyC
    d1 = 2.3e-6 # m^2/s
    q1 = 197e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Sr
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
  show_var_residual = 'temperature conc_Ag conc_Cs conc_Sr'
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu'

  line_search = 'none'

  automatic_scaling = true

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-12
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-12
  nl_max_its = 20

  nl_forced_its = 2

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  dt = 20000
  num_steps = 2
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [temp_bc]
    type = Receiver
  []
  [release_Ag_inc]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc_Ag
    boundary = exterior
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [released_Ag]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor # computes time integration of value
    value = release_Ag_inc
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [total_Ag]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = Ag_generation_total
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [x_Ag_released]
    type = FractionalRelease
    released = released_Ag
    total = total_Ag
  []
  [retained_Ag]
    type = ElementIntegralVariablePostprocessor
    variable = conc_Ag
  []
  [release_Cs_inc]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc_Cs
    boundary = exterior
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [released_Cs]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = release_Cs_inc
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [total_Cs]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = Cs_generation_total
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [x_Cs_released]
    type = FractionalRelease
    released = released_Cs
    total = total_Cs
  []
  [retained_Cs]
    type = ElementIntegralVariablePostprocessor
    variable = conc_Cs
  []
  [release_Sr_inc]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc_Sr
    boundary = exterior
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Sr
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [released_Sr]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = release_Sr_inc
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [released_heat_inc]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    arrhenius_prpty_name = thermal_conductivity
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [total_Sr]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = Sr_generation_total
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [x_Sr_released]
    type = FractionalRelease
    released = released_Sr
    total = total_Sr
  []
  [retained_Sr]
    type = ElementIntegralVariablePostprocessor
    variable = conc_Sr
  []

  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_produced
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  ### Postprocessors for CO production
  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  ##### irradiation conditions

  [particle_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_fluence]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [aver_temp_exterior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = false
[]

(test/tests/MetallicFuelWastage/flux_ht9.i)

# This test is to verify the calculation in MetallicFuelWastage (flux_ht9)

# avo = 6.02E+23
# density = 100
# X_Zr = 0.1
# X_Pu = 0.1
# A_U = 0.2380289
# A_Pu = 0.244
# A_Zr = 0.091224
# M_avg = X_Zr * A_Zr + X_Pu * Z_Pu + (1 - X_Zr - X_Pu) * A_U = 0.22394552
# atoms = density / M_avg * (1 - X_Zr) * avo = 2.42014E+26
#
# Burnup = Burnup_old + (fsnrate + fsnrate_old) / 2.0 * dt / atoms
#
#time     flux_avg   wastage_avg
#0        0          0
#1000000  1e+19      2.8447098655887e-05
#2000000  1e+19      4.8562235020547e-05
#3000000  1e+19      6.4986175087188e-05
#4000000  1e+19      7.9209724415131e-05
#5000000  1e+19      9.1931653686572e-05
#6000000  1e+19      0.0001035451330815
#7000000  1e+19      0.00011429712573361
#8000000  1e+19      0.00012435469391594
#9000000  1e+19      0.00013383706013457
#10000000 1e+19      0.00014283282259218
#11000000 1e+19      0.00015140994555725
#12000000 1e+19      0.00015962191559057
#13000000 1e+19      0.0001675117211938
#14000000 1e+19      0.00017511452810938
#15000000 1e+19      0.00018245953739886

[Mesh]
  [mesh]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 1
  []
[]

[Problem]
  solve = false
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 1000
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [temp]
    type = ConstantAux
    variable = temp
    value = 1000
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    factor = 1E19
    outputs = all
  []
  [wastage]
    type = MetallicFuelWastage
    method = flux_ht9
    temperature = temp
    burnup = 0.0
    scale_factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  num_steps = 15
  dt = 1.0e6
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [wastage_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = wastage_thickness
  []
  [temp_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
  []
  [flux_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  csv = true
[]

(examples/TRISO/accident_simulation/triso2D_accident.i)

# This example is 2D-RZ analysis of a TRISO fuel particle. Fully coupled
# heat transfer and solid mechanics, plus diffusion of the fission product
# species cesium (Cs) are simulated.  The mesh includes contact surfaces
# between the buffer and IPyC layers to facilitate a gap opening between
# these layers. These surfaces are initially in mechanical contact but
# are assumed to have no strength in tension. A coarse mesh is used to
# provide a short run time.

# The calculation simulates fuel-life in three steps. The first step is an
# irradiation period, where constant power and a fixed particle surface
# temperature (1500 K) are assumed over a lifetime of 76 Ms (2.4 yrs).
# For the second step, fuel removal and storage are simulated by setting
# the reactor power and Cs source terms to zero, reducing the particle
# surface temperature to ambient (300 K), and then holding it
# for 100 days. A third and final step simulates accident
# behavior by increasing the particle surface temperature from ambient
# to 2073 K over 2 hrs, and then holding it at this elevated temperature
# for an additional 200 hrs. At the particle outer boundary, the Cs
# concentration is held at zero and the pressure at ambient during the
# entire simulation. The particle is assumed to be stress-free at an
# initial temperature of 1500 K.
#
# Details about this simulation are given in Section 4 of the following
# article: J. D. Hales, R. L. Williamson, S. R. Novascone, D. M. Perez,
# B. W. Spencer and G. Pastore, "Multidimensional multiphysics simulation
# of TRISO particle fuel", Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 443, p. 531,
# 2013.


initial_fuel_density = 11000.0

[GlobalParams]
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  flux_conversion_factor = 0.85
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [mesh]
    type = FileMeshGenerator
    file = triso2Dmed.e
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 1500.0
  []
  [conc]
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gap_condSlave]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [creep_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [creep_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [creep_zz]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 76e6 76.001e6'
    y = '1 1     0'
  []
  [temp_bc]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0    76e6  76.001e6 84.641e6 84.6482e6'
    y = '1500 1500  300      300      2073'
  []
  [k_function]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0     200e6'
    y = '4e-37 4e-37'
  []
  [d1_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'exp(t/4.5e25)'
  []
  [d_gap]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '1500  2100'
    y = '1e-14 1e-12'
  []
  [integral_flux_error]
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_names = 'buffer_integral_flux IPyC_integral_flux'
    symbol_values = 'buffer_integral_flux IPyC_integral_flux'
    expression = 'IPyC_integral_flux + buffer_integral_flux'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz stress_xy stress_yz stress_zx hydrostatic_stress'
  strain = FINITE
  incremental = true
  add_variables = false
  [default]
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC OPyC'
    eigenstrain_names = 'thermal_strain swelling_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [SiC]
    block = 'SiC'
    eigenstrain_names = 'thermal_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # units of J/fission
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_ie]
    type = TimeDerivative
    variable = conc
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusion
    variable = conc
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_source]
    type = BodyForce
    variable = conc
    function = power_history
    value = 1.22e-5 # units of moles/m**3-s
    block = fuel
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_decay]
    type = Decay
    variable = conc
    radioactive_decay_constant = 7.297e-10 # units:(1/sec)  The constant for Cesium
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fission_rate]
    type = FissionRateGeneral
    fission_rate_formulation = GENERIC
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    fission_rate_function = power_history
    value = 3.89e19
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    variable = fluence
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    molecular_weight = 0.270 # units of kg/mole
    execute_on = timestep_begin
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [creep_xx]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = creep_xx
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 0
    block = 'buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [creep_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = creep_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    block = 'buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [creep_zz]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = creep_zz
    index_i = 2
    index_j = 2
    block = 'buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [conductanceSlave]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_condSlave
    boundary = BufferGapBndry
    execute_on = linear
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 15
    secondary = 17
    penalty = 1e5
    model = frictionless
    formulation = penalty
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 15
    secondary = 17
    initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to a postprocessor which supplies the initial plenum/gap gas mass
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released co_production' # coupling to postprocessors which supply the fission gas addition, co addition
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe;
                          CO'
    released_fractions = '0.153 0.847;
                          1'
    gap_geometry_type = CYLINDER
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    roughness_coef = 0.0
    quadrature = true
  []
  [cesium_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = conc
    primary = 15
    secondary = 17
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    gap_conductivity_function = d_gap
    gap_conductivity_function_variable = temp
    appended_property_name = _conc
    emissivity_primary = 0
    emissivity_secondary = 0
    quadrature = true
  []
[]

[BCs]
  # pin particle along symmetry planes
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [no_disp_y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = yzero
    value = 0.0
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  # fix temperature on free surface
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = exterior
    function = temp_bc
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  # fix concentration on free surface
  [freesurf_conc]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = conc
    boundary = exterior
    value = 0.0
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [PlenumPressure] #  apply plenum pressure on clad inner walls and pellet surfaces
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = BufferGapVol
      initial_pressure = 0
      startup_time = 1.0e4
      R = 8.3145
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to post processor to get initial fill gas mass
      temperature = ave_temp_interior # coupling to post processor to get gas temperature approximation
      volume = volumeGas # coupling to post processor to get gas volume
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released co_production' # coupling to post processor to get fission gas added, co added
      output = plenum_pressure # coupling to post processor to output plenum/gap pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 5e17
  []

  [fission_gas_release] # Sifgrs fission gas release mode
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate # coupling to fission_rate aux variable
    grain_radius_const = 5.0e-6
  []

  [fuel_thermal]
    type = UO2Thermal
    thermal_conductivity_model = FINK_LUCUTA
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    initial_porosity = 0.0
  []
  [fuel_swelling]
    type = UO2VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    gas_swelling_model_type = MATPRO
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    eigenstrain_name = 'swelling_strain'
    initial_fuel_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fuel_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [fuel_elasticity]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    youngs_modulus = 2.2e11
    poissons_ratio = .345
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1500.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density} # kg/m^3
  []
  [fuel_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = fuel
    d1 = 5.6e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 209.0e+3 # J/mol
    d2 = 5.2e-4 # m^2/s
    q2 = 362.0e+3 # J/mol
    gas_constant = 8.3143 # J/K-mol
    temperature = temp
  []

  [buffer_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    pyc_type = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = 'swelling_strain'
  []
  [buffer_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.65e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1500.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [buffer_elasticity]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    youngs_modulus = 2e10
    poissons_ratio = .23
  []
  [buffer_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = buffer
    temperature = temp
  []
  [buffer_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = buffer
    thermal_conductivity = 0.5 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 720.0 # J/kg-K
  []
  [buffer_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1000.0 #kg/m^3
    block = buffer
  []
  [buffer_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = buffer
    d1 = 1.0e-12 # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0
    d2 = 0.0
    q2 = 0.0
    gas_constant = 8.3143 # J/K-mol
    temperature = temp
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'IPyC OPyC buffer'
  []
  [IPyC_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    pyc_type = dense
    eigenstrain_name = 'swelling_strain'
  []
  [IPyC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.65e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1500.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [IPyC_elasticity]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    youngs_modulus = 4.74e10
    poissons_ratio = .23
  []
  [IPyC_disp]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    temperature = temp
  []
  [IPyC_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [IPyC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    strain_free_density = 1900.0
  []
  [IPyC_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = IPyC
    d1 = 6.3e-8
    q1 = 222.0e+3
    d2 = 0.0
    q2 = 0.0
    gas_constant = 8.3143 # J/K-mol
    temperature = temp
  []
  [SiC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1500.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [SiC_elasticity]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.4e11
    poissons_ratio = .13
  []
  [SiC_creep]
    type = MonolithicSiCCreepUpdate
    block = SiC
    temperature = temp
    k_function = k_function
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    block = SiC
    tangent_operator = elastic
    inelastic_models = 'SiC_creep'
  []
  [SiC_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = SiC
    thermal_conductivity = 13.9 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 620.0 # J/kg-K
  []
  [SiC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 3180.0 # kg/m^3
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = SiC
    d1 = 5.5e-14 # m^2/s
    d1_function = d1_function
    d1_function_variable = fluence
    q1 = 125.0e+3 # J/mol
    d2 = 1.6e-2 # m^2/s
    q2 = 514.0e+3 # J/mol
    gas_constant = 8.3143 # J/K-mol
    temperature = temp
  []

  [OPyC_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    pyc_type = dense
    eigenstrain_name = 'swelling_strain'
  []
  [OPyC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.65e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1500.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [OPyC_elasticity]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = OPyC
    youngs_modulus = 4.74e10
    poissons_ratio = .23
  []
  [OPyC_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = OPyC
    d1 = 6.3e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 222.0e+3 # J/mol
    d2 = 0.0
    q2 = 0.0
    gas_constant = 8.3143 # J/K-mol
    temperature = temp
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temp
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-9
  nl_max_its = 15

  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 85.3682e6
  dt = 100

  dtmax = 2e6
  dtmin = 1

  automatic_scaling = true
  compute_scaling_once = false
  scaling_group_variables = 'conc; disp_x disp_y; temp'

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 100
    optimal_iterations = 6
    growth_factor = 1.5
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
    time_t = '0    76e6  76.001e6 84.641e6 84.6482e6'
    time_dt = '20  20     20      20       20'
  []

  [Predictor]
    type = SimplePredictor
    scale = 1
    skip_times_old = '0    76e6  76.001e6 84.641e6 84.6482e6'
  []

  [Quadrature]
    order = THIRD
    side_order = FIFTH
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  exodus = true
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
  []
  [csv]
    type = CSV
    sync_times = '100 6308007 75696087'
    sync_only = true
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [Cs_release]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc
    boundary = exterior
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [dt]
    type = TimestepSize
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fis_gas_produced] # fission gas produced (moles)
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_released] # fission gas released to plenum (moles)
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeTotal]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = exterior
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeFuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeGas]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = BufferGapVol
    # ro = 3.125e-4
    # ri = 2.125e-4
    # vb = 4/3*pi*(ro^3-ri^3) = 8.76e-11
    # buffer density = 1000
    # PyC density    = 1900
    # fill ratio = 10/19
    # vb*10/19 = 4.6e-11
    # Must remove 4.6e-11 m^3 from the volume
    addition = -4.6e-11
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeBufferShell]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = BufferGapVol
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = BufferGapVol
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []

  # Postprocessors for CO production

  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [avg_surface_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temp
    boundary = exterior
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [time_int_surf_temp]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = avg_surface_temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [co_production]
    type = CarbonMonoxideProduction
    total_fissions = total_fissions
    time_integrated_triso_temperature = time_int_surf_temp
    initial_enrichment = 0.14029
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [num_lin_it]
    type = NumLinearIterations
  []
  [num_nonlin_it]
    type = NumNonlinearIterations
  []
  [tot_lin_it]
    type = CumulativeValuePostprocessor
    postprocessor = num_lin_it
  []
  [tot_nonlin_it]
    type = CumulativeValuePostprocessor
    postprocessor = num_nonlin_it
  []
  [alive_time]
    type = PerfGraphData
    section_name = Root
    data_type = TOTAL
  []

  [buffer_avg_conc]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = conc
    boundary = 17
  []
  [IPyC_avg_conc]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = conc
    boundary = 15
  []
  [buffer_integral_flux]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc
    boundary = 17
  []
  [IPyC_integral_flux]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc
    boundary = 15
  []
  [integral_flux_error]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = integral_flux_error
  []
  [integral_Cs_release]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = Cs_release
  []
  [Cs_production]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 1.22e-5 # units of moles/m**3-s
  []
  [time_integral_Cs_production]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = Cs_production
  []
  [volumeFuel_initial]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel
    execute_on = initial
  []
  [integral_Cs_production]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'time_integral_Cs_production volumeFuel_initial'
    expression = 'time_integral_Cs_production * volumeFuel_initial'
  []
  [Cs_release_fraction]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'integral_Cs_release integral_Cs_production'
    expression = 'integral_Cs_release / integral_Cs_production'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [temperaturevpp]
    type = SideValueSampler
    boundary = 11
    variable = temp
    sort_by = x
    outputs = 'csv'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
[]

(test/tests/triso/base_irradiation/triso1D_accident.i)

initial_fuel_density = 11000.0

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density} # kg/m^3
  order = SECOND
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [mesh]
    type = FileMeshGenerator
    file = triso1DFineTruss3.e
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1500.0
  []
  [conc_Cs]
    initial_condition = 0.0
    scaling = 1e18
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gap_condSlave]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 76e6 76.001e6'
    y = '1 1     0'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = LinearCombinationFunction
    functions = power_history
    w = 3.89e19
  []
  [temp_bc]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0    76e6  76.001e6 84.641e6 84.6482e6'
    y = '1500 1500  300  300     2073'
  []

  [k_function]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0     200e6'
    y = '4e-37 4e-37'
  []

  [d1_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'exp(t/4.5e25)'
  []
  [d_gap]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '1500  2100'
    y = '1e-14 1e-12'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    block = fuel
    add_variables = false
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain fuel_swelling'
    generate_output = 'hydrostatic_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [buffer]
    block = buffer
    add_variables = false
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'buffer_thermal_strain buffer_eigenstrain'
    generate_output = 'hydrostatic_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [IPyC]
    block = IPyC
    add_variables = false
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'IPyC_eigenstrain IPyC_thermal_strain'
    generate_output = 'hydrostatic_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    add_variables = false
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'SiC_thermal_strain'
    generate_output = 'hydrostatic_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [OPyC]
    block = OPyC
    add_variables = false
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'OPyC_eigenstrain OPyC_thermal_strain'
    generate_output = 'hydrostatic_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # units of J/fission
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_ie]
    type = TimeDerivative
    variable = conc_Cs
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusion
    variable = conc_Cs
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_source]
    type = BodyForce
    variable = conc_Cs
    function = power_history
    value = 1.22e-5 # units of mol/m**3-s
    block = fuel
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_decay]
    type = Decay
    variable = conc_Cs
    radioactive_decay_constant = 7.297e-10 # units:(1/sec)  The constant for Cesium
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    variable = burnup
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    molecular_weight = 0.270 # units of kg/mol
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [conductanceSlave]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_condSlave
    boundary = BufferGapBndry
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 15
    secondary = 17
    penalty = 1e5
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = 15
    secondary = 17
    initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to a postprocessor which supplies the initial plenum/gap gas mass
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released co_production' # coupling to postprocessors which supply the fission gas addition, co addition
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe;
                          CO'
    released_fractions = '0.153 0.847;
                          1'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    roughness_primary = 0e-6
    roughness_secondary = 0e-6
    jumpdistance_primary = 0
    jumpdistance_secondary = 0
    quadrature = true
    emissivity_secondary = 0.0
    emissivity_primary = 0.0
    min_gap = 1e-7
    max_gap = 50e-6
    gap_geometry_type = sphere
  []
  [cesium_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = conc_Cs
    primary = 15
    secondary = 17
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    gap_conductivity_function = d_gap
    gap_conductivity_function_variable = temperature
    appended_property_name = _conc
    quadrature = true
    gap_geometry_type = sphere
    emissivity_primary = 0.0
    emissivity_secondary = 0.0
    min_gap = 1e-7
  []
[]

[BCs]
  # pin particle along symmetry planes
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []

  # fix temperature on free surface
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    function = temp_bc
  []

  # fix concentration on free surface
  [freesurf_conc]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = conc_Cs
    boundary = exterior
    value = 0.0
  []

  # exterior and internal pressures
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []

  # apply plenum pressure on clad inner walls and pellet surfaces
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = BufferGapVol
      initial_pressure = 100
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3145
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = volumeGas
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released co_production'
      output = plenum_pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'IPyC OPyC buffer'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
  []

  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = power_history
    factor = 5e17
  []

  [fuel_thermal]
    type = UO2Thermal
    block = fuel
    thermal_conductivity_model = FINK_LUCUTA
    initial_porosity = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    burnup = burnup
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    youngs_modulus = 2.2e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [fuel_elastic_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_swelling]
    type = UO2VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    gas_swelling_model_type = MATPRO
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    burnup = burnup
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_swelling
    initial_fuel_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10.0e-6
    temperature = temperature
    stress_free_temperature = 1500.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [fuel_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [fuel_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = fuel
    d1 = 5.6e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 209.0e+3 # J/mol
    d2 = 5.2e-4 # m^2/s
    q2 = 362.0e+3 # J/mol
    gas_constant = 8.3143 # J/K-mol
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    youngs_modulus = 2.0e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.23
  []
  [buffer_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = buffer
    flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = buffer
    thermal_conductivity = 0.5 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 720.0 # J/kg-K
  []
  [buffer_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1000.0 #kg/m^3
    block = buffer
  []
  [buffer_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.65e-6
    temperature = temperature
    stress_free_temperature = 1500.0
    eigenstrain_name = buffer_thermal_strain
  []
  [buffer_irraditation]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    pyc_type = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = buffer_eigenstrain
  []
  [buffer_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = buffer
    d1 = 1.0e-12 # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0
    d2 = 0.0
    q2 = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    youngs_modulus = 4.74e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.23
  []
  [IPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = IPyC
    flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 720.0 # J/kg-K
  []
  [IPyC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1900.0 # kg/m^3
    block = IPyC
  []
  [IPyC_densification]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    pyc_type = dense
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_eigenstrain
  []
  [IPyC_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.65e-6
    temperature = temperature
    stress_free_temperature = 1500.0
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_thermal_strain
  []
  [IPyC_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = IPyC
    d1 = 6.3e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 222.0e+3 # J/mol
    d2 = 0.0
    q2 = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.4e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.13
  []
  [monolithic_SiC_creep]
    type = MonolithicSiCCreepUpdate
    block = SiC
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
    temperature = temperature
    k_function = k_function
  []
  [stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    inelastic_models = monolithic_SiC_creep
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = SiC
    thermal_conductivity = 13.9 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 620.0 # J/kg-K
  []
  [SiC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 3180.0 # kg/m^3
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    temperature = temperature
    stress_free_temperature = 1500.0
    eigenstrain_name = SiC_thermal_strain
  []
  [SiC_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = SiC
    d1 = 5.5e-14 # m^2/s
    d1_function = d1_function
    d1_function_variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    q1 = 125.0e+3 # J/mol
    d2 = 1.6e-2 # m^2/s
    q2 = 514.0e+3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [OPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = OPyC
    youngs_modulus = 4.74e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.23
  []
  [OPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = OPyC
    flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [OPyC_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = OPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 720.0 # J/kg-K
  []
  [OPyC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1900.0 # kg/m^3
    block = OPyC
  []
  [OPyC_densification]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    pyc_type = dense
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_eigenstrain
  []
  [OPyC_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.65e-6
    temperature = temperature
    stress_free_temperature = 1500.0
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_thermal_strain
  []
  [OPyC_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = OPyC
    d1 = 6.3e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 222.0e+3 # J/mol
    d2 = 0.0
    q2 = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 5e-8
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7
  nl_max_its = 15

  l_tol = 1e-8
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  #end_time = 85.3682e6
  end_time = 1e3
  num_steps = 1000

  dtmax = 2e6
  dtmin = 1

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 20
    time_t = '0    76e6  76.001e6 84.641e6 84.6482e6'
    time_dt = '20  20    20       20       20'
    growth_factor = 1.5
    optimal_iterations = 8
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []

  [Quadrature]
    order = THIRD
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [release_Cs_inc]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc_Cs
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [Int_Cs_release]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = release_Cs_inc
  []
  [release_fuel_Cs]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc_Cs
    boundary = fuel
  []
  [Int_Cs_release_fuel]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = release_fuel_Cs
  []
  [release_PyCGapBndry_Cs]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc_Cs
    boundary = PyCGapBndry
  []
  [Int_Cs_release_PyCGapBndry]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = release_PyCGapBndry_Cs
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = fuel
    execute_on = linear
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = fuel
    execute_on = linear
  []
  [volumeTotal]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = exterior
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeFuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeGas]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = BufferGapVol
    addition = -4.6e-11
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [volumeBufferShell]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = BufferGapVol
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = BufferGapVol
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  # Postprocessors for CO production
  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
    outputs = exodus
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
    outputs = exodus
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [avg_surface_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    outputs = exodus
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [time_int_surf_temp]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = avg_surface_temp
    outputs = exodus
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [co_production]
    type = CarbonMonoxideProduction
    total_fissions = total_fissions
    time_integrated_triso_temperature = time_int_surf_temp
    initial_enrichment = 0.14029
    execute_on = 'initial nonlinear'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = false
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 5
    outlier_variable_norms = false
  []
  [exodus]
    type = Exodus
    file_base = triso1D_accident_out
  []
[]

(test/tests/standard_metallic_outputs_action/x441_mini_fuel_rod.i)

[GlobalParams]
  density = 15800.0
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  temperature = temp
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = 0.38e-03
    pellet_outer_radius = 2.195e-03
    pellet_height = 3.4e-2
    clad_top_gap_height = 2.7e-2
    clad_gap_width = 0.345e-3
    bottom_clad_height = 2.24e-3
    top_clad_height = 2.24e-3
    clad_bot_gap_height = 0.31e-3 # arbitrary
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 1
    ny_p = 5
    nx_c = 1
    ny_c = 5
    ny_cu = 1
    ny_cl = 1
    pellet_quantity = 1
    elem_type = QUAD8
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_size = 2
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  # Aux variables for output
  [effective_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [element_failed]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 5e3'
    y = '0 44722'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 5e3'
    y = '0.151e6 0.151e6'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 5e3'
    y = '298.0  648.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = 343.0e-3
    pellet_y_start = 8.1e-3
  []
  [engr_radial_strain_fuel]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'fuel_disp_rad / 2.195e-03'
    symbol_values = 'max_fuel_radial_disp'
    symbol_names = 'fuel_disp_rad'
  []
  [engr_axial_strain_fuel]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'fuel_disp_axial / 343.0e-3'
    symbol_values = 'max_fuel_elongation'
    symbol_names = 'fuel_disp_axial'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress
      hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz
      elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy
      strain_zz'
    block = pellet
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain gas_swelling_eigenstrain
     solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress
      hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz
      elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy
      strain_zz'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [effective_creep_strain]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = effective_creep_strain
    variable = effective_creep_strain
  []
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [failed_element]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = element_failed
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = pellet
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-3
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = 0.345e-3
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux = 5261.5 # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material = sodium
    rod_diameter = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = 2.195e-03
    X_Zr = 0.225
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = 0.225
    density = 15800
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = 0.225
    X_Pu = 0.0
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_elastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = pellet
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 2e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = UPuZrGaseousEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = gas_swelling_eigenstrain
    initial_porosity = 0.0
    bubble_number_density = 1e20
    interconnection_initiating_porosity = 0.23
    interconnection_terminating_porosity = 0.25
    anisotropic_factor = 0.4
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'porosity gaseous_porosity'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = BurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = pellet
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = pellet
    X_Zr = 0.225
    X_Pu = 0.0
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = 15800.0
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = pellet
    critical_porosity = 0.24
    fractional_fgr_initial = 0.8
    fractional_fgr_post = 1.0
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [longHT9_failure]
    type = HT9FailureClad
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    method = cdf_long
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 5e3
  dtmin = 10
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e3
    time_t = '0   1e4'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [flux_from_clad]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = pellet
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [gaseous_porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gaseous_porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_clad_creep_strain_mag]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = effective_creep_strain
  []
  [max_fuel_radial_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
    variable = strain_xx
  []
  [max_fuel_axial_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
    variable = strain_yy
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'all_pellet_exterior'
  []
  [max_fuel_radial_disp]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'all_pellet_exterior'
  []
  [engr_strain_fuel_radial]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = engr_radial_strain_fuel
  []
  [engr_strain_fuel_axial]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = engr_axial_strain_fuel
  []
  [max_clad_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'clad_outside_top clad_outside_right'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_total_hoop_strain]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    start_point = '2.90e-3 2.55e-3 0.0'
    end_point = '2.90e-3 0.05 0.0'
    num_points = 300
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
[]

[StandardMetallicFuelRodOutputs]
  initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
  fuel_pellet_blocks = 'pellet'
  plenum_boundary_name = 'inside_surfaces'
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  1
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3'
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_mini_fuel_rod_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fission_gas_released_percentage max_clad_hoop_creep max_clad_creep_strain_mag max_fuel_elongation max_clad_elongation max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_mini_fuel_rod_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(examples/TRISO/correlation_function/h_ipyc_cracking/triso_cracking.i)

kernel_radius = 213.35e-6
buffer_thickness = 98.9e-6
IPyC_thickness = 40.4e-6
SiC_thickness = 35.2e-6
OPyC_thickness = 43.4e-6

coordinates1 = '${fparse kernel_radius}'
coordinates2 = '${fparse coordinates1+buffer_thickness}'
coordinates3 = '${fparse coordinates2+IPyC_thickness}'
coordinates4 = '${fparse coordinates3+SiC_thickness}'
coordinates5 = '${fparse coordinates4+OPyC_thickness}'

initial_fuel_density = 10966

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  initial_enrichment = 0.14029 # [wt-]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0 # convert E>0.10 to E>0.18 MeV
  stress_free_temperature = 481 # used for thermal expansion
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 # [J/fission]
  O_U = 1.428 # Initial Oxygen to Uranium atom ratio
  C_U = 0.392 # Initial Carbon to Uranium atom ratio
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [mesh]
    type = TRISO2DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = quad4
    coordinates = '0 ${coordinates1} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates3} ${coordinates4} ${coordinates5}'
    mesh_density = '20 8 0 4 4 4'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    num_sectors = 60
    all_bottom_left = True
  []
[]

[XFEM]
  qrule = volfrac
  output_cut_plane = true
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[UserObjects]
  [ipyc_crack]
    type = LineSegmentCutUserObject
    cut_data = '0.0000 0 0.001 0'
    time_start_cut = 0.0
    time_end_cut = 0.0
    block = IPyC
  []
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_OPyC = OPyC_outer_boundary
    outer_SiC = SiC_outer_boundary
    outer_IPyC = IPyC_outer_boundary
    inner_IPyC = IPyC_inner_boundary
    outer_buffer = buffer_outer_boundary
    outer_kernel = fuel_outer_boundary
    include_particle = true
    include_pebble = false
    mesh_generator = mesh
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 481
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [temp_bc]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = outer_temp.csv
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 1
    format = columns
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 5.75e19
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz max_principal_stress min_principal_stress'
  add_variables = true
  strain = FINITE
  incremental = true
  [fuel]
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'UCO_swelling_eigenstrain UCO_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [buffer]
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_names = 'Buffer_IIDC_strain Buffer_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [IPyC]
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'IPyC_IIDC_strain IPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    eigenstrain_names = 'SiC_thermal_eigenstrain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [OPyC]
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'OPyC_IIDC_strain OPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [burnup]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = burnup
    property = burnup
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe'
    released_fractions = '0.185 0.815'
    tangential_tolerance = 5e-6
    quadrature = false
    min_gap = 1e-7
    max_gap = 50e-6
    gap_geometry_type = sphere
    sphere_origin = '0 0 0'
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_disp_y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = '2001 2002 2004 2005'
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    function = temp_bc
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [Pressure]
    [exterior]
      boundary = exterior
      factor = 0.1e6
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      startup_time = 1e4
      initial_pressure = 0
      R = 8.3145
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_gas_temp
      volume = 'gap_volume buffer_void_volume kernel_void_volume'
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released'
      output = gas_pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 6.2425e+17
  []
  [UCO_burnup]
    type = TRISOBurnup

    initial_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_thermal]
    type = UCOThermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UCOElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain]
    type = UCOVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_swelling_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10.0e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_TE_strain
  []
  [UCO_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UCOFGR
    block = fuel
    average_grain_radius = 10e-6
    temperature = temperature
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    cutoff_neutron_flux = 0.0
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
  []
  [BAF_IPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0465
    block = IPyC
  []
  [BAF_OPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0429
    block = OPyC
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = BufferElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_stress]
    type = BufferCEGACreep
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_thermal]
    type = BufferThermal
    block = buffer
    initial_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = buffer
    strain_free_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_TE]
    type = BufferThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_IIDC]
    type = BufferCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = IPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [IPyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [IPyC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = IPyC
    strain_free_density = 1890
  []
  [IPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [IPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MonolithicSiCElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    elastic_modulus_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_thermal]
    type = MonolithicSiCThermal
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = SiC
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
  []
  [SiC_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = SiC_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [OPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = OPyC
    temperature = temperature
    initial_BAF = 1.0
  []
  [OPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = OPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [OPyC_thermal_conductivity]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = OPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [OPyC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = OPyC
    strain_free_density = 1900
  []
  [OPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [OPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [characteristic_strength_SiC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '9640000'
    block = SiC
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
  []
  [characteristic_strength_PyC]
    type = PyCCharacteristicStrength
    temperature = temperature
    X = 1.02
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 100
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = NEWTON

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-8
  nl_max_its = 20

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 4.831315e7

  dtmin = 1e-4
  dt = 6e5

  automatic_scaling = true
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_gas_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = buffer
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [gap_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [buffer_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = buffer
    theoretical_density = 2250
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [kernel_th_density]
    type = UCOTheoreticalDensity
    execute_on = initial
  []
  [kernel_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = fuel
    theoretical_density = kernel_th_density
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [particle_power]
     type = ElementIntegralPower
     variable = temperature
     use_material_fission_rate = true
     fission_rate_material = fission_rate
     block = fuel
     execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_fluence]
     type = ElementExtremeValue
     variable = fast_neutron_fluence
     value_type = 'max'
     execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_burnup]
     type = ElementExtremeValue
     variable = burnup
     block = fuel
     value_type = 'max'
     execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    block = SiC
    value_type = max
    mat_prop = max_principal_stress
  []
  [strength_SiC]
     type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
     block = SiC
     weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [weibull_failure_probability_SiC]
    type = WeibullFailureProbability
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    characteristic_strength = characteristic_strength
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
  exodus = false
[]

(test/tests/triso_failure/triso_1d_layer_stress_strength.i)

[GlobalParams]
  density = 10810.0
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DFiveLayerMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    kernel_radius = 2.485e-4
    buffer_thickness = 9.4e-5
    IPyC_thickness = 4.1e-5
    SiC_thickness = 3.6e-5
    OPyC_thickness = 4.0e-5
    kernel_mesh_density = 6
    buffer_mesh_density = 6
    IPyC_mesh_density = 6
    SiC_mesh_density = 8
    OPyC_mesh_density = 6
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 1346.0
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [radial_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(4.52013e-4/6.0*t*t*t*t*t - 8.36313e-3/5.0*t*t*t*t + 5.67549e-2/4.0*t*t*t - 1.74247e-1/3.0*t*t + 2.62692e-1/2.0*t - 1.43234e-1)'
  []
  [tangential_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(1.30457e-4/4.0*t*t*t - 2.10029e-3/3.0*t*t + 9.07826e-3/2.0*t - 3.24737e-2)'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 7.75e19 # units of fissions/m**3
  []
  [k_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '4.93e-29'
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1000000 1000000'
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedOPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1000000 1000000'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedOPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1 1'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedIPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '100 100'
  []
  [ipyc_stress_strength]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'a-b'
    symbol_names = 'a b'
    symbol_values = 'stress_IPyC actual_strength_IPyC'
  []
  [opyc_stress_strength]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'a-b'
    symbol_names = 'a b'
    symbol_values = 'stress_OPyC actual_strength_OPyC'
  []
  [sic_crackedipyc_stress_strength]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'a-b'
    symbol_names = 'a b'
    symbol_values = 'stress_SiC_crackedIPyC actual_strength_SiC_crackedIPyC'
  []
  [sic_crackedopyc_stress_strength]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'a-b'
    symbol_names = 'a b'
    symbol_values = 'stress_SiC_crackedOPyC actual_strength_SiC_crackedOPyC'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    block = fuel
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  strain = small
  use_automatic_differentiation = true
  [fuel_buffer_sic]
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
    eigenstrain_names = thermal_strain
  []
  [ipyc_opyc]
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    incremental = true
    eigenstrain_names = 'thermal_strain pyc_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    function = fission_rate
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    molecular_weight = 0.270 # units of kg/mole
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    penalty = 1e5
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    # coupling to a postprocessor
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released co_production'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe;
                            CO'
    released_fractions = '0.153 0.847;
                            1'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    #    contact_pressure_input = 10e6
    #    quadrature = true
  []
[]

[BCs]
  # pin particle along symmetry planes
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  # fix temperature on free surface
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = exterior
    value = 1346.0
  []
  # exterior and internal pressures
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  #  apply gas pressure on buffer and IPyC boundaries
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      use_displaced_mesh = false
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      initial_pressure = 0
      startup_time = 1.0e4
      R = 8.3143
      # coupling to post processor
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = volumeGas
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released co_production'
      output = plenum_pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [max_principal_stress]
    type = RankTwoInvariant
    property_name = max_principal_stress
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    invariant = MaxPrincipal
  []
  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 1.708707e18
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    grain_radius_const = 5.0e-6
  []
  [stress]
    type = ComputeLinearElasticStress
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
  []
  [PyC_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    k = k_function
    poissons_ratio = 0.4
    temperature = temp
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [PyC_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    radial_eigenstrain_function = radial_eigenstrain
    tangential_eigenstrain_function = tangential_eigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = pyc_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [PyC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.5e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [SiC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_thermal]
    type = UO2Thermal
    thermal_conductivity_model = FINK_LUCUTA
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [fuel_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 10810.0
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [buffer_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = buffer
    thermal_conductivity = 0.5
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [buffer_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1000
    block = buffer
  []
  [PyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []
  [PyC_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [PyC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1880.0
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.7e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.13
  []
  [SiC_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = SiC
    thermal_conductivity = 13.9
    specific_heat = 620.0
  []
  [SiC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
    block = SiC
  []
  [characteristic_strength_SiC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '9640000'
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
    block = SiC
  []

  [characteristic_strength_PyC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '964000'
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temp
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart -pc_type -pc_hypre_type -pc_hypre_boomeramg_max_iter'
  petsc_options_value = '201                hypre    boomeramg      4'
  line_search = 'none'
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 15
  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50
  start_time = 0.0
  num_steps = 10
  dtmax = 2e5
  dtmin = 1
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 20
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [dt]
    type = TimestepSize
  []
  [burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumeTotal]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [volumeFuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel_outer_boundary
  []
  [volumeGas]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_boundary IPyC_inner_boundary'
    addition = -5.53e-11
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeBufferShell]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  # Postprocessors for CO production
  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
  []
  [avg_surface_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temp
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [time_int_surf_temp]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = avg_surface_temp
  []
  [co_production]
    type = CarbonMonoxideProduction
    total_fissions = total_fissions
    time_integrated_triso_temperature = time_int_surf_temp
    initial_enrichment = 0.14029
  []
  [tang_SiC]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = stress_yy
    elementid = 18
  []
  [strength_SiC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [stress_SiC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_SiC
    output_type = 'stress'
  []
  [actual_strength_SiC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_SiC
    output_type = 'strength'
  []
  [strength_IPyC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [stress_IPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_IPyC
    output_type = 'stress'
  []
  [actual_strength_IPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_IPyC
    output_type = 'strength'
  []
  [IPyC_stressminusstrength]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = 'ipyc_stress_strength'
  []
  [strength_OPyC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = OPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [stress_OPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = OPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_OPyC
    output_type = 'stress'
  []
  [actual_strength_OPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = OPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_OPyC
    output_type = 'strength'
  []
  [OPyC_stressminusstrength]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = 'opyc_stress_strength'
  []
  [stress_SiC_crackedIPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedIPyC'
    output_type = 'stress'
  []
  [actual_strength_SiC_crackedIPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedIPyC'
    output_type = 'strength'
  []
  [SiC_crackedIPyC_stressminusstrength]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = 'sic_crackedipyc_stress_strength'
  []
  [stress_SiC_crackedOPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedOPyC'
    output_type = 'stress'
  []
  [actual_strength_SiC_crackedOPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedOPyC'
    output_type = 'strength'
  []
  [SiC_crackedOPyC_stressminusstrength]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = 'sic_crackedopyc_stress_strength'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X423/analysis/x423_vp_base.i)

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${fuel_density}
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11  # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = true
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  X_Pu = ${fuel_pu}
  X_Zr = ${fuel_zr}
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [gen]
    type = FIPDRodletMeshGenerator
    fipd_geom_file = ${raw '../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X423/ ${pin_id} / ${pin_id} _design.csv'}
    fipd_as_fabricated_file = ${raw '../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X423/ ${pin_id} / ${pin_id} _as_fabricated.csv'}

    gap_bottom_length = 0.31e-3 # arbitrary
    cladding_bottom_plug_length = 2.24e-3 # arbitrary
    cladding_top_plug_length = 2.24e-3 # arbitrary

    cladding_sidewall_radial_elements = 10
    cladding_sidewall_axial_element_numbers = '2 150 150'
    cladding_top_plug_radial_elements = 10
    cladding_top_plug_axial_elements = 5
    cladding_bottom_plug_radial_elements = 10
    cladding_bottom_plug_axial_elements = 5
    fuel_radial_elements = 6
    fuel_axial_element_intervals = '0 1'
    fuel_axial_element_numbers = '150'
    use_default_cladding_sidewall_axial_element_intervals = true
    elem_type = QUAD4
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  # Aux variables for output
  [porosity]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = fuel
  []
  [creep_strain_mag]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [element_failed]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [func_val1]
  []
  [func_val2]
  []
  # AuxVariables used for thermal expansion correction
  [fuel_thermal_strain_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_thm_exp]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = fuel
  []
  [clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = cladding
  []
  [clad_thm_exp]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = cladding
  []
[]

[Functions]  #copied from fipd-tdep
  [clad_od_temp]
    type =  FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X423/ ${pin_id} /clad_od_temp_history_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
  []
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X423/ ${pin_id} /power_history_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
  []
  [pwr_axial_peaking_factors]
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X423/ ${pin_id} /peakingfactor_power_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
  []
  [pwr_axial_peaking_factors_elongate]
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X423/ ${pin_id} /peakingfactor_power_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
    fuel_elongation_pp = max_fuel_elongation
  []
  [fflux_axial_peaking_factors]
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X423/ ${pin_id} /peakingfactor_flux_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
    extrapolate_to_zero = true
  []
  [fflux_axial_peaking_factors_elongate]
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X423/ ${pin_id} /peakingfactor_flux_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
    extrapolate_to_zero = true
    fuel_elongation_pp = max_fuel_elongation
  []
  [flux_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X423/ ${pin_id} /flux_history_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 56465640'
    y = '0.151e6 0.151e6'
  []
  [id_vpp_func]
    type = MetallicFuelWastageDegradationFunction
    vectorpostprocessor_name = id_wastage
    argument_column = y
    wastage_type = ID
    value_column = wastage_thickness
    use_metadata = true
    degradation_factor = 0.001
    mesh_generator = 'gen'
    transition_width = 1E-4
  []
  [od_vpp_func]
    type = MetallicFuelWastageDegradationFunction
    vectorpostprocessor_name = od_wastage
    argument_column = y
    wastage_type = OD
    value_column = cc_wastage_thickness
    use_metadata = true
    degradation_factor = 0.001
    mesh_generator = 'gen'
    transition_width = 1E-4
  []
  [ci_temp]
    type = PiecewiseLinearFromVectorPostprocessor
    argument_column = y
    component = y
    value_column = temp
    vectorpostprocessor_name = clad_inn_temp
  []
  [na_vol]
    type = MeshPropertyFunction
    mesh_generator = gen
    mesh_property_name = sodium_volume
    scale_factor = -1.0
  []
  [fuel_height]
    type = MeshPropertyFunction
    mesh_generator = gen
    mesh_property_name = fuel_height
  []
  [fuel_radius]
    type = MeshPropertyFunction
    mesh_generator = gen
    mesh_property_name = fuel_radius
  []
  [pore_volume_fcn]
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_names = 'volume_fuel interconnected_porosity_fuel_avg'
    symbol_values = 'volume_fuel interconnected_porosity_fuel_avg'
    expression = '-volume_fuel * interconnected_porosity_fuel_avg'
  []
  [anisotropic_swelling_factor]
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_names = 'disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg fuel_height fuel_radius'
    symbol_values = 'disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg fuel_height fuel_radius'
    expression = '(disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg / fuel_radius) / (disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg / fuel_height)'
  []
[]

# From Topher
[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = true
    generate_output = 'firstinv_strain stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = true
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = cladding
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_swelling clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [gravity]
    type = ADGravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = ADHeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie_f]
    type = ADHeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = fuel
    density_name = density
  []
  [heat_ie_c]
    type = ADHeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = cladding
    density_name = density
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = ADFissionRateHeatSource
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [porosity]
    type = ADMaterialRealAux
    property = porosity
    variable = porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    block = cladding
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [failed_element]
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_right'
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = element_failed
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ADRankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = fuel
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = cladding
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = cladding
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = cladding
  []
  [func_val1]
    type = FunctionAux
    function = id_vpp_func
    variable = func_val1
    block = cladding
  []
  [func_val2]
    type = FunctionAux
    function = od_vpp_func
    variable = func_val2
    block = cladding
  []

  [fuel_thermal_strain_xx]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = fuel_thermal_strain
    variable = fuel_thermal_strain_xx
    index_j = 0
    index_i = 0
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain_yy]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = fuel_thermal_strain
    variable = fuel_thermal_strain_yy
    index_j = 1
    index_i = 1
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_thm_exp]
    type = SpatialUserObjectAux
    variable = fuel_thm_exp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    user_object = fuel_thm_exp
    block = fuel
  []
  [clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
    variable = clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx
    index_j = 0
    index_i = 0
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = cladding
  []
  [clad_thm_exp]
    type = SpatialUserObjectAux
    variable = clad_thm_exp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    user_object = clad_thm_exp
    block = cladding
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = cladding_inside_right
    secondary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    #system = constraint
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-3
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = cladding_inside_right
    secondary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = 0.5e-03
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = centerline
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = fuel_bottom
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = cladding_outside_bottom
    value = 0.0
  []
  [fuel_top_temp]
    type = ADFunctionDirichletBC
    boundary = fuel_top
    variable = temp
    function = ci_temp
  []
  [surf] #copied from fipd-tdep
    type = ADFunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_bottom cladding_outside_right cladding_outside_top'
    function = clad_od_temp
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = 'cladding_outside_bottom cladding_outside_right cladding_outside_top'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
      use_automatic_differentiation = true
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 'fuel_outside_all cladding_inside_all'
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fg_released
      additional_volumes = volume_pore
      temperature_of_additional_volumes = temp_fuel_avg
      use_automatic_differentiation = true
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [interconnected_porosity] # Topher
    type = ADParsedMaterial
    property_name = interconnected_porosity
    material_property_names = 'porosity interconnectivity'
    expression = 'porosity * interconnectivity'
    outputs = all
    block = fuel
  []
  [porosity] # Topher
    type = ADPorosityFromStrain
    block = fuel
    initial_porosity = 1e-10
    inelastic_strain = 'combined_inelastic_strain'
    outputs = none
  []
  [gas_swelling] # Topher
    type = ADSimpleFissionGasViscoplasticityStressUpdate
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
    block = fuel
    bubble_concentration = 1e15
    initial_bubble_concentration = 1e15
    compute_interconnectivity = true
    fission_gas_yield = 0.3017
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    initial_atoms_per_bubble = 1e-05
    initial_bubble_radius = 1e-15
    initial_fgm_dissolved = 0
    interconnection_cutoff = 0.999
    interconnection_initiating_porosity = 0.26
    interconnection_terminating_porosity = 0.28
    max_inelastic_increment = 0.001
    retained_gas_fraction = 0.25
    interconnection_dependent_retained_gas_fraction = 0.5
    surface_energy = 1.6
    anisotropic_factor = 0.26
    initial_porosity = 1e-10
  []
  [solid_swelling] # Topher
    type = ADBurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = fuel
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
    outputs = all
    anisotropic_factor = 0.26
  []
  [sodium_logging]
    type = ADUPuZrSodiumLogging
    block = fuel
    porosity = porosity
    interconnectivity = interconnectivity
    sodium_infiltration_fraction = 0.08
    outputs = all
  []

  [fission_rate]
    type = ADUPuZrFissionRate
    block = fuel
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = pwr_axial_peaking_factors
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    outputs = all
  []
  [fission_rate_elongate]
    type = ADUPuZrFissionRate
    block = cladding
    fission_rate_name = fission_rate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = pwr_axial_peaking_factors_elongate
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = ADUPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Pu = ${fuel_pu}
    initial_X_Zr = ${fuel_zr}
    density = ${fuel_density}
    outputs = all
    block = fuel
  []
  [burnup_elongate]
    type = ADUPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Pu = ${fuel_pu}
    initial_X_Zr = ${fuel_zr}
    density = ${fuel_density}
    outputs = all
    block = cladding
    burnup_name = burnup
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = ADFastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    rod_ave_lin_pow = flux_history
    axial_power_profile = fflux_axial_peaking_factors
    block = fuel
    factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux_elongate]
    type = ADFastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    rod_ave_lin_pow = flux_history
    axial_power_profile = fflux_axial_peaking_factors_elongate
    block = cladding
    factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADUPuZrElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    use_old_porosity = true
  []
  [fuel_elastic_stress]
    type = ADComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    # tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep gas_swelling'
    block = fuel
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = ADUPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 2e-3
    use_old_porosity = true
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ADComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
    outputs = all
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = ADUPuZrThermal
    block = fuel
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = ${fuel_density}
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADD9ElasticityTensor
    temperature = temp
    id_wastage_degradation_function = id_vpp_func
    od_wastage_degradation_function = od_vpp_func
    block = cladding
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ADComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    # tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ss316creep'
    block = cladding
  []
  [clad_ss316creep]
    type = ADD9CreepUpdate
    block = cladding
    temperature = temp
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
    id_wastage_degradation_function = id_vpp_func
    od_wastage_degradation_function = od_vpp_func
  []
  [clad_swelling]
    type = ADSS316VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = clad_swelling
    fast_neutron_fluence = fast_neutron_fluence
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ADD9ThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = cladding
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
    outputs = all
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = ADD9Thermal
    block = cladding
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    block = cladding
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [longSS316_failure]
    type = D9FailureClad
    block = cladding
    method = steady_state
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
  [wastage_thickness]
    type = ADMetallicFuelWastage
    method = flux_ss316
    temperature = temp
    scale_factor = 1
    boundary = cladding_inside_right
    outputs = all
  []
  [cc_wastage_thickness]
    type = ADMetallicFuelCoolantWastage
    clad_material = SS316
    use_effective_method = true
    temperature = temp
    scale_factor = 1
    boundary = cladding_outside_right
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [disp_x]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = disp_x
    max_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [disp_y]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = disp_y
    max_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temp
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 100
  l_tol = 1e-3
  nl_max_its = 50
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-5
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = ${time_last}
  dtmin = 1
  dtmax = ${max_dt}

  automatic_scaling = true
  compute_scaling_once = false

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_function = power_history
    #max_function_change = 300 # Removed to decrease run time
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 100
    iteration_window = 2
    optimal_iterations = 10
    force_step_every_function_point = true
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [_dt]
    type = TimestepSize
    outputs = 'csv_general console'
  []
  [num_lin_it]
    type = NumLinearIterations
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [num_nonlin_it]
    type = NumNonlinearIterations
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [tot_lin_it]
    type = CumulativeValuePostprocessor
    postprocessor = num_lin_it
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [tot_nonlin_it]
    type = CumulativeValuePostprocessor
    postprocessor = num_nonlin_it
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [alive_time]
    type = PerfGraphData
    section_name = Root
    data_type = TOTAL
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = cladding_inside_top
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = centerline
    variable = temp
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    variable = temp
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = cladding_inside_right
    variable = temp
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = cladding
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = cladding
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [avg_hydro]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = cladding_inside_all
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel_outside_all
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'fuel_outside_all cladding_inside_all'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = na_vol
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [flux_from_clad]
    type = ADSideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = cladding_inside_right
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = ADSideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ADElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
    outputs = csv_general
  []

  # fission gas information (Topher)
  [fg_produced]
    type = ADElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fgm_produced
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [fg_released]
    type = ADElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fgm_released
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [fg_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fg_released
    fission_gas_generated = fg_produced
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [interconnected_porosity_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = interconnected_porosity
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [porosity_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [porosity_fuel_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [porosity_fuel_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = min
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []

  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = fuel
    outputs = 'csv_general console'
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = cladding
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [max_clad_creep_strain_mag]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = cladding
    variable = creep_strain_mag
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = cladding
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = fuel_outside_all
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [avg_fuel_ax_thm_str]
    type = AxisymmetricCenterlineAverageValue
    variable = fuel_thermal_strain_yy
    boundary = fuel_inner_radial_surface
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [max_clad_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_top cladding_outside_right'
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [max_wastagethickness]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = wastage_thickness
    outputs = 'console'
  []
  [avg_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = csv_general
  []

  # Fuel strain information (Topher)
  [strain_solid_swelling_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swelling
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [strain_gas_swelling_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = effective_fission_gas_strain
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [strain_volumetric_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = firstinv_strain
    block = fuel
    outputs = csv_general
  []

  [volume_fuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'fuel_outside_all'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    outputs = csv_general
  []

  [disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'fuel_outside_all'
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'fuel_top'
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [temp_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    outputs = csv_general
  []
  [volume_pore]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = pore_volume_fcn
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    outputs = csv_general
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = cladding_outside_right
    sort_by = y
    outputs = none
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = centerline
    sort_by = y
    outputs = none
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    sort_by = y
    outputs = none
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = cladding_inside_right
    sort_by = y
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = none
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = cladding_outside_right
    sort_by = y
    outputs = none
  []
  [id_wastage]
    type = FuelRodLineValueSampler
    variable = wastage_thickness
    material = 'clad'
    fraction = 0.0
    num_points = 600
    orientation = 'vertical'
    fuel_pin_geometry = 'pin_geometry'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = none
  []
  [od_wastage]
    type = FuelRodLineValueSampler
    variable = cc_wastage_thickness
    material = 'clad'
    fraction = 1.0
    num_points = 600
    orientation = 'vertical'
    fuel_pin_geometry = 'pin_geometry'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = none
  []
  # PIE Comparison VPPs
  [nrad_comparison_0]
    type = FIPDAxialPIEComparison
    boundary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    sort_by = y
    csv_file = ${raw '../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X423/ ${pin_id} /X423_ ${pin_id} _NRAD.csv'}
    variable = disp_x
    thermal_strain_variable = fuel_thm_exp
    involved_component = fuel
    mesh_generator = gen
    series_type_to_read = 'Fuel O.D. (mils)'
    outputs = csv_vpp_0
    enable = ${enable_0}
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    extra_pp_output_name = 'extra_csv extra_csv_0'
    max_fuel_elongation_pp_name = max_fuel_elongation
    avg_fuel_ax_thm_str_pp_name = avg_fuel_ax_thm_str
    gas_swelling_pp_name = strain_gas_swelling_fuel_avg
    solid_swelling_pp_name = strain_solid_swelling_fuel_avg
  []
  [nrad_comparison_a]
    type = FIPDAxialPIEComparison
    boundary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    sort_by = y
    csv_file = ${raw '../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X423/ ${pin_id} /X423A_ ${pin_id} _NRAD.csv'}
    variable = disp_x
    thermal_strain_variable = fuel_thm_exp
    involved_component = fuel
    mesh_generator = gen
    series_type_to_read = 'Fuel O.D. (mils)'
    outputs = csv_vpp_a
    enable = ${enable_a}
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    extra_pp_output_name = 'extra_csv extra_csv_a'
    max_fuel_elongation_pp_name = max_fuel_elongation
    avg_fuel_ax_thm_str_pp_name = avg_fuel_ax_thm_str
    gas_swelling_pp_name = strain_gas_swelling_fuel_avg
    solid_swelling_pp_name = strain_solid_swelling_fuel_avg
  []
  [nrad_comparison_b]
    type = FIPDAxialPIEComparison
    boundary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    sort_by = y
    csv_file = ${raw '../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X423/ ${pin_id} /X423B_ ${pin_id} _NRAD.csv'}
    variable = disp_x
    thermal_strain_variable = fuel_thm_exp
    involved_component = fuel
    mesh_generator = gen
    series_type_to_read = 'Fuel O.D. (mils)'
    outputs = csv_vpp_b
    enable = ${enable_b}
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    extra_pp_output_name = 'extra_csv extra_csv_b'
    max_fuel_elongation_pp_name = max_fuel_elongation
    avg_fuel_ax_thm_str_pp_name = avg_fuel_ax_thm_str
    gas_swelling_pp_name = strain_gas_swelling_fuel_avg
    solid_swelling_pp_name = strain_solid_swelling_fuel_avg
  []
  [nrad_comparison_c]
    type = FIPDAxialPIEComparison
    boundary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    sort_by = y
    csv_file = ${raw '../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/X423/ ${pin_id} /X423C_ ${pin_id} _NRAD.csv'}
    variable = disp_x
    thermal_strain_variable = fuel_thm_exp
    involved_component = fuel
    mesh_generator = gen
    series_type_to_read = 'Fuel O.D. (mils)'
    outputs = csv_vpp_c
    enable = ${enable_c}
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    extra_pp_output_name = 'extra_csv extra_csv_c'
    max_fuel_elongation_pp_name = max_fuel_elongation
    avg_fuel_ax_thm_str_pp_name = avg_fuel_ax_thm_str
    gas_swelling_pp_name = strain_gas_swelling_fuel_avg
    solid_swelling_pp_name = strain_solid_swelling_fuel_avg
  []
[]

[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = FuelPinGeometry
    clad_bottom = cladding_outside_bottom
    clad_inner_wall = cladding_inside_right
    clad_outer_wall = cladding_outside_right
    clad_top = cladding_outside_top
    pellet_exteriors = fuel_outside_all
  []
  [fuel_thm_exp]
    type = LayeredAverage
    variable = fuel_thermal_strain_xx
    direction = y
    num_layers = 1000
    block = fuel
  []
  [clad_thm_exp]
    type = LayeredAverage
    variable = clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx
    direction = y
    num_layers = 1000
    block = cladding
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  color = false
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots}
  []
  [csv_vpp_0]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots_0}
    enable = ${enable_0}
    create_latest_symlink = true
  []
  [csv_vpp_a]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots_a}
    enable = ${enable_a}
    create_latest_symlink = true
  []
  [csv_vpp_b]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots_b}
    enable = ${enable_b}
    create_latest_symlink = true
  []
  [csv_vpp_c]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots_c}
    enable = ${enable_c}
    create_latest_symlink = true
  []
  [csv_general]
    type = CSV
    sync_times = ${time_spots}
  []
  [extra_csv]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots_extra}
  []
  [extra_csv_0]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots_0}
    enable = ${enable_0}
  []
  [extra_csv_a]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots_a}
    enable = ${enable_a}
  []
  [extra_csv_b]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots_b}
    enable = ${enable_b}
  []
  [extra_csv_c]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots_c}
    enable = ${enable_c}
  []
  [exodus]
    type = Exodus
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots}
  []
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_F/x441_1_5D_F.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [layered1D_mesh]
    type = Layered1DMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    fuel_height = ${pellet_height}
    plenum_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    nx_c = 4
    slices_per_block = 10
    elem_type = EDGE2
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = Layered1DFuelPinGeometry
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [disp_y]
  []
  [disp_z]
  []

  # Aux variables for output
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '1.0 1.0'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
  [clad_axial_pressure]
    type = CladdingAxialPressureFunction
    plenum_pressure = plenum_pressure
    coolant_pressure = coolant_press_ramp
    coolant_pressure_scaling_factor = 0.151e6
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [fuel_axial_pressure]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = plenum_pressure
    symbol_names = plenum_pressure
    symbol_values = plenum_pressure
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/Layered1D]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = true
    add_scalar_variables = true
    out_of_plane_strain_name = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_pressure_function = fuel_axial_pressure
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain gas_swelling_eigenstrain solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = true
    add_scalar_variables = true
    out_of_plane_strain_name = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_pressure_function = clad_axial_pressure
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = fuel
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '2'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '2'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux = 5261.5 # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material = sodium
    rod_diameter = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = fuel
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = fuel
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = UPuZrGaseousEigenstrain
    temperature = temp
    eigenstrain_name = gas_swelling_eigenstrain
    initial_porosity = 0.0
    bubble_number_density = 1e20
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'porosity gaseous_porosity'
    block = fuel
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = BurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = fuel
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = fuel
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 15800
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 100
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior] # average temperature of the cladding interior and all pellet exteriors
    type = LayeredSideAverageValuePostprocessor
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [clad_inner_vol] # volume inside of cladding
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 7
    component = 0
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    #outputs = exodus
  []
  [pellet_volume] # fuel pellet total volume
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 8
    component = 0
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    #outputs = exodus
  []
  [avg_clad_temp] # average temperature of cladding interior
    type = LayeredSideAverageValuePostprocessor
    boundary = 7
    variable = temp
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    component = 0
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [flux_from_clad] # area integrated heat flux from the cladding
    type = LayeredSideFluxIntegralPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [flux_from_fuel] # area integrated heat flux from the fuel
    type = LayeredSideFluxIntegralPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralPowerPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = fuel
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralFisGasProducePostprocessor
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralFisGasReleasePostprocessor
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = fuel
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = fuel
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = fuel
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = fuel
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [gaseous_porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gaseous_porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 41991000'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(assessment/MOX/JOYO/B14/PTM001/analysis/b14_ptm001_2DRZ_t.i)

initial_fuel_density = 11057.75

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]
[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  reference_vector = 'ref'
[]
[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    pellet_quantity = 1
    pellet_height = 0.4
    pellet_outer_radius = 0.0027
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    clad_gap_width = 0.00008
    clad_thickness = 0.00047
    clad_bot_gap_height = 1.0e-3
    bottom_clad_height = 2.24e-3
    top_clad_height = 2.24e-3
    clad_top_gap_height = 0.685
    elem_type = QUAD8
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 100
    nx_p = 20
    ny_p = 100
    ny_cu = 3
    ny_cl = 3
  []
  patch_size = 50
  patch_update_strategy = iteration
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]
[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = FuelPinGeometry
  []
[]
[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 295.0
  []
[]
[AuxVariables]
  [pore]
  []
  [fission_rate]
  []
  [burnup]
  []
  [radial_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [effective_creep_strain]
    block = clad
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]
[Functions]
  [power_history] #related to the LHGR at the midplane
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = ' 0  72000  158040  160200  246600  248400  249000.012  251280'
    y = ' 0  39814.5  39814.5  44289.3  44289.3  53927.4  53927.4  0'
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux_function]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 251280'
    y = '3.3e+15 3.3e+15'
  []
  [f_temp_out_clad]
    type = PiecewiseBilinear
    x = '0.000175  0.0464075  0.0843675  0.1075625  0.152025  0.1994625  0.2464725  0.2947475  0.356915  0.43356  0.49848  0.625  0.700475  0.797485  0.8723425  0.96'
    y = '0 251280'
    z = '295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295  295 634.94  662.273  676.998  686.217  706.339  727  743.358  758.311  780.069  799.077  815.576  846.374  860.233  875.494  882.809  889.8'
    scale_factor = 1
    axis = 1
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PiecewiseBilinear
    x = '0.000175  0.0464075  0.0843675  0.1075625  0.152025  0.1994625  0.2464725  0.2947475  0.356915  0.43356  0.49848  0.625  0.700475  0.797485  0.8723425  0.96'
    y = '0 251280'
    z = '0.751  0.752  0.767  0.796  0.82  0.852  0.875  0.915  0.944  0.963  0.988  1  0.985  0.955  0.913  0.846 0.751  0.752  0.767  0.796  0.82  0.852  0.875  0.915  0.944  0.963  0.988  1  0.985  0.955  0.913  0.846'
    scale_factor = 1
    axis = 1
  []
  [q]
    type = CompositeFunction
    functions = 'power_history axial_peaking_factors'
  []
  [average_power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = ' 0  72000  158040  160200  246600  248400  249000.012  251280'
    y = ' 0  34700  34700  38600  38600  47000  47000  0'
  []
[]
[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [pellets]
    block = pellet
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain fuel_volumetric_strain'
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz'
    use_finite_deform_jacobian = true
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [clad]
    block = clad
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz'
    use_finite_deform_jacobian = true
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]
[Kernels]
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]
[AuxKernels]
  [fission_rate]
    type = FissionRateGeneral
    fission_rate_formulation = MOX
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
    initial_porosity = 0.1372
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    rod_ave_lin_pow = power_history
    pellet_diameter = 0.0054
    execute_on = timestep_begin
    porosity = pore
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    variable = burnup
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [radial_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = radial_strain
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 0
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [effective_creep_strain]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = effective_creep_strain
    variable = effective_creep_strain
    block = clad
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]
[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    formulation = kinematic
    model = frictionless
    penalty = 1e7
  []
[]
[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = fis_gas_released
    contact_pressure = contact_pressure
    quadrature = true
  []
[]
[BCs]
  [temp_clad_outside]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    function = f_temp_out_clad
    boundary = 2
  []
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad_bottom]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel_bottom]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 101325
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3145
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      material_input = fis_gas_released
      output = plenum_pressure
    []
  []
[]
[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    block = clad
    flux_function = fast_neutron_flux_function
  []
  [fuel_thermal]
    type = MAMOXThermal
    temperature = temp
    porosity = pore
    block = pellet
    Am_content = 0.0237
    oxy_to_metal_ratio = 1.982
    output_properties = 'thermal_conductivity'
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MAMOXElasticityTensor
    block = pellet
  []
  [elastic_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = MAMOXThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    oxygen_to_metal_ratio = 1.98
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [fuel_volumetric_swelling]
    type = UO2VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    gas_swelling_model_type = SIFGRS
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    initial_fuel_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_volumetric_strain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = SS316Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 8000
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = SS316ElasticityTensor
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    elastic_constants_model = legacy_ifr
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = SS316ThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_ss316creep]
    type = SS316CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = elastic
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ss316creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    grain_radius_const = 14e-06 #I'm keeping the grain radius const because the grain growth in MOX is probably different due to high Temp
    bubble_gb_limit = 1.0e+11
  []
[]
[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]
[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -sub_pc_type'
  petsc_options_value = 'asm lu'
  line_search = 'none'
  fixed_point_max_its = 1
  fixed_point_abs_tol = 1e-3
  fixed_point_rel_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 50
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-3
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-3
  start_time = 0
  n_startup_steps = 1
  end_time = 251280
  dtmax = 10000
  dtmin = 0.25
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1e1
    optimal_iterations = 15
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
    growth_factor = 2
    cutback_factor = .5
    force_step_every_function_point = true
    timestep_limiting_function = power_history
  []
[]
[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = burnup
  []
  [ave_pore]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = pore
  []
  [max_pore]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    block = pellet
    value_type = max
    variable = pore
  []
  [min_pore]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    block = pellet
    value_type = min
    variable = pore
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    #  variable = temp
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    #  variable = temp
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_released_percentage]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    #  variable = temp
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [rod_input_power]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = average_power_history
    scale_factor = 0.4 # rod height
  []
[]
[VectorPostprocessors]
  [fuel_radial_temperature_Sample1]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = temp
    start_point = '0.0 0.283 0.0'
    end_point = '0.0027 0.283 0.0'
    num_points = 200
    execute_on = final
    sort_by = x
    outputs = line_plot
  []
  [radial_porosity_Sample1]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = pore
    start_point = '0.0 0.283 0.0'
    end_point = '0.0027 0.283 0.0'
    num_points = 200
    execute_on = final
    sort_by = x
    outputs = line_plot
  []
  [fuel_radial_temperature_Sample2]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = temp
    start_point = '0.0 0.347 0.0'
    end_point = '0.0027 0.347 0.0'
    num_points = 200
    execute_on = final
    sort_by = x
    outputs = line_plot
  []
  [radial_porosity_Sample2]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = pore
    start_point = '0.0 0.347 0.0'
    end_point = '0.0027 0.347 0.0'
    num_points = 200
    execute_on = final
    sort_by = x
    outputs = line_plot
  []
  [fuel_radial_temperature_Sample3]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = temp
    start_point = '0.0 0.2 0.0'
    end_point = '0.0027 0.2 0.0'
    num_points = 200
    execute_on = final
    sort_by = x
    outputs = line_plot
  []
  [radial_porosity_Sample3]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = pore
    start_point = '0.0 0.2 0.0'
    end_point = '0.0027 0.2 0.0'
    num_points = 200
    execute_on = final
    sort_by = x
    outputs = line_plot
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  exodus = true
  color = true
  csv = true
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
  []
  [line_plot]
    type = CSV
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
    time_step_interval =  1
    file_base = 1d
    create_final_symlink = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    execute_on = FINAL
    show = 'ave_temp_interior fis_gas_released_percentage max_pore'
  []
[]
[MultiApps]
  [sub]
    type = TransientMultiApp
    app_type = BisonApp
    execute_on = timestep_end
    catch_up = true
    max_catch_up_steps = 10
    positions_file = positions.txt
    input_files = b14_ptm001_pore.i
  []
[]
[Transfers]
  [temp_to_sub]
    type = MultiAppProjectionTransfer
    to_multi_app = sub
    source_variable = temp
    variable = temp
  []
  [pore_from_sub]
    type = MultiAppGeometricInterpolationTransfer
    from_multi_app = sub
    source_variable = pore
    variable = pore
  []
[]
[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(examples/thor_capsule_transfer/pin_with_heat_sink.i)

# Example of adding a heat sink outside of an already irradiated pin.
# An example of using a base irradiation's output exodus file to initialize a
#   pin with a heat sink next to it (like in THOR). This is useful for taking
#   an EBR-II pin and putting it in TREAT in THOR.

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  X_Pu = 0.16029880703609925
  X_Zr = 0.22566146557004974
[]

[Problem]
  type = AugmentedLagrangianContactProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # mesh options
  patch_size = 50
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
  # These are the setting from the base irradiation for your information
  #[smear_2drz]
  #  type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
  #  clad_thickness = 0.000381
  #  pellet_outer_radius = 0.0021971
  #  pellet_height = 0.342646
  #  clad_top_gap_height = 0.2620678
  #  clad_gap_width = 0.0003429
  #  bottom_clad_height = 0.0127
  #  top_clad_height = 0.0127
  #  clad_bot_gap_height = 0.001 # arbitrary
  #  # meshing parameters
  #  clad_mesh_density = customize
  #  pellet_mesh_density = customize
  #  nx_p = 5
  #  ny_p = 150
  #  nx_c = 4
  #  ny_c = 150
  #  ny_cu = 3
  #  ny_cl = 3
  #  pellet_quantity = 1
  #  elem_type = QUAD8
  #[]
  [file] # This is the pin's output exodus
    type = FileMeshGenerator
    file = base_irradiation_out.e
    use_for_exodus_restart = true
  []
  [sink] # Generic sink dimensions
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 2
    xmin = 0.0032639
    xmax = 0.005461
    nx = 5
    ymin = 0.0
    ymax = 0.6311138
    ny = 100
    elem_type = QUAD8
    boundary_id_offset = 50
  []
  [combine]
    type = CombinerGenerator
    inputs = 'file sink'
  []
  [name_sink]
    type = SubdomainBoundingBoxGenerator
    input = 'combine'
    bottom_left = '0.0032638 -0.00001 0'
    top_right = '0.005462 0.6311139 0'
    block_id = 5
    block_name = 'heat_sink'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [T]
    initial_from_file_var = T
  []
  [disp_x]
    initial_from_file_var = disp_x
  []
  [disp_y]
    initial_from_file_var = disp_y
  []
[]

[ICs]
  [sink_T]
    type = ConstantIC
    block = heat_sink
    variable = T
    value = 298 # K
  []
[]

[Problem]
  # initial condition is overriding the restarted T variable
  allow_initial_conditions_with_restart = true
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [solid_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [creep_strain_mag]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = pellet
  []
  [creep_strain_mag]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = effective_creep_strain
    variable = creep_strain_mag
    block = clad
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 360'
    y = '23500 30000'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = custom
    custom_params = '0.88416801  1.07334286 -1.26837226  0.00726538'
    pellet_length = 0.342646
    pellet_y_start = 0.0137
  []
  [axial_flux_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = custom
    custom_params = '0.78912541  1.7214792  -2.09297848  0.19040197'
    pellet_length = 0.342646
    pellet_y_start = 0.0137
    zero_beyond_top_and_bottom = False
  []
  [flux_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 86400 31536000' # 1 year
    y = '1 2.0e19 1.0e19'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  strain = FINITE
  generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz hydrostatic_stress elastic_strain_xx
    elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
  [fuel]
    additional_generate_output = 'creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = pellet
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain gas_swelling_eigenstrain solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
  []
  [clad]
    additional_generate_output = 'creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = 1
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain clad_volume_eigenstrain'
  []
  [sink]
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = heat_sink
    eigenstrain_names = 'sink_thermal_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = T
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = T
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = T
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = coulomb
    formulation = augmented_lagrange
    friction_coefficient = 0.2
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 0.4
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
    al_penetration_tolerance = 1e-6
    al_incremental_slip_tolerance = 0.8
    al_frictional_force_tolerance = 0.8
  []
  [clad_sink_mechanical]
    primary = 53
    secondary = 2
    penalty = 1e12
    model = coulomb
    formulation = augmented_lagrange
    friction_coefficient = 0.2
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 0.4
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
    al_penetration_tolerance = 1e-6
    al_incremental_slip_tolerance = 0.8
    al_frictional_force_tolerance = 0.8
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = T
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 75.0
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-4
    min_gap = 0.0003429
  []
  [thermal_sink]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = T
    primary = 53
    secondary = 2
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 75.0
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-4
    min_gap = 0.0003429
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_sink]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 50
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = 51
      factor = 151000.0
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_plenum
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
      execute_on = timestep_end
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [phase]
    type = PhaseUPuZr
    block = pellet
    AB_temp = 965.15
    CD_temp = 995.15
    outputs = all
    calc_H = false
    temperature = T
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = 0.0021971
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = 0.22566146557004974
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    block = pellet
    temperature = T
  []
  [fuel_elastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = pellet
    temperature = T
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 2e-3
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = UPuZrThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    temperature = T
    stress_free_temperature = 298.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = UPuZrGaseousEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = gas_swelling_eigenstrain
    temperature = T
    initial_porosity = 0.0
    bubble_number_density = 5e17
    interconnection_initiating_porosity = 0.16
    interconnection_terminating_porosity = 0.18
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'porosity gaseous_porosity'
    block = pellet
    anisotropic_factor = 0.5
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = BurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = pellet
    swelling_factor = 1.5
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = pellet
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = billone
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = T
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = pellet
    fractional_yield = 0.25
    critical_porosity = 0.17
    fractional_fgr_initial = 0.4
    fractional_fgr_post = 0.7354
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    block = clad
    factor = 1
    axial_power_profile = axial_flux_peaking_factors
    rod_ave_lin_pow = flux_history
    outputs = all
  []
  [clad_creep]
    type = D9CreepUpdate
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
    block = clad
    temperature = T
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = D9ThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    temperature = T
    stress_free_temperature = 298.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = D9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = T
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [clad_volumetric_swelling]
    type = D9VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = clad_volume_eigenstrain
    block = clad
    fast_neutron_fluence = fast_neutron_fluence
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
    temperature = T
  []
  [sink_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 100e9
    poissons_ratio = 0.35
    block = heat_sink
  []
  [sink_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = heat_sink
  []
  [sink_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = heat_sink
    temperature = T
    stress_free_temperature = 298.0
    eigenstrain_name = sink_thermal_eigenstrain
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 8.5e-6
  []
  [sink_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = heat_sink
    specific_heat = 540
    thermal_conductivity = 17
  []
  [sink_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = heat_sink
    strain_free_density = 4.51e3
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 25
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-3
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-5

  end_time = 9
  dtmin = 0.01
  dtmax = 3

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 0.5
    growth_factor = 2
    cutback_factor = 0.1
    iteration_window = 5
    optimal_iterations = 20
    force_step_every_function_point = true
    timestep_limiting_function = power_history
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [_dt]
    type = TimestepSize
  []
  [num_lin_it]
    type = NumLinearIterations
  []
  [num_nonlin_it]
    type = NumNonlinearIterations
  []
  [tot_lin_it]
    type = CumulativeValuePostprocessor
    postprocessor = num_lin_it
  []
  [tot_nonlin_it]
    type = CumulativeValuePostprocessor
    postprocessor = num_nonlin_it
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = T
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [ave_temp_plenum]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 6
    variable = T
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = T
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = T
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = T
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = T
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = T
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [avg_sink_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = T
    block = heat_sink
  []
  [peak_sink_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = T
    value_type = max
    block = heat_sink
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [flux_from_clad]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = T
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = T
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_integral_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = T
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [rod_input_power]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.343
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [peak_burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_prod
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_rel
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = pellet
  []
  [disp_x_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    block = clad
  []
  [disp_y_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    block = pellet
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_cladding_creep_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = creep_strain_mag
    block = clad
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'all_pellet_exterior'
  []
  [max_clad_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'clad_outside_top clad_outside_right'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y T'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

[Dampers]
  [max_inc_damp_x]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 3e-4
    variable = disp_x
  []
  [max_inc_damp_y]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 3e-4
    variable = disp_y
  []
  [max_inc_temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 25
    variable = T
  []
[]

(examples/TRISO/pebble/3D_pebble_with_failed_particles.i)

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  flux_conversion_factor = 0.85
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 #[J/fission]
[]

[Mesh]
  [file]
    type = FileMeshGenerator
    file = pebble.e
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[Distributions]
  [normal_kernel_r]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 213.35e-6
    standard_deviation = 4.4e-6
    lower_bound = 1.9575e-04
    upper_bound = 2.3095e-04
  []
  [normal_buffer_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 98.9e-6
    standard_deviation = 8.4e-6
    lower_bound = 6.53e-05
    upper_bound = 1.325e-04
  []
  [normal_ipyc_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 40.4e-6
    standard_deviation = 2.5e-6
    lower_bound = 3.0400e-05
    upper_bound = 5.0400e-05
  []
  [normal_sic_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 35.2e-6
    standard_deviation = 1.2e-6
    lower_bound = 3.0400e-05
    upper_bound = 4.0000e-05
  []
  [normal_opyc_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 43.4e-6
    standard_deviation = 2.9e-6
    lower_bound = 3.1800e-05
    upper_bound = 5.5000e-05
  []
[]

[Samplers]
  [sample]
    type = MonteCarlo
    num_rows = 100
    distributions = 'normal_kernel_r normal_buffer_t normal_ipyc_t normal_sic_t normal_opyc_t'
    execute_on = 'PRE_MULTIAPP_SETUP'
  []
  [sample_failed]
    type = MonteCarlo
    num_rows = 10
    distributions = 'normal_kernel_r normal_buffer_t normal_ipyc_t normal_sic_t normal_opyc_t'
    execute_on = 'PRE_MULTIAPP_SETUP'
  []
[]

[MultiApps]
  [sub]
    type = SamplerTransientMultiApp
    input_files = triso_1d.i
    sampler = sample
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
    mode = normal
  []
  [sub_failed]
    type = SamplerTransientMultiApp
    input_files = triso_1d_failed.i
    sampler = sample_failed
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
    mode = normal
  []
[]

[DiracKernels]
  [heat_source]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSource
    variable = temperature
    point_source_values = release_heat_inc
    value_name = release_heat_inc:release_heat_inc
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []
  [Cs_source]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSource
    variable = conc_Cs
    point_source_values = release_Cs_inc
    value_name = release_Cs_inc:release_Cs_inc
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []

  [heat_source_failed]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSource
    variable = temperature
    point_source_values = release_heat_inc_failed
    value_name = release_heat_inc_failed:release_heat_inc
    point_source_location = point_source_location_failed
  []
  [Cs_source_failed]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSource
    variable = conc_Cs
    point_source_values = release_Cs_inc_failed
    value_name = release_Cs_inc_failed:release_Cs_inc
    point_source_location = point_source_location_failed
  []
[]

[UserObjects]
  [point_source_location]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSourceLocation
    min_radius = 0.0138
    max_radius = 0.018
    geometry = SPHERE
    sampler = sample
    fuel_element_blocks = 2
    particle_space = 0.0002
    execute_on = 'INITIAL'
  []
  [point_source_location_failed]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSourceLocation
    min_radius = 0.0138
    max_radius = 0.018
    geometry = SPHERE
    sampler = sample_failed
    fuel_element_blocks = 2
    particle_space = 0.0002
    execute_on = 'INITIAL'
  []
[]

[Transfers]
  [release_heat_inc]
    type = SamplerPostprocessorTransfer
    from_multi_app = sub
    sampler = sample
    to_vector_postprocessor = release_heat_inc
    from_postprocessor = release_heat_inc
  []
  [release_Cs_inc]
    type = SamplerPostprocessorTransfer
    from_multi_app = sub
    sampler = sample
    to_vector_postprocessor = release_Cs_inc
    from_postprocessor = release_Cs_inc
  []
  [release_heat_inc_failed]
    type = SamplerPostprocessorTransfer
    from_multi_app = sub_failed
    sampler = sample_failed
    to_vector_postprocessor = release_heat_inc_failed
    from_postprocessor = release_heat_inc
  []
  [release_Cs_inc_failed]
    type = SamplerPostprocessorTransfer
    from_multi_app = sub_failed
    sampler = sample_failed
    to_vector_postprocessor = release_Cs_inc_failed
    from_postprocessor = release_Cs_inc
  []
  [temp_bc]
    type = MultiAppVectorPostprocessorTransfer
    to_multi_app = sub
    vector_postprocessor = sample_points
    postprocessor = temp_bc
    vector_name = temperature
  []
  [temp_bc_failed]
    type = MultiAppVectorPostprocessorTransfer
    to_multi_app = sub_failed
    vector_postprocessor = sample_points_failed
    postprocessor = temp_bc
    vector_name = temperature
  []
[]

[Controls]
  [cmdline]
    type = MultiAppSamplerControl
    multi_app = sub
    sampler = sample
    param_names = 'kernel_radius buffer_thickness IPyC_thickness SiC_thickness OPyC_thickness'
  []
  [cmdline_failed]
    type = MultiAppSamplerControl
    multi_app = sub_failed
    sampler = sample_failed
    param_names = 'kernel_radius buffer_thickness IPyC_thickness SiC_thickness OPyC_thickness'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [sample_points]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointValueSampler
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []
  [sample_points_failed]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointValueSampler
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
    point_source_location = point_source_location_failed
  []
  [release_heat_inc]
    type = StochasticResults
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
  []
  [release_Cs_inc]
    type = StochasticResults
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
  []
  [heat_source_output]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSourceOutput
    vector_postprocessor = release_heat_inc
    value_name = release_heat_inc:release_heat_inc
    point_source_location = point_source_location
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [Cs_source_output]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSourceOutput
    vector_postprocessor = release_Cs_inc
    value_name = release_Cs_inc:release_Cs_inc
    point_source_location = point_source_location
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_END'
  []

  [release_heat_inc_failed]
    type = StochasticResults
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
  []
  [release_Cs_inc_failed]
    type = StochasticResults
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
  []
  [heat_source_output_failed]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSourceOutput
    vector_postprocessor = release_heat_inc_failed
    value_name = release_heat_inc_failed:release_heat_inc
    point_source_location = point_source_location_failed
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [Cs_source_output_failed]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSourceOutput
    vector_postprocessor = release_Cs_inc_failed
    value_name = release_Cs_inc_failed:release_Cs_inc
    point_source_location = point_source_location_failed
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_END'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 773.15
  []
  [conc_Cs]
    scaling = 1e14
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [density]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [thermal_conductivity]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [specific_heat]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [Cs_diff_coef]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e3 4.51008e7' #change time (s) for desired EFPD
    y = '0 1 1'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = LinearCombinationFunction
    functions = power_history
    w = 2.927e18
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_Cs_dt]
    type = TimeDerivative
    variable = conc_Cs
  []
  [mass_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusion
    variable = conc_Cs
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [density]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = density
    property = density
    block = '1 2 3'
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [thermal_conductivity]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = thermal_conductivity
    property = thermal_conductivity
    block = '1 2 3'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [specific_heat]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = specific_heat
    property = specific_heat
    block = '1 2 3'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [Cs_diff_coef]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = Cs_diff_coef
    property = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [coolant_temp]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    value = 773.15
  []
  [freesurf_conc_Cs]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = conc_Cs
    boundary = exterior
    value = 0.0
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = power_history
    factor = 1.109e18
  []

  ##### fuel region propereties
  [fueled_region_thermal]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    block = 2
    graphite_grade = A3_27_1800
    packing_fraction = 0.22
    temperature = temperature
    initial_matrix_density = 1750.0
  []
  [fueled_region_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = 2
    property_name = density
    expression = 1750.0
  []
  [fuel_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = 2
    d1 = 1e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []

  ##### Shell properties
  [shell_region_thermal]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    block = 3
    graphite_grade = A3_27_1800
    packing_fraction = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    initial_matrix_density = 1750.0
  []
  [shell_region_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = 3
    property_name = density
    expression = 1750.0
  []

  [shell_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = 3
    d1 = 1e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []

  ##### pebble core
  [core_region_thermal]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    block = 1
    graphite_grade = A3_27_1800
    packing_fraction = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    initial_matrix_density = 1400.0
  []
  [core_region_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = 1
    property_name = density
    expression = 1400.0
  []
  [core_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = 1
    d1 = 1e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
  show_var_residual = 'temperature'
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-9
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-9
  nl_max_its = 15

  l_tol = 1e-5
  l_max_its = 30

  start_time = 0.0
  dt = 50000
  num_steps = 10
[]

[Postprocessors]

  ### irradiation conditions
  [pebble_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = 2
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [heat_from_pebble]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fast_neutron_maximum_fluence_MP]
    type = ElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = '1 2 3'
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fast_neutron_maximum_flux_MP]
    type = ElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fast_neutron_flux
    block = '1 2 3'
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fission_rate_maximum]
    type = ElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fission_rate
    block = '1 2 3'
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  ### temperatures
  [fuel_minimum_temperature]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = '2'
    value_type = 'min'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fuel_average_temperature]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    variable = temperature
    block = '2'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fuel_maximum_temperature]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = '2'
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [shell_minimum_temperature]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = '3'
    value_type = 'min'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [shell_average_temperature]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    variable = temperature
    block = '3'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [shell_maximum_temperature]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = '3'
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [core_minimum_temperature]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = '1'
    value_type = 'min'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [core_average_temperature]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    variable = temperature
    block = '1'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [core_maximum_temperature]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = '1'
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  exodus = true
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_E/x441_grp_E.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11  # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    pellet_height = ${pellet_height}
    clad_top_gap_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    bottom_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    top_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    clad_bot_gap_height = 0.2e-3 # arbitrary
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    ny_p = 260
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 260
    ny_cu = ${ny_cu}
    ny_cl = ${ny_cl}
    pellet_quantity = 1
    elem_type = QUAD8
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_size = 30
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  # Aux variables for output
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [element_failed]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '0.151e6 0.151e6'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = pellet
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain gas_swelling_eigenstrain solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [failed_element]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = element_failed
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = pellet
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-3
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature   = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure      = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux      = 5261.5   # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material    = sodium
    rod_diameter        = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch           = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate    = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 2e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = UPuZrGaseousEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = gas_swelling_eigenstrain
    temperature = temp
    initial_porosity = 0.0
    bubble_number_density = 1e20
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'porosity gaseous_porosity'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = BurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = pellet
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = pellet
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [longHT9_failure]
    type = HT9FailureClad
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    method = cdf_long
    temperature = temp
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 10
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [flux_from_clad]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_prod
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_rel
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = pellet
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [gaseous_porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gaseous_porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'all_pellet_exterior'
  []
  [max_clad_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'clad_outside_top clad_outside_right'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [clad_total_hoop_strain]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    start_point = '2.90e-3 2.55e-3 0.0'
    end_point = '2.90e-3 0.725 0.0'
    num_points = 300
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec6'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 42000400'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_fuel_elongation max_clad_elongation max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec6]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec6
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(examples/TRISO/parfume/parfume.i)

# UCO TRISO particle using several PARFUME models

initial_fuel_density = 10400

[GlobalParams]
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
  initial_enrichment = 0.1955 # [wt-]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0 # convert E>0.10 to E>0.18 MeV
  stress_free_temperature = 923.15 # used for thermal expansion
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 # [J/fission]
  O_U = 1.5 # Initial Oxygen to Uranium atom ratio
  C_U = 0.4 # Initial Carbon to Uranium atom ratio
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '0 2.125e-4 3.125e-4 3.125e-4 3.525e-4 3.875e-4 4.275e-4'
    mesh_density = '6 6 0 6 8 6'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[UserObjects]
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 923.15
  []
  [conc]
    initial_condition = 0.0
    scaling = 1e18
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [disp_y]
  []
  [disp_z]
  []

  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [burnup]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [gap_condSlave]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [density]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [thermal_conductivity]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [swelling]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [specific_heat]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [volumetric_IIDC_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [radial_IIDC_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [tangential_IIDC_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [BAF]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [fis_gas_produced]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [fis_gas_released]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [gap_HTC]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []

  [gap_distance]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 76e6 76.001e6'
    y = '1 1     0'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = LinearCombinationFunction
    functions = power_history
    w = 3.89e19
  []
  [temp_bc]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0    76e6  76.001e6 84.641e6 84.6482e6'
    y = '1500 1500  300      300      2073'
  []
  [k_function]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0     200e6'
    y = '4e-37 4e-37'
  []
  [d1_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'exp(t/4.5e25)'
  []
  [d_gap]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '1500  2100'
    y = '1e-14 1e-12'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    block = fuel
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    incremental = true
    generate_output = 'hydrostatic_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    eigenstrain_names = 'UCO_swelling_eigenstrain UCO_thermal_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [buffer]
    block = buffer
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    incremental = true
    generate_output = 'hydrostatic_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    eigenstrain_names = 'buffer_IIDC_strain buffer_thermal_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [IPyC]
    block = IPyC
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    incremental = true
    generate_output = 'hydrostatic_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    eigenstrain_names = 'IPyC_IIDC_strain IPyC_thermal_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    incremental = true
    generate_output = 'hydrostatic_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    eigenstrain_names = 'SiC_thermal_eigenstrain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [OPyC]
    block = OPyC
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    incremental = true
    generate_output = 'hydrostatic_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    eigenstrain_names = 'OPyC_IIDC_strain OPyC_thermal_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_ie]
    type = TimeDerivative
    variable = conc
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusion
    variable = conc
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_source]
    type = BodyForce
    variable = conc
    function = power_history
    value = 1.22e-5 # units of mol/m**3-s
    block = fuel
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_decay]
    type = Decay
    variable = conc
    radioactive_decay_constant = 7.297e-10 # units:(1/sec)  The constant for Cesium
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []

  [burnup]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = burnup
    property = burnup
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []

  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []

  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []

  [conductanceSlave]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_condSlave
    boundary = buffer_outer_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [density]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = density
    property = density
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []

  [thermal_conductivity]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = thermal_conductivity
    property = thermal_conductivity
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []

  [specific_heat]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = specific_heat
    property = specific_heat
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []

  [swelling]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = swelling
    property = swelling
    block = fuel
    execute_on = linear
  []

  [volumetric_IIDC_strain]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = volumetric_IIDC_strain
    property = volumetric_IIDC_strain
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []

  [radial_IIDC_strain]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = radial_IIDC_strain
    property = radial_IIDC_strain
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []

  [tangential_IIDC_strain]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = tangential_IIDC_strain
    property = tangential_IIDC_strain
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []

  [BAF]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = BAF
    property = BAF
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []

  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fis_gas_produced
    property = fis_gas_produced
    block = fuel
    execute_on = linear
  []

  [fis_gas_released]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fis_gas_released
    property = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    execute_on = linear
  []

  [gap_HTC]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_HTC
    boundary = buffer_outer_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [gap_distance]
    type = PenetrationAux
    variable = gap_distance
    boundary = buffer_outer_boundary
    paired_boundary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    quantity = distance
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [mechanical]
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    penalty = 1e5
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to a postprocessor which supplies the initial plenum/gap gas mass
    initial_gas_types = 'Kr Xe'
    initial_fractions = '0.185 0.815'
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe'
    released_fractions = '0.185 0.815'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    roughness_primary = 0e-6
    roughness_secondary = 0e-6
    jumpdistance_primary = 0
    jumpdistance_secondary = 0
    quadrature = true
    emissivity_secondary = 0.0
    emissivity_primary = 0.0
    min_gap = 1e-7
    max_gap = 50e-6
    gap_geometry_type = sphere
  []

  [cesium_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = conc
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    gap_conductivity_function = d_gap
    gap_conductivity_function_variable = temperature
    appended_property_name = _conc
    quadrature = true
    gap_geometry_type = sphere
    emissivity_primary = 0.0
    emissivity_secondary = 0.0
    min_gap = 1e-7
  []
[]

[BCs]
  # pin particle along symmetry planes
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []

  # fix temperature on free surface
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    function = temp_bc
    boundary = exterior
  []

  # fix concentration on free surface
  [freesurf_conc]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = conc
    boundary = exterior
    value = 0.0
  []

  # exterior and internal pressures
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []

  [PlenumPressure] #  apply gas pressure on buffer and IPyC boundaries
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      initial_pressure = 100.0
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3145
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_gas_temp
      volume = 'gap_volume buffer_void_volume kernel_void_volume'
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released'
      output = gas_pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]

  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
  []

  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = power_history
    factor = 5e17
  []

  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
  []

  ### UCO properties

  [UCO_burnup]
    type = TRISOBurnup
    initial_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []

  [UCO_thermal]
    type = UCOThermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [UCO_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UCOElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [UCO_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = fuel
  []

  [UCO_VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain]
    type = UCOVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_swelling_eigenstrain
  []

  [UCO_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10e-6 # check this value for UCO
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [UCO_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []

  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UCOFGR
    block = fuel
    average_grain_radius = 10e-6
    temperature = temperature
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    cutoff_neutron_flux = 0.0
  []

  [fuel_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = fuel
    d1 = 5.6e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 209.0e+3 # J/mol
    d2 = 5.2e-4 # m^2/s
    q2 = 362.0e+3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
  []

  ### Buffer Properties

  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = BufferElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [buffer_stress]
    type = BufferCEGACreep
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [buffer_thermal]
    type = BufferThermal
    block = buffer
    initial_density = 1050.0
  []

  [buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = buffer
    strain_free_density = 1050.0
  []

  [buffer_thermal_strain]
    type = BufferThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = buffer_thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [buffer_IIDC_strain]
    type = BufferCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = buffer_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [buffer_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = buffer
    d1 = 1.0e-12 # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0
    d2 = 0.0
    q2 = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
  []

  ### IPyC  properties

  [IPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    temperature = temperature
    initial_BAF = 1.045
  []

  [IPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = IPyC
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [IPyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []

  [IPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = IPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1900.0
  []

  [IPyC_IIDC_strain]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [BAF_IPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.045
    block = IPyC
  []

  [BAF_OPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.045
    block = OPyC
  []

  [IPyC_thermal_strain]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [IPyC_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = IPyC
    d1 = 6.3e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 222.0e+3 # J/mol
    d2 = 0.0
    q2 = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
  []

  ### SiC properties

  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MonolithicSiCElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    elastic_modulus_model = miller
  []

  [SiC_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = SiC
  []

  [SiC_thermal]
    type = MonolithicSiCThermal
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = miller
  []

  [SiC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = SiC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 3200.0
  []

  [SiC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = SiC_thermal_eigenstrain
  []

  [SiC_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = SiC
    d1 = 5.5e-14 # m^2/s
    d1_function = d1_function
    d1_function_variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    q1 = 125.0e+3 # J/mol
    d2 = 1.6e-2 # m^2/s
    q2 = 514.0e+3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
  []

  ###  OPyC properties

  [OPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = OPyC
    temperature = temperature
    initial_BAF = 1.045
  []

  [OPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = OPyC
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [OPyC_thermal_conductivity]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = OPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []

  [OPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = OPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1900.0
  []

  [OPyC_IIDC_strain]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [OPyC_thermal_strain]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [OPyC_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = OPyC
    d1 = 6.3e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 222.0e+3 # J/mol
    d2 = 0.0
    q2 = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 50
  []
  [disp_x]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = disp_x
    max_increment = 1e-6
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x temperature conc'
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-8
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7 #1e-12
  nl_max_its = 15

  l_tol = 1e-4 #1e-8
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 85.3682e6 #5.0e7
  num_steps = 1000

  dtmax = 2e6
  dtmin = 1

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 20
    growth_factor = 1.5
    optimal_iterations = 8 #6
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
    time_t = '0    76e6  76.001e6 84.641e6 84.6482e6'
    time_dt = '20  20     20      20       20'
  []

  [Quadrature]
    order = THIRD
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [_dt]
    type = TimestepSize
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [cs_release]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [int_cs_release]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = cs_release
  []
  [cs_release_fuel]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc
    boundary = fuel_outer_boundary
  []
  [int_cs_release_fuel]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = cs_release_fuel
  []
  [cs_release_PyCGapBndry]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc
    boundary = IPyC_inner_boundary
  []
  [int_cs_release_PyCGapBndry]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = cs_release_PyCGapBndry
  []

  [ave_gas_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = buffer
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [ave_gap_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_produced
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [gap_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []

  [buffer_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = buffer
    theoretical_density = 2250
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []

  [kernel_th_density]
    type = UCOTheoreticalDensity
    execute_on = initial
  []

  [kernel_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = fuel
    theoretical_density = kernel_th_density
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []

  [volumeTotal]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = exterior
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    scale_factor = -1
  []
  [volumeFuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel_outer_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    scale_factor = -1
  []
  [volumeGas]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_outer_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    scale_factor = -1
    addition = 4.67e-11
  []
  [volumeBufferShell]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_outer_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = buffer_outer_boundary
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [gap_HTC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = gap_HTC
    block = buffer
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  ### Postprocessors for CO production
  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
    outputs = exodus
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
    outputs = exodus
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [avg_surface_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    outputs = exodus
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [time_int_surf_temp]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = avg_surface_temp
    outputs = exodus
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  ##### irradiation conditions

  [particle_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_fluence]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  #### II strain

  [OPyC_radial_IIDC_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = radial_IIDC_strain
    block = OPyC
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [OPyC_tangential_IIDC_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = tangential_IIDC_strain
    block = OPyC
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [IPyC_radial_IIDC_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = radial_IIDC_strain
    block = IPyC
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [IPyC_tangential_IIDC_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = tangential_IIDC_strain
    block = IPyC
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  #### temperatures

  [max_T_kernel]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_T_buffer]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = buffer
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [min_T_buffer]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = buffer
    value_type = 'min'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_T_IPyC]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = IPyC
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_T_SiC]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = SiC
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  #### displacement BCs

  [max_disp_kernel]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    block = fuel
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [min_disp_buffer]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    block = buffer
    value_type = 'min'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_disp_IPyC]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    block = IPyC
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  #### hoop stresses

  [hoop_opyc_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = OPyC
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [hoop_sic_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = SiC
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [hoop_ipyc_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = IPyC
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [hoop_buffer_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = buffer
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [hoop_opyc_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = OPyC
    value_type = min
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [hoop_sic_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = SiC
    value_type = min
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [hoop_ipyc_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = IPyC
    value_type = min
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [hoop_buffer_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = buffer
    value_type = min
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  ### Check warning for Density

  [oPyC_density]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = density
    block = OPyC
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [sic_density]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = density
    block = SiC
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [IPyC_density]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = density
    block = IPyC
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [buffer_density]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = density
    block = buffer
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [kernel_density]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = density
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [pd_penetration]
    type = PdPenetration
    boundary = SiC_inner_boundary
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  exodus = true
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_E/x441_1_5D_E.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [layered1D_mesh]
    type = Layered1DMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    fuel_height = ${pellet_height}
    plenum_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    nx_c = 4
    slices_per_block = 10
    elem_type = EDGE2
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = Layered1DFuelPinGeometry
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [disp_y]
  []
  [disp_z]
  []

  # Aux variables for output
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '1.0 1.0'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
  [clad_axial_pressure]
    type = CladdingAxialPressureFunction
    plenum_pressure = plenum_pressure
    coolant_pressure = coolant_press_ramp
    coolant_pressure_scaling_factor = 0.151e6
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [fuel_axial_pressure]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = plenum_pressure
    symbol_names = plenum_pressure
    symbol_values = plenum_pressure
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/Layered1D]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = true
    add_scalar_variables = true
    out_of_plane_strain_name = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_pressure_function = fuel_axial_pressure
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain gas_swelling_eigenstrain solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = true
    add_scalar_variables = true
    out_of_plane_strain_name = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_pressure_function = clad_axial_pressure
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = fuel
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '2'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '2'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux = 5261.5 # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material = sodium
    rod_diameter = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = fuel
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = fuel
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = UPuZrGaseousEigenstrain
    temperature = temp
    eigenstrain_name = gas_swelling_eigenstrain
    initial_porosity = 0.0
    bubble_number_density = 1e20
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'porosity gaseous_porosity'
    block = fuel
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = BurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = fuel
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = fuel
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 15800
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 100
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior] # average temperature of the cladding interior and all pellet exteriors
    type = LayeredSideAverageValuePostprocessor
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [clad_inner_vol] # volume inside of cladding
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 7
    component = 0
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    #outputs = exodus
  []
  [pellet_volume] # fuel pellet total volume
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 8
    component = 0
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    #outputs = exodus
  []
  [avg_clad_temp] # average temperature of cladding interior
    type = LayeredSideAverageValuePostprocessor
    boundary = 7
    variable = temp
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    component = 0
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [flux_from_clad] # area integrated heat flux from the cladding
    type = LayeredSideFluxIntegralPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [flux_from_fuel] # area integrated heat flux from the fuel
    type = LayeredSideFluxIntegralPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralPowerPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = fuel
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralFisGasProducePostprocessor
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralFisGasReleasePostprocessor
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = fuel
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = fuel
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = fuel
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = fuel
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [gaseous_porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gaseous_porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 41991000'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(test/tests/triso_failure/ad_triso_1d_weibull_probability.i)

[GlobalParams]
  density = 10810.0
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '0 2.485e-4 3.425e-4 3.425e-4 3.835e-4 4.195e-4 4.595e-4'
    mesh_density = '6 6 0 6 8 6'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1346.0
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [radial_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(4.52013e-4/6.0*t*t*t*t*t - 8.36313e-3/5.0*t*t*t*t + 5.67549e-2/4.0*t*t*t - 1.74247e-1/3.0*t*t + 2.62692e-1/2.0*t - 1.43234e-1)'
  []
  [tangential_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(1.30457e-4/4.0*t*t*t - 2.10029e-3/3.0*t*t + 9.07826e-3/2.0*t - 3.24737e-2)'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 7.75e19
  []
  [k_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '4.93e-29'
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1000000 1000000'
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedOPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1000000 1000000'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedOPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1 1'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedIPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1 1'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    block = fuel
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  strain = small
  [fuel_buffer_sic]
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
    eigenstrain_names = thermal_strain
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
  []
  [ipyc_opyc]
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    incremental = true
    eigenstrain_names = 'thermal_strain pyc_eigenstrain'
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = ADHeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat]
    type = ADHeatConduction
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = ADNeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_yy]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    function = fission_rate
  []
  [burnup]
    type = ADBurnupAux
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    molecular_weight = 0.270
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    penalty = 1e5
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    # coupling to a postprocessor
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released co_production'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe;
                          CO'
    released_fractions = '0.153 0.847;
                          1'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_disp_x]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_temperature]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    value = 1346.0
  []
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = ADPressure
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    #  apply gas pressure on buffer and IPyC boundaries
    [plenumPressure]
      use_displaced_mesh = false
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      initial_pressure = 0
      startup_time = 1.0e4
      R = 8.3143
      # coupling to post processor
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = volumeGas
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released co_production'
      output = plenum_pressure
      use_automatic_differentiation = true
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [flux]
    type = ADFastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 1.708707e18
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = ADUO2Sifgrs
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    grain_radius_const = 5.0e-6
  []
  [stress]
    type = ADComputeLinearElasticStress
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
  []
  [PyC_stress]
    type = ADPyCCreep
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    k = k_function
    poissons_ratio = 0.4
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [PyC_eigenstrain]
    type = ADPyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    radial_eigenstrain_function = radial_eigenstrain
    tangential_eigenstrain_function = tangential_eigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = pyc_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain]
    type = ADComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [PyC_thermal_strain]
    type = ADComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.5e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_thermal_strain]
    type = ADComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [fuel_thermal]
    type = ADUO2Thermal
    thermal_conductivity_model = FINK_LUCUTA
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    burnup = burnup
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [fuel_den]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 10810.0
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [buffer_thermal]
    type = ADHeatConductionMaterial
    block = buffer
    thermal_conductivity = 0.5
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [buffer_den]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1000
    block = buffer
  []
  [PyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []
  [PyC_thermal]
    type = ADHeatConductionMaterial
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [PyC_den]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1880.0
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.7e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.13
  []
  [SiC_thermal]
    type = ADHeatConductionMaterial
    block = SiC
    thermal_conductivity = 13.9
    specific_heat = 620.0
  []
  [SiC_den]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
    block = SiC
  []
  [characteristic_strength]
    type = ADGenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '1000 1000 1000'
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength_SiC characteristic_strength_IPyC characteristic_strength_OPyC'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temperature]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart -pc_type -pc_hypre_type -pc_hypre_boomeramg_max_iter'
  petsc_options_value = '201                hypre    boomeramg      4'
  line_search = 'none'
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-10
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 15
  l_tol = 1e-6
  l_max_its = 50
  start_time = 0.0
  num_steps = 10
  dtmax = 2e5
  dtmin = 1
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 20
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ADElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ADElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumeTotal]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [volumeFuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel_outer_boundary
  []
  [volumeGas]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_boundary IPyC_inner_boundary'
    addition = -5.53e-11
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeBufferShell]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  # Postprocessors for CO production
  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
  []
  [avg_surface_temperature]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [time_int_surf_temperature]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = avg_surface_temperature
  []
  [co_production]
    type = CarbonMonoxideProduction
    total_fissions = total_fissions
    time_integrated_triso_temperature = time_int_surf_temperature
    initial_enrichment = 0.14029
  []
  [tang_SiC]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = stress_yy
    elementid = 18
  []
  [Weibull_failure_probability_OPyC]
    type = ADWeibullFailureProbability
    block = OPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    characteristic_strength = characteristic_strength_OPyC
  []
  [Weibull_failure_probability_IPyC]
    type = ADWeibullFailureProbability
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    characteristic_strength = characteristic_strength_IPyC
  []
  [Weibull_failure_probability_SiC]
    type = ADWeibullFailureProbability
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    characteristic_strength = characteristic_strength_SiC
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(test/tests/solid_mechanics/ad_ss316_volumetric_swelling/coupled.i)

# This test compares the calculated volumetric swelling calculated by ADSS316VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
# by varying multiple inputs. The fluence is ramped from 0 to 22e26. A low and high temperature
# response is tested on the left and right sides respectively.

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [gen]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 2
    nx = 10
    ny = 10
    xmin = 0.01
    xmax = 0.02
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 600
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [all]
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = swelling
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [temp]
    type = ADDiffusion
    variable = temp
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [dt]
    type = ADTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [disp_x]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = left
    value = 0.0
  []
  [disp_y]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = bottom
    value = 0.0
  []
  [temp_left]
    type = ADFunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = left
    function = '850 + y * 100'
  []
  [temp_right]
    type = ADFunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = left
    function = '650 + y * 100'
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fluence]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = '(1 - y) * 22e30'
    outputs = all
  []
  [converter]
    type = MaterialADConverter
    reg_props_in = 'fast_neutron_fluence fast_neutron_flux'
    ad_props_out = 'ad_fast_neutron_fluence ad_fast_neutron_flux'
  []
  [elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.0e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.3
  []
  [stress]
    type = ADComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
  []
  [swelling]
    type = ADSS316VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = swelling
    fast_neutron_fluence = ad_fast_neutron_fluence
    fast_neutron_flux = ad_fast_neutron_flux
    swelling_name = volumetric_swelling_strain
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu'
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  dt = 1e-4
  num_steps = 3
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [fluence_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
  []
  [left_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temp
    boundary = left
  []
  [left_swelling]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_swelling_strain
    boundary = left
  []
  [right_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temp
    boundary = right
  []
  [right_swelling]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_swelling_strain
    boundary = right
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  exodus = true
[]

(test/tests/triso/buffer_thermal_expansion/buffer_thermal_expansion.i)

#Thermal Expansion Properties of the Buffer
# The geometry is a cube (edge length = 5 cm) made of buffer material (initial density = 1.0 g/cm$^{3}$) subject to thermal expansion.
# The temperature is varied from 673.15 to 1673.15 K and the stress-free temperature is set 298.15 K.
# The change in volume can be calculated by:
# V_{f} = (1+\epsilon_{TE})^{3} \cdot V_{i}
# Where $V_{f}$ (m$^{3}$) is the final volume, $\epsilon_{TE}$ (-) is the thermal expansion strain, and $V_{i}$ (1.25x10$^{-4}$ m$^{3}$) is the initial volume.
#
# A sample of the analytical and BISON values for thermal expansion strain and final volume is shown in below
#
# | Analytical thermal expansion (-) | BISON thermal expansion (Pa) | Analytical volume (m$^{3}$) | BISON volume (m$^{3}$ |
# |----------------------------------|------------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------|
# | 1.876E-03                        | 1.876E-03                    | 1.2570E-04                  | 1.2571E-04            |
# | 3.040E-03                        | 3.040E-03                    | 1.2614E-04                  | 1.2615E-04            |
# | 4.040E-03                        | 4.040E-03                    | 1.2652E-04                  | 1.2652E-04            |
# | 5.086E-03                        | 5.086E-03                    | 1.2692E-04                  | 1.2692E-04            |
# | 6.094E-03                        | 6.094E-03                    | 1.2730E-04                  | 1.2731E-04            |
# | 7.054E-03                        | 7.054E-03                    | 1.2766E-04                  | 1.2767E-04            |
# | 7.955E-03                        | 7.955E-03                    | 1.2801E-04                  | 1.2802E-04            |

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y disp_z'
  volumetric_locking_correction = true
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  flux_conversion_factor = 0.85
  stress_free_temperature = 298.15
[]

[Mesh]
  [gen]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 3
    xmin = 0.0
    xmax = 0.05
    ymin = 0.0
    ymax = 0.05
    zmin = 0.0
    zmax = 0.05
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [density]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [buffer_thermal_eigenstrain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 673.15
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [flux_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0    1e4    1e8'
    y = '0 7.5e18 7.5e18'
  []

  [temp_function]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0        7.5e6'
    y = '673.15 1673.15'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [perm_Buffer]
    block = '0'
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'buffer_thermal_eigenstrain'
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    temperature = temp
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [density]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = density
    property = density
    block = '0'
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [buffer_thermal_eigenstrain]
    type = MaterialRankTwoTensorAux
    i = 0
    j = 0
    variable = buffer_thermal_eigenstrain
    property = buffer_thermal_eigenstrain
    execute_on = linear
  []
  [temp]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = temp
    function = temp_function
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_z_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_z
    boundary = 'back'
    value = 0
  []

  [no_y_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'bottom'
    value = 0
  []

  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'right'
    value = 0
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = flux_history
  []

  [buffer_thermal_eigenstrain]
    type = BufferThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = buffer_thermal_eigenstrain
    thermal_expansion_scale_factor = 1.0
    temperature = temp
  []

  [Buffer_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
  []

  [Buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = BufferElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus_scale_factor = 1.0
    poissons_ratio_scale_factor = 1.0
    temperature = temp
  []

  [Buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1000.0
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [limitX]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 1e-4
    variable = disp_x
  []

  [limitY]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 1e-4
    variable = disp_y
  []

  [limitZ]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 1e-4
    variable = disp_z
  []
[]

[Executioner]

  type = Transient

  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 50
  l_tol = 1e-2

  nl_max_its = 150
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-6

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 7.5e6
  num_steps = 140

  dtmax = 2e6
  dtmin = 1.0

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1e3
    time_t = '1e4 1e5'
    time_dt = '1e3 1e5'
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [volume]
    type = VolumePostprocessor
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []

  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = buffer_thermal_eigenstrain
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [density]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = density
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  csv = true
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_G/x441_leg_G.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11  # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    pellet_height = ${pellet_height}
    clad_top_gap_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    bottom_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    top_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    clad_bot_gap_height = 0.2e-3 # arbitrary
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    ny_p = 260
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 260
    ny_cu = ${ny_cu}
    ny_cl = ${ny_cl}
    pellet_quantity = 1
    elem_type = QUAD8
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_size = 30
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  # Aux variables for output
  [porosity]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [element_failed]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '0.151e6 0.151e6'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = pellet
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain fuel_volumetric_swelling'
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [porosity]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = porosity
    property = porosity
    block = pellet
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [failed_element]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = element_failed
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = pellet
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-3
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature   = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure      = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux      = 5261.5   # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material    = sodium
    rod_diameter        = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch           = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate    = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [fuel_volumetric_swelling]
    type = UPuZrVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
#    hydrostatic_stress = hydrostatic_stress
    hydrostatic_stress = 1e6
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_volumetric_swelling
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = pellet
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [longHT9_failure]
    type = HT9FailureClad
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    method = cdf_long
    temperature = temp
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 100
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [flux_from_clad]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_prod
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_rel
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = pellet
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'all_pellet_exterior'
  []
  [max_clad_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'clad_outside_top clad_outside_right'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [clad_total_hoop_strain]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    start_point = '2.90e-3 2.55e-3 0.0'
    end_point = '2.90e-3 0.725 0.0'
    num_points = 300
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec6'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 42000400'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_fuel_elongation max_clad_elongation max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec6]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec6
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(test/tests/solid_mechanics/failurecladHT9/cdf_based/short_cdf_hightemp_whc.i)

## Description ##
# Four elements of HT9 clad (2D) for a total pipe wall thickness 0.005 m have an internal pressure
# applied for 1 year in two time steps. The first time step has no failure, but the CDF of the
# internal (first) element is 0.542 and the outside (final) element is 0.5189. The final time step has
# CDF values all greater than 1 with the final cell barely failing with a CDF of 1.038.

#Postprocessor Values:
#+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
#| time           | sig_hoop_0     | sig_hoop_1     | sig_hoop_2     | sig_hoop_3     | sigma_zz       |
#+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
#|   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |
#|   1.576800e+07 |   2.524551e+07 |   2.508043e+07 |   2.492104e+07 |   2.476216e+07 |   2.500101e+07 |
#|   3.153600e+07 |   2.524551e+07 |   2.508043e+07 |   2.492104e+07 |   2.476216e+07 |   2.500101e+07 |
#+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  volumetric_locking_correction = true
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [mesh]
    type = FileMeshGenerator
    file = axisymm_thin_cyl_q4.e
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 923.0
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [clad_fail]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_xy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_zz]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [applied_pressure]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '  0    1.0e6  9.0e7'
    y = '0.641e6  0.641e6  0.641e6'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [all]
    strain = finite
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFluxAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    factor = 0
  []
  [clad_fail]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = clad_fail
    execute_on = 'timestep_end'
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cdf_amount
    execute_on = 'timestep_end'
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    scalar_type = HoopStress
    execute_on = 'linear timestep_end'
  []
  [stress_xx]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_xx
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 0
  []
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
  []
  [stress_xy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_xy
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 1
  []
  [stress_zz]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_zz
    index_i = 2
    index_j = 2
  []
[] # AuxKernels

[Postprocessors]
  [sigma_zz]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = stress_zz
  []
  [sig_hoop_0]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = hoop_stress
    elementid = 0
  []
  [sig_hoop_1]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = hoop_stress
    elementid = 1
  []
  [sig_hoop_2]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = hoop_stress
    elementid = 2
  []
  [sig_hoop_3]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = hoop_stress
    elementid = 3
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [top_bot_y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = '1'
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [inner_press]
      boundary = 4
      factor = 1.0
      function = applied_pressure
    []
  []
  [temp_fix]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = '1 2 3 4'
    value = 923.0  #K
  []
[]

[Materials]
  # This is the module being tested
  [FailureClad]
    block = 1
    type = HT9FailureClad
    hoop_stress = hoop_stress
    temperature = temp
    method = cdf_whc
  []

  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    block = 1
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 234468.6944e6
    poissons_ratio = 0.221956
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = 1
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = 1
    factor = 0.0
  []

  [thermal]
    block = 1
    type = HT9Thermal
    temperature = temp
  []

  [density]
    block = 1
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 7874
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient

  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu     superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-6
  l_max_its = 30
  nl_max_its = 50
  dt = 15768000 # half a year
  start_time = 0.0
  num_steps = 2
  dtmin = 100.0
  l_tol = 1e-4
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  csv = false
  [out]
    type = Exodus
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 5
  []
[]

(assessment/TRISO/benchmark/IAEA_CRP-6/fuel_performance/case_4d/case_4d_1D.i)

#
# This case is taken from Advances in high temperature gas cooled reactor fuel
# technology. Technical Report IAEA-TECDOC-1674, International Atomic Energy
# Agency, 2012.
#
# See also Hales, et al., Multidimensional multiphysics simulation of TRISO
# particle fuel, JNM, 443, 2013.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.07.070
#
# The correctness of the results computed by this case must be checked against
# results from the IAEA benchmark.  The best way to do this is to compare
# results with information in the JNM article.
#

[GlobalParams]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '3.5e-4 3.9e-4 4.25e-4'
    mesh_density = '4 4'
    block_names = 'IPyC SiC'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [radial_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(1.36334e-3/4.0*t*t*t - 7.77024e-3/3.0*t*t + 2.00861e-2/2.0*t - 2.22642e-2)'
  []
  [tangential_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(-3.53804e-4/4.0*t*t*t + 1.69251e-3/3.0*t*t + 2.63307e-3/2.0*t - 1.91253e-2)'
  []
  [k_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '2.715e-29'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1273.0
  []
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_zz]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [IPyC]
    block = IPyC
    incremental = true
    strain = small
    eigenstrain_names = ipyc_eigenstrain
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    strain = small
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [stress_zz]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_zz
    index_i = 2
    index_j = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  [interior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    factor = 25e6
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 3.75e17 # n/m^2-sec
  []
  [stress]
    type = ComputeLinearElasticStress
    block = 'SiC'
  []
  [IPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = IPyC
    k = k_function
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1900.0
    block = IPyC
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
  []
  [IPyC_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    radial_eigenstrain_function = radial_eigenstrain
    tangential_eigenstrain_function = tangential_eigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = ipyc_eigenstrain
  []
  [IPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []
  [IPyC_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.7e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.13
  []
  [SiC_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = SiC
    thermal_conductivity = 13.9
    specific_heat = 620.0
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart -pc_type -pc_hypre_type -pc_hypre_boomeramg_max_iter'
  petsc_options_value = '201                hypre    boomeramg      4'
  line_search = 'none'
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 15
  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50
  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 8e7
  dt = 1.0
  dtmax = 1e6
  dtmin = 1.0e4
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [max_yy_IPyC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = IPyC
  []
  [max_yy_SiC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = SiC
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  exodus = true
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_B/x441_1_5D_B.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [layered1D_mesh]
    type = Layered1DMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    fuel_height = ${pellet_height}
    plenum_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    nx_c = 4
    slices_per_block = 10
    elem_type = EDGE2
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = Layered1DFuelPinGeometry
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [disp_y]
  []
  [disp_z]
  []

  # Aux variables for output
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '1.0 1.0'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
  [clad_axial_pressure]
    type = CladdingAxialPressureFunction
    plenum_pressure = plenum_pressure
    coolant_pressure = coolant_press_ramp
    coolant_pressure_scaling_factor = 0.151e6
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [fuel_axial_pressure]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = plenum_pressure
    symbol_names = plenum_pressure
    symbol_values = plenum_pressure
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/Layered1D]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = true
    add_scalar_variables = true
    out_of_plane_strain_name = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_pressure_function = fuel_axial_pressure
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain gas_swelling_eigenstrain solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = true
    add_scalar_variables = true
    out_of_plane_strain_name = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_pressure_function = clad_axial_pressure
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = fuel
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '2'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '2'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux = 5261.5 # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material = sodium
    rod_diameter = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = fuel
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = fuel
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = UPuZrGaseousEigenstrain
    temperature = temp
    eigenstrain_name = gas_swelling_eigenstrain
    initial_porosity = 0.0
    bubble_number_density = 1e20
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'porosity gaseous_porosity'
    block = fuel
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = BurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = fuel
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = fuel
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 15800
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 100
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior] # average temperature of the cladding interior and all pellet exteriors
    type = LayeredSideAverageValuePostprocessor
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [clad_inner_vol] # volume inside of cladding
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 7
    component = 0
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    #outputs = exodus
  []
  [pellet_volume] # fuel pellet total volume
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 8
    component = 0
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    #outputs = exodus
  []
  [avg_clad_temp] # average temperature of cladding interior
    type = LayeredSideAverageValuePostprocessor
    boundary = 7
    variable = temp
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    component = 0
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [flux_from_clad] # area integrated heat flux from the cladding
    type = LayeredSideFluxIntegralPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [flux_from_fuel] # area integrated heat flux from the fuel
    type = LayeredSideFluxIntegralPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralPowerPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = fuel
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralFisGasProducePostprocessor
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralFisGasReleasePostprocessor
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = fuel
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = fuel
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = fuel
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = fuel
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [gaseous_porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gaseous_porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 41991000'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/WPF/analysis/X425_T418/X425_base.i)

# X425 Steady State Irradiation Base Input File

gap_bottom_length = 0.31e-3
top_bot_cladding_height = 2.24e-3
# calculations
cladding_ir = '${fparse fuel_radius + cladding_gap_width}'
gas_plenum_height = '${fparse plenum_volume / pi / cladding_ir^2}'
fuel_y_start = '${fparse gap_bottom_length + top_bot_cladding_height}'
alpha_start = 877
alpha_end = 936
bubble_concentration = 1e15

cladding_block = 'cladding cladding_tri'

# A relatively coarse radial mesh density can be used
# since localized refining is done by TRI3 elements
clad_n_rad = 10

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  alpha_transition_end = ${alpha_end}
  alpha_transition_start = ${alpha_start}
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
  converge_on = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
[]

[Mesh]
  # Pin design parameters from FIPD database
  [gen]
    type = FIPDRodletMeshGenerator
    fipd_geom_file = ${raw '../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/ ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} / ${pin_id} _design.csv'}

    gap_bottom_length = 0.31e-3 # arbitrary
    cladding_bottom_plug_length = 2.24e-3 # arbitrary
    cladding_top_plug_length = 2.24e-3 # arbitrary

    cladding_sidewall_radial_elements = ${clad_n_rad}
    cladding_sidewall_axial_element_intervals = '0 0.540 0.625 1.0'
    cladding_sidewall_axial_element_numbers = '150 1000 150'
    use_tri_for_cladding_sidewall = '0 1 0'
    cladding_top_plug_radial_elements = 10
    cladding_top_plug_axial_elements = 5
    cladding_bottom_plug_axial_elements = 5
    fuel_radial_elements = 10
    fuel_axial_element_intervals = '0 1'
    fuel_axial_element_numbers = '1000'
    tri_element_size_factor = 0.4
    elem_type = QUAD4
    make_stand = true
    make_cap = true
    cap_axial_elements = 15
    stand_axial_elements = 15
  []
  [sodium_height]
    type = SideSetsFromBoundingBoxGenerator
    input = gen
    bottom_left = '0 0 0'
    top_right = '${fparse cladding_ir + cladding_thickness} ${fparse fuel_y_start + fuel_height} 0'
    included_boundaries = 'cladding_inside_right'
    boundary_new = '1005'
  []
  [gas_height]
    type = SideSetsFromBoundingBoxGenerator
    input = sodium_height
    bottom_left = '0 ${fparse fuel_y_start + fuel_height} 0'
    top_right = '${fparse cladding_ir + cladding_thickness} ${fparse fuel_y_start + fuel_height + gas_plenum_height + top_bot_cladding_height} 0'
    included_boundaries = 'cladding_inside_right'
    boundary_new = '1006'
  []
  [sodium_plenum_rename]
    type = RenameBoundaryGenerator
    input = gas_height
    old_boundary = '1005 1006'
    new_boundary = 'sodium_height gas_height'
  []

  patch_size = 40
  patch_update_strategy = always
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
  coord_type = RZ
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block} cap stand'
  []
  [disp_x]
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block} cap stand'
  []
  [disp_y]
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block} cap stand'
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [fflux_axial_peaking_factors] # Fast flux peaking factor from FIPD database; used for fuel related simulations
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/ ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} /peakingfactor_flux_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
    extrapolate_to_zero = true
  []
  [fflux_axial_peaking_factors_elongate] # Fast flux peaking factor from FIPD database; used for cladding related simulations
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/ ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} /peakingfactor_flux_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
    extrapolate_to_zero = true
    fuel_elongation_pp = max_fuel_elongation # pp used to track fuel elongation
  []
  [flux_history] # Time-dependent pin average fast flux from FIPD database
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/ ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} /flux_history_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
  []
  [clad_od_temp] # Time-dependent cladding OD temperature from FIPD database
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/ ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} /clad_od_temp_history_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
  []
  [ab_sodium_vol]
    type = MeshPropertyFunction
    mesh_generator = gen
    mesh_property_name = sodium_volume
    scale_factor = -1.0
  []
  [sodium_volume]
    # Need to account for the factor that hot pressing is also occupying the open pores
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_names = 'porosity_sodium_logging_avg volume_fuel raw_sodium_vol temp_sodium_avg'
    symbol_values = 'porosity_sodium_logging_avg volume_fuel ab_sodium_vol temp_sodium_avg'
    # Note the the symbol before volume_fuel should be negative as volume_fuel itself is negative
    expression = 'raw_sodium_vol * 954 / (1012 - 0.23 * temp_sodium_avg) - volume_fuel * porosity_sodium_logging_avg'
  []
  [power_history] # Time-dependent pin average power from FIPD database
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/ ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} /power_history_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
  []

  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/ ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} /peakingfactor_power_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors_extended]
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw '../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/ ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} /peakingfactor_power_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
    fuel_elongation_pp = max_fuel_elongation # pp used to track fuel elongation
  []
  [anisotropic_swelling_factor]
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_names = 'disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg fuel_height fuel_radius'
    symbol_values = 'disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg ${fuel_height} ${fuel_radius}'
    expression = '(disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg / ${fuel_radius}) / (disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg / ${fuel_height})'
  []
  [gap_thermal_conductivity]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '124.67 - 0.11381 * t + 5.5226e-5 * t^2 - 1.1842e-8 * t^3'
  []
  [id_vpp_func] # vpp_function used to track FCCI-related cladding degradation.
    type = MetallicFuelWastageDegradationFunction
    vectorpostprocessor_name = id_wastage
    argument_column = y
    wastage_type = ID
    value_column = wastage_thickness
    use_metadata = true
    degradation_factor = 0.001
    mesh_generator = 'gen'
    transition_width = 1E-4
  []
  [od_vpp_func] # vpp_function used to track CCCI-related cladding degradation.
    type = MetallicFuelWastageDegradationFunction
    vectorpostprocessor_name = od_wastage
    argument_column = y
    wastage_type = OD
    value_column = cc_wastage_thickness
    use_metadata = true
    degradation_factor = 0.001
    mesh_generator = 'gen'
    transition_width = 1E-4
  []
  [fuel_melt_func]
    type = MetallicFuelMeltingFunction
    vectorpostprocessor_name = fuel_melting
    argument_column = y
    value_column = fuel_melting_thickness
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = 'gen'
    transition_width = 2e-4
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    block = fuel
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'firstinv_strain stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
    volumetric_locking_correction = true
  []
  [cladding]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    eigenstrain_names = 'cladding_thermal_eigenstrain'
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
    volumetric_locking_correction = true
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [gravity]
    type = ADGravity
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block}'
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = ADHeatConduction
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block} cap stand'
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = ADHeatConductionTimeDerivative
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block} cap stand'
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = ADFissionRateHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = 'fuel'
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    energy_deposited_in_fuel = 0.95
  []

  [disp_x_dt]
    type = ADTimeDerivative
    variable = disp_x
    block = ' cap stand'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [disp_y_dt]
    type = ADTimeDerivative
    variable = disp_y
    block = 'cap stand'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [disp_x_diff]
    type = ADMatAnisoDiffusion
    variable = disp_x
    block = 'cap stand'
    diffusivity = d_x
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [disp_y_diff]
    type = ADMatDiffusion
    variable = disp_y
    block = 'cap stand'
    diffusivity = 1e8
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = FuelPinGeometry
    clad_bottom = cladding_outside_bottom
    clad_inner_wall = cladding_inside_right
    clad_outer_wall = cladding_outside_right
    clad_top = cladding_outside_top
    pellet_exteriors = fuel_outside_all
  []
  [fuel_thm_exp]
    type = LayeredAverage
    variable = fuel_thermal_strain_xx
    direction = y
    num_layers = 1000
    block = fuel
  []
  [clad_thm_exp]
    type = LayeredAverage
    variable = clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx
    direction = y
    num_layers = 1000
    block = ${cladding_block}
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [fuel_cladding_mechanical]
    primary = cladding_inside_right
    secondary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    model = coulomb
    friction_coefficient = 0.1
    formulation = mortar
    c_normal = '${fparse 1e17 * magic_factor}'
    c_tangential = '${fparse 1e19 * magic_factor}'
    correct_edge_dropping = true
  []
[]

[MortarGapHeatTransfer]
  [inside2outside]
    temperature = temp
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
    gap_conductivity_function = gap_thermal_conductivity
    gap_conductivity_function_variable = temp
    primary_boundary = cladding_inside_right
    secondary_boundary = fuel_contact_surfaces
    gap_flux_options = 'CONDUCTION'
    ghost_point_neighbors = true
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'centerline cap_top'
    value = 0.0
    preset = false
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_bottom'
    value = 0.0
    preset = false
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = 'cladding_outside_right'
      factor = 0.151e6
      use_automatic_differentiation = true
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 'inside_surfaces'
      initial_pressure = 84116 # in Pa, 12.2 psi
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = temp_gas_avg
      volume = volume_plenum
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fg_released
      use_automatic_differentiation = true
    []
  []
  [surf] # Setting temperature BC base on FIPD data
    type = ADFunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_bottom cladding_outside_right cladding_outside_top'
    function = clad_od_temp
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [relx]
  []
  [clad_thm_exp]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_thm_exp]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = fuel
  []
  [func_val1]
  []
  [func_val2]
  []
  [func_val3]
  []
  # OPTD Dummy during this stage
  [pen_thick_aux]
    family = MONOMIAL
    order = CONSTANT
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block}'
  []
  [total_id_reduction]
    family = MONOMIAL
    order = CONSTANT
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block}'
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence_aux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [func_val1]
    type = FunctionAux
    function = id_vpp_func
    variable = func_val1
    block = 'cladding cladding_tri'
  []
  [func_val2]
    type = FunctionAux
    function = od_vpp_func
    variable = func_val2
    block = 'cladding cladding_tri'
  []
  [func_val3]
    type = FunctionAux
    function = fuel_melt_func
    variable = func_val3
    block = fuel
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [relx_aux]
    type = ParsedAux
    variable = relx
    block = fuel
    use_xyzt = true
    expression = 'x / ${fuel_radius}'
  []
  [clad_thm_exp]
    type = SpatialUserObjectAux
    variable = clad_thm_exp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    user_object = clad_thm_exp
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = cladding_thermal_eigenstrain
    variable = clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx
    index_j = 0
    index_i = 0
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain_xx]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = fuel_thermal_strain
    variable = fuel_thermal_strain_xx
    index_j = 0
    index_i = 0
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain_yy]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = fuel_thermal_strain
    variable = fuel_thermal_strain_yy
    index_j = 1
    index_i = 1
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_thm_exp]
    type = SpatialUserObjectAux
    variable = fuel_thm_exp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    user_object = fuel_thm_exp
    block = fuel
  []

  # OPTD
  [assign_pen_thick_aux]
    type = ADMaterialRealAux
    variable = pen_thick_aux
    property = liquid_penetration
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block}'
  []
  [assign_total_id_reduction]
    type = ParsedAux
    variable = total_id_reduction
    coupled_variables = 'pen_thick_aux wastage_thickness'
    expression = 'pen_thick_aux + wastage_thickness'
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block}'
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fuel_pen]
    type = ADMetallicFuelLiquidCladdingPenetration
    temperature = temp
    mesh_generator = gen
    fuel_elongation_pp = max_fuel_elongation
    liquid_penetration_model = 'ANL_CONSERVATIVE'
    fuel_pu = Pu_0
    burnup = burnup
    outputs = all
    calculate_fuel_melting_thickness = true
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block}'
  []
  [longHT9_failure]
    type = HT9FailureClad
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    method = cdf_long
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
  [d_x]
    type = ADConstantAnisotropicMobility
    tensor = '1e3 0 0
              0   1e6 0
              0   0 0'
    M_name = d_x
  []
  [cap_thcond]
    type = ADGenericConstantMaterial
    prop_names = 'thermal_conductivity specific_heat density'
    prop_values = '65 1200 830'
    block = 'cap stand'
    outputs = all
  []
  [interconnected_porosity]
    type = ADParsedMaterial
    block = 'fuel'
    property_name = interconnected_porosity
    material_property_names = 'porosity interconnectivity'
    expression = 'porosity * interconnectivity'
    outputs = all
  []

  [fission_rate]
    type = ADUPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${fuel_radius}
    X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = 'fuel'
    outputs = all
  []
  [fission_rate_elongate]
    type = ADUPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors_extended
    pellet_radius = ${fuel_radius}
    X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    outputs = all
    fission_rate_name = fission_rate
  []
  [burnup]
    type = ADUPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${fuel_density}
    block = 'fuel'
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup_elongate]
    type = ADUPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    initial_X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    outputs = all
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    density = ${fuel_density}
    burnup_name = burnup
  []
  [fuel_elastic_stress]
    type = ADComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    inelastic_models = 'hotpress fuel_upuzrcreep gas_swelling'
    block = 'fuel'
    outputs = all
  []
  [hotpress]
    type = ADUPuZrHotPressingStressUpdate
    block = 'fuel'
    outputs = all
    surface_energy = 1.6
    plenum_pressure = plenum_pressure
    porosity_name = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-1
    interconnectivity = interconnectivity
    bubble_concentration = ${bubble_concentration}
    temperature = temp
    creep_model = MFH
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    atomic_volume = 2.15e-29
    porosity_start = 0.01
    porosity_end = 0
    grain_boundary_D0 = 4e-29
    grain_boundary_Q = 0
    absolute_tolerance = 1e-9
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ADPorosityFromStrain
    block = 'fuel'
    initial_porosity = 1e-10
    inelastic_strain = 'combined_inelastic_strain'
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADUPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    youngs_model = LANL
    block = 'fuel'
    temperature = temp
    use_old_porosity = true
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'youngs_modulus poissons_ratio'
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = ADUPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = 'fuel'
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    use_old_porosity = true
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-1
    outputs = all
    automatic_differentiation_return_mapping = false
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ADUPuZrThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = 'fuel'
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 298.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
    outputs = all
    thermal_expansion_model = LANL
    X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ADSimpleFissionGasViscoplasticityStressUpdate
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
    block = 'fuel'
    bubble_concentration = ${bubble_concentration}
    initial_bubble_concentration = ${bubble_concentration}
    compute_interconnectivity = true
    fission_gas_yield = 0.3017
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    initial_atoms_per_bubble = 1e-05
    initial_bubble_radius = 1e-15
    initial_fgm_dissolved = 0
    interconnection_cutoff = 0.99
    interconnection_initiating_porosity = 0.23
    interconnection_terminating_porosity = 0.25
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-2
    retained_gas_fraction = 0.25
    interconnection_dependent_retained_gas_fraction = 0.5
    surface_energy = 1.6
    anisotropic_factor = 0.26
    initial_porosity = 1e-10
    fuel_melting_function = fuel_melt_func
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ADBurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = 'fuel'
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
    outputs = all
    anisotropic_factor = 0.26
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = ADUPuZrThermal
    block = 'fuel'
    X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
    porosity_model = logged
    sodium_logged_porosity = sodium_logged_porosity
  []
  [sodium_logging]
    type = ADUPuZrSodiumLogging
    block = 'fuel'
    porosity = porosity
    interconnectivity = interconnectivity
    sodium_infiltration_fraction = 0.28
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    block = 'fuel'
    strain_free_density = ${fuel_density}
    outputs = all
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = ADFastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    axial_power_profile = fflux_axial_peaking_factors
    rod_ave_lin_pow = flux_history
    block = fuel
    factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux_elongate]
    type = ADFastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    axial_power_profile = fflux_axial_peaking_factors_elongate
    rod_ave_lin_pow = flux_history
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
  [cladding_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADHT9ElasticityTensor
    temperature = temp
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    outputs = all
    id_wastage_degradation_function = id_vpp_func
    od_wastage_degradation_function = od_vpp_func
    output_properties = 'youngs_modulus poissons_ratio'
  []
  [cladding_stress]
    type = ADComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    inelastic_models = 'cladding_creep'
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    outputs = all
  []
  [cladding_creep]
    type = ADHT9CreepUpdate
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
    primary_creep_model = MFH
    secondary_creep_model = MFH
    irradiation_creep_model = MFH
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ADHT9ThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 298.0
    eigenstrain_name = cladding_thermal_eigenstrain
    outputs = all
  []
  [cladding_thermal]
    type = ADHT9Thermal
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
  []
  [cladding_density]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    strain_free_density = '${clad_density}'
    outputs = all
  []
  [wastage_thickness]
    type = ADMetallicFuelWastage
    method = burnup_ht9_opt
    burnup = burnup
    temperature = temp
    scale_factor = 1
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    outputs = all
  []
  [cc_wastage_thickness]
    type = ADMetallicFuelCoolantWastage
    clad_material = HT9
    use_effective_method = true
    temperature = temp
    scale_factor = 1
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [disp_x]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = disp_x
    max_increment = 1e-4
  []
  [disp_y]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = disp_y
    max_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temp
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [vcp]
    type = VCP
    full = true
    primary_variable = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
    preconditioner = 'LU'
    adaptive_condensation = true
    lm_variable = 'fuel_cladding_mechanical_normal_lm fuel_cladding_mechanical_tangential_lm inside2outside_thermal_lm'
    is_lm_coupling_diagonal = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'NEWTON'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew -snes_converged_reason -ksp_converged_reason'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_type -mat_mffd_err -pc_factor_shift_type -pc_factor_shift_amount -snes_force_iteration'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu    superlu_dist   1e-5          NONZERO               1e-15 1'
  line_search = 'none'
  snesmf_reuse_base = false
  verbose = true

  l_max_its = 60
  nl_max_its = 20
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-7
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-9

  end_time = ${run_time}
  dtmin = 1e-100
  dtmax = ${max_time_step}

  automatic_scaling = true
  compute_scaling_once = false
  off_diagonals_in_auto_scaling = true
  ignore_variables_for_autoscaling = 'fuel_cladding_mechanical_normal_lm fuel_cladding_mechanical_tangential_lm inside2outside_thermal_lm'

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = time_step_limit
    force_step_every_function_point = true
    timestep_limiting_function = power_history
    dt = 1e2
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [_dt]
    type = TimestepSize
  []
  # elemental temperatures
  [temp_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = 'fuel'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [temp_fuel_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [temp_fuel_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    block = 'fuel'
    value_type = min
  []
  [temp_cladding_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [temp_cladding_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [temp_cladding_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    value_type = min
  []

  # boundary temperatures
  [temp_gas_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 'gas_height cladding_inside_top'
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [temp_sodium_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = 'cap'
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [temp_inside_surfaces_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 'inside_surfaces'
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [temp_fuel_centerline_avg]
    type = AxisymmetricCenterlineAverageValue
    boundary = 'centerline'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_fuel_centerline_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = 'centerline'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_fuel_centerline_min]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = 'centerline'
    variable = temp
    value_type = min
  []
  [temp_fuel_surface_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_fuel_surface_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_fuel_surface_min]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
    variable = temp
    value_type = min
  []
  [temp_cladding_inside_right_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_cladding_inside_right_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_cladding_outside_right_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_right'
    variable = temp
  []

  # stresses
  [stress_vonmises_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_vonmises_fuel_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_vonmises_fuel_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    value_type = min
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_hydro_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_hydro_fuel_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_hydro_fuel_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_vonmises_cladding_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [stress_vonmises_cladding_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [stress_vonmises_cladding_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    value_type = min
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [stress_hydro_cladding_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [stress_hydro_cladding_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [stress_hydro_cladding_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [contact_pressure_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = fuel_cladding_mechanical_normal_lm
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
  []

  # strain information
  [strain_solid_swelling_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swelling
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [strain_gas_swelling_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = effective_fission_gas_strain
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [strain_hot_pressing_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = effective_hot_pressing_strain
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [strain_volumetric_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = firstinv_strain
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [strain_axial_fuel_avg]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg disp_y_fuel_bottom_surface_avg'
    expression = '(disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg - disp_y_fuel_bottom_surface_avg) / ${fuel_height}'
  []
  [disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'fuel_top'
  []
  [disp_y_fuel_top_surface_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'fuel_top'
  []
  [disp_y_fuel_bottom_surface_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'fuel_bottom'
  []
  [disp_y_fuel_bottom_surface_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'fuel_bottom'
  []
  [disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
  []
  [disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
  []
  [disp_x_cladding_interior_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
  []
  [disp_x_cladding_interior_min]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
    value_type = min
  []
  [disp_x_cladding_interior_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
  []
  [disp_x_cladding_exterior_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_right'
  []
  [disp_x_cladding_exterior_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_right'
  []
  [anisotropic_swelling_factor]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = anisotropic_swelling_factor
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = fuel_outside_all
  []

  # geometric information
  [volume_cladding_interior]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_all'
  []
  [volume_fuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'fuel_outside_all'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volume_plenum]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'inside_surfaces'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = sodium_volume
  []
  [plenum_ratio]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'volume_plenum volume_fuel'
    expression = 'volume_plenum / volume_fuel'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volume_sodium]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = sodium_volume
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  # energy information
  [flux_clad]
    type = ADSideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_fuel]
    type = ADSideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 'fuel_contact_surfaces'
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [power_integral]
    type = ADElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [linear_heat_generation_rate]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [burnup_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [burnup_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fission_rate_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []

  # fission gas information
  [fg_produced]
    type = ADElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fgm_produced
    block = fuel
  []
  [fg_released]
    type = ADElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fgm_released
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fg_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fg_released
    fission_gas_generated = fg_produced
  []
  [interconnected_porosity_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = interconnected_porosity
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [porosity_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [porosity_fuel_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [porosity_fuel_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = min
    block = fuel
  []
  [porosity_sodium_logging_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = sodium_logged_porosity
    block = fuel
  []

  # extras
  [actual_time_step_limit]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block}'
    outputs = none
  []
  [time_step_limit]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    expression = 'if(actual_time_step_limit > 1e6, 1e6, actual_time_step_limit)'
    pp_names = 'actual_time_step_limit'
  []
  [max_wastagethickness]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = wastage_thickness
    # outputs = 'console'
  []
  [max_wst_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = temp
    proxy_variable = wastage_thickness
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [max_wst_burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = burnup
    proxy_variable = wastage_thickness
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [id_wastage]
    type = FuelRodLineValueSampler
    variable = wastage_thickness
    material = 'clad'
    fraction = 0.0
    num_points = 600
    orientation = 'vertical'
    fuel_pin_geometry = 'pin_geometry'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = csv_wst_a
  []
  [id_pen_total]
    type = FuelRodLineValueSampler
    variable = total_id_reduction
    material = 'clad'
    fraction = 0.0
    num_points = 600
    orientation = 'vertical'
    fuel_pin_geometry = 'pin_geometry'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = none
  []
  [od_wastage]
    type = FuelRodLineValueSampler
    variable = cc_wastage_thickness
    material = 'clad'
    fraction = 1.0
    num_points = 600
    orientation = 'vertical'
    fuel_pin_geometry = 'pin_geometry'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = none
  []
  [fuel_melting]
    type = FuelRodLineValueSampler
    variable = fuel_melting_thickness
    material = 'fuel'
    fraction = 1.0
    num_points = 600
    orientation = 'vertical'
    fuel_pin_geometry = 'pin_geometry'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = none
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = 'console'
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  color = true
  perf_graph = true
  sync_times = ${time_spots}

  [checkpoint]
    type = Checkpoint
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [exodus]
    type = Exodus
    time_step_interval =  500
    sync_times = ${time_spots}
    enable = false
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    show = 'time_step_size temp_fuel_avg temp_fuel_centerline_max temp_cladding_avg temp_cladding_max stress_vonmises_fuel_max stress_hydro_fuel_max stress_hydro_fuel_min contact_pressure_max strain_axial_fuel_avg power_integral burnup_avg fission_rate_avg fg_percent porosity_fuel_avg time_step_limit anisotropic_swelling_factor plenum_ratio volume_fuel volume_plenum max_wastagethickness max_cdf'
  []
  [csv_wst_a]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots_a}
    enable = ${enable_a}
    execute_postprocessors_on = none
    create_latest_symlink = true
  []
  [csv_general]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots}
    enable = true
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_E/x441_leg_E.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11  # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    pellet_height = ${pellet_height}
    clad_top_gap_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    bottom_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    top_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    clad_bot_gap_height = 0.2e-3 # arbitrary
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    ny_p = 260
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 260
    ny_cu = ${ny_cu}
    ny_cl = ${ny_cl}
    pellet_quantity = 1
    elem_type = QUAD8
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_size = 30
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  # Aux variables for output
  [porosity]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [element_failed]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '0.151e6 0.151e6'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = pellet
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain fuel_volumetric_swelling'
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [porosity]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = porosity
    property = porosity
    block = pellet
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [failed_element]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = element_failed
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = pellet
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-3
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature   = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure      = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux      = 5261.5   # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material    = sodium
    rod_diameter        = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch           = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate    = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [fuel_volumetric_swelling]
    type = UPuZrVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
#    hydrostatic_stress = hydrostatic_stress
    hydrostatic_stress = 1e6
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_volumetric_swelling
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = pellet
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [longHT9_failure]
    type = HT9FailureClad
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    method = cdf_long
    temperature = temp
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 100
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [flux_from_clad]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_prod
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_rel
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = pellet
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'all_pellet_exterior'
  []
  [max_clad_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'clad_outside_top clad_outside_right'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [clad_total_hoop_strain]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    start_point = '2.90e-3 2.55e-3 0.0'
    end_point = '2.90e-3 0.725 0.0'
    num_points = 300
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec6'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 42000400'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_fuel_elongation max_clad_elongation max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec6]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec6
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_B/x441_grp_B.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11  # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    pellet_height = ${pellet_height}
    clad_top_gap_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    bottom_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    top_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    clad_bot_gap_height = 0.2e-3 # arbitrary
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    ny_p = 260
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 260
    ny_cu = ${ny_cu}
    ny_cl = ${ny_cl}
    pellet_quantity = 1
    elem_type = QUAD8
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_size = 30
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  # Aux variables for output
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [element_failed]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '0.151e6 0.151e6'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = pellet
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain gas_swelling_eigenstrain solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [failed_element]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = element_failed
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = pellet
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-3
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature   = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure      = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux      = 5261.5   # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material    = sodium
    rod_diameter        = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch           = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate    = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 2e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = UPuZrGaseousEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = gas_swelling_eigenstrain
    temperature = temp
    initial_porosity = 0.0
    bubble_number_density = 1e20
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'porosity gaseous_porosity'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = BurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = pellet
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = pellet
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [longHT9_failure]
    type = HT9FailureClad
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    method = cdf_long
    temperature = temp
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 10
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [flux_from_clad]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_prod
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_rel
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = pellet
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [gaseous_porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gaseous_porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'all_pellet_exterior'
  []
  [max_clad_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'clad_outside_top clad_outside_right'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [clad_total_hoop_strain]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    start_point = '2.90e-3 2.55e-3 0.0'
    end_point = '2.90e-3 0.725 0.0'
    num_points = 300
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec6'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 42000400'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_fuel_elongation max_clad_elongation max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec6]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec6
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_C/x441_1_5D_C.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [layered1D_mesh]
    type = Layered1DMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    fuel_height = ${pellet_height}
    plenum_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    nx_c = 4
    slices_per_block = 10
    elem_type = EDGE2
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = Layered1DFuelPinGeometry
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [disp_y]
  []
  [disp_z]
  []

  # Aux variables for output
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '1.0 1.0'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
  [clad_axial_pressure]
    type = CladdingAxialPressureFunction
    plenum_pressure = plenum_pressure
    coolant_pressure = coolant_press_ramp
    coolant_pressure_scaling_factor = 0.151e6
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [fuel_axial_pressure]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = plenum_pressure
    symbol_names = plenum_pressure
    symbol_values = plenum_pressure
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/Layered1D]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = true
    add_scalar_variables = true
    out_of_plane_strain_name = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_pressure_function = fuel_axial_pressure
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain gas_swelling_eigenstrain solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = true
    add_scalar_variables = true
    out_of_plane_strain_name = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_pressure_function = clad_axial_pressure
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = fuel
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '2'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '2'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux = 5261.5 # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material = sodium
    rod_diameter = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = fuel
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = fuel
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = UPuZrGaseousEigenstrain
    temperature = temp
    eigenstrain_name = gas_swelling_eigenstrain
    initial_porosity = 0.0
    bubble_number_density = 1e20
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'porosity gaseous_porosity'
    block = fuel
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = BurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = fuel
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = fuel
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 15800
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 100
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior] # average temperature of the cladding interior and all pellet exteriors
    type = LayeredSideAverageValuePostprocessor
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [clad_inner_vol] # volume inside of cladding
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 7
    component = 0
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    #outputs = exodus
  []
  [pellet_volume] # fuel pellet total volume
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 8
    component = 0
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    #outputs = exodus
  []
  [avg_clad_temp] # average temperature of cladding interior
    type = LayeredSideAverageValuePostprocessor
    boundary = 7
    variable = temp
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    component = 0
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [flux_from_clad] # area integrated heat flux from the cladding
    type = LayeredSideFluxIntegralPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [flux_from_fuel] # area integrated heat flux from the fuel
    type = LayeredSideFluxIntegralPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralPowerPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = fuel
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralFisGasProducePostprocessor
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralFisGasReleasePostprocessor
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = fuel
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = fuel
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = fuel
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = fuel
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [gaseous_porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gaseous_porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 41991000'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(assessment/TRISO/validation/AGR-34/SharedFiles/capsule_driver.i)

kernel_radius = 178.65e-6
buffer_thickness = 109.7e-6
IPyC_thickness = 40.4e-6
SiC_thickness = 33.5e-6
OPyC_thickness = 41.3e-6
buffer_density = 1100
ipyc_density = 1904
opyc_density = 1901
sic_density = 3203

coordinates1 = '${fparse kernel_radius}'
coordinates2 = '${fparse coordinates1+buffer_thickness}'
coordinates3 = '${fparse coordinates2+IPyC_thickness}'
coordinates4 = '${fparse coordinates3+SiC_thickness}'
coordinates5 = '${fparse coordinates4+OPyC_thickness}'

[GlobalParams]
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  initial_enrichment = 0.19717 # [wt-]
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 # [J/fission]
  O_U = 1.430 # Initial Oxygen to Uranium atom ratio
  C_U = 0.361 # Initial Carbon to Uranium atom ratio
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [mesh]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '0 ${coordinates1} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates3} ${coordinates4} ${coordinates5}'
    mesh_density = '18 14 12 16 16'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[UserObjects]
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_OPyC = OPyC_outer_boundary
    outer_SiC = SiC_outer_boundary
    outer_IPyC = IPyC_outer_boundary
    inner_IPyC = IPyC_inner_boundary
    outer_buffer = buffer_outer_boundary
    outer_kernel = fuel_outer_boundary
    include_particle = true
    include_pebble = false
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1200
  []
  [conc_Ag]
    initial_condition = 0.0
    scaling = 1e12 #1e18
  []
  [conc_Cs]
    initial_condition = 0.0
    scaling = 1e12 #1e18
  []
  [conc_Sr]
    initial_condition = 0.0
    scaling = 1e12 #1e18
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [Ag_diff_coef]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [Cs_diff_coef]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [Sr_diff_coef]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [temp_bc]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 1
    xy_in_file_only = false
    format = columns
    data_file='AGR-34_capsule_daily_data/Cap1Temps.csv'
  []
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 76e6'
    y = '1 1'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = LinearCombinationFunction
    functions = power_history
    w = 4.8156e+19
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []

  [mass_Ag_dt]
    type = TimeDerivative
    variable = conc_Ag
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_Ag]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusion
    variable = conc_Ag
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_source_Ag]
    type = SpeciesSourceRate
    variable = conc_Ag
    property_name = Ag_generation
    block = fuel
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []

  [mass_Cs_dt]
    type = TimeDerivative
    variable = conc_Cs
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusion
    variable = conc_Cs
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_source_Cs]
    type = SpeciesSourceRate
    variable = conc_Cs
    property_name = Cs_generation
    block = fuel
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []

  [mass_Sr_dt]
    type = TimeDerivative
    variable = conc_Sr
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_Sr]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusion
    variable = conc_Sr
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Sr
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_source_Sr]
    type = SpeciesSourceRate
    variable = conc_Sr
    property_name = Sr_generation
    block = fuel
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [burnup]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = burnup
    property = burnup
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [Ag_diff_coef]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = Ag_diff_coef
    property = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [Cs_diff_coef]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = Cs_diff_coef
    property = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [Sr_diff_coef]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = Sr_diff_coef
    property = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Sr
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    function = temp_bc
    boundary = exterior
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [freesurf_conc_Ag]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = conc_Ag
    boundary = exterior
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_conc_Cs]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = conc_Cs
    boundary = exterior
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_conc_Sr]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = conc_Sr
    boundary = exterior
    value = 0.0
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = power_history
    factor = 0.5519e+18
  []
  [UCO_burnup]
    type = TRISOBurnup
    initial_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []

  [UCO_thermal]
    type = UCOThermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [UCO_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 11098.0
  []

  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UCOFGR
    block = fuel
    average_grain_radius = 10e-6
    temperature = temperature
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
  []

  # Arrhenius diffusion coefficients for kernel, PyC, and SiC
  #   come from IAEA TECDOC-978, French parameters.
  [fuel_conc_Ag]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = fuel
    d1 = 6.7e-9 # m^2/s
    q1 = 165e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
  []
  [fuel_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = fuel
    d1 = 5.6e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 209e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []
  [fuel_conc_Sr]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = fuel
    d1 = 2.2e-3 # m^2/s
    q1 = 488e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Sr
  []
  [mass_source_Ag_property]
    type = SpeciesSourceMaterial
    property_name = Ag_generation
    kind = Ag
    block = fuel
  []
  [mass_source_Cs_property]
    type = SpeciesSourceMaterial
    property_name = Cs_generation
    kind = Cs
    block = fuel
  []
  [mass_source_Sr_property]
    type = SpeciesSourceMaterial
    property_name = Sr_generation
    kind = Sr
    block = fuel
  []

  ### Buffer Properties
  [buffer_thermal]
    type = BufferThermal
    block = buffer
    initial_density = ${buffer_density}
  []

  [Buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = buffer
    strain_free_density = ${buffer_density}
  []

  [buffer_conc_Ag]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = buffer
    d1 = 1e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
  []
  [buffer_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = buffer
    d1 = 1e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []
  [buffer_conc_Sr]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = buffer
    d1 = 1e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Sr
  []

  ### IPyC  properties
  [IPyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []

  [IPyC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = IPyC
    strain_free_density = ${ipyc_density}
  []

  [IPyC_conc_Ag]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = IPyC
    d1 = 5.3e-9 # m^2/s
    q1 = 154e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
  []
  [IPyC_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = IPyC
    d1 = 6.3e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 222e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []
  [IPyC_conc_Sr]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = IPyC
    d1 = 2.3e-6 # m^2/s
    q1 = 197e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Sr
  []

  ### SiC properties
  [SiC_thermal]
    type = MonolithicSiCThermal
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = miller
  []

  [SiC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = SiC
    strain_free_density = ${sic_density}
  []

  [SiC_conc_Ag]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = SiC
    d1 = 3.6e-9 # m^2/s
    q1 = 215e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
  []
  [SiC_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = SiC
    d1 = 5.5e-14 # m^2/s
    q1 = 125e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []
  [SiC_conc_Sr]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = SiC
    d1 = 1.2e-9 # m^2/s
    q1 = 205e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Sr
  []

  ###  OPyC properties
  [OPyC_thermal_conductivity]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = OPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []

  [OPyC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = OPyC
    strain_free_density = ${opyc_density}
  []

  [OPyC_conc_Ag]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = OPyC
    d1 = 5.3e-9 # m^2/s
    q1 = 154e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
  []
  [OPyC_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = OPyC
    d1 = 6.3e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 222e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []
  [OPyC_conc_Sr]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = OPyC
    d1 = 2.3e-6 # m^2/s
    q1 = 197e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Sr
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
  show_var_residual = 'temperature conc_Ag conc_Cs conc_Sr'
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'NEWTON'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-8
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-8
  nl_max_its = 20

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  dt = 86400
  end_time = 31890240
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [release_heat_inc]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    arrhenius_prpty_name = thermal_conductivity
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [release_Ag_inc]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc_Ag
    boundary = exterior
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Ag
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [released_Ag]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor # computes time integration of value
    value = release_Ag_inc
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [total_Ag]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = Ag_generation_total
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [x_Ag_released]
    type = FractionalRelease
    released = released_Ag
    total = total_Ag
  []
  [retained_Ag]
    type = ElementIntegralVariablePostprocessor
    variable = conc_Ag
  []
  [release_Cs_inc]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc_Cs
    boundary = exterior
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [released_Cs]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = release_Cs_inc
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [total_Cs]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = Cs_generation_total
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [x_Cs_released]
    type = FractionalRelease
    released = released_Cs
    total = total_Cs
  []
  [retained_Cs]
    type = ElementIntegralVariablePostprocessor
    variable = conc_Cs
  []
  [release_Sr_inc]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc_Sr
    boundary = exterior
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Sr
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [released_Sr]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = release_Sr_inc
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [total_Sr]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = Sr_generation_total
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [x_Sr_released]
    type = FractionalRelease
    released = released_Sr
    total = total_Sr
  []
  [retained_Sr]
    type = ElementIntegralVariablePostprocessor
    variable = conc_Sr
  []

  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_produced
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  ### Postprocessors for CO production
  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  ##### irradiation conditions

  [particle_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_fluence]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  print_linear_residuals = false
  print_linear_converged_reason = false
  print_nonlinear_converged_reason = false
  exodus = false
  csv = true
[]

(test/tests/solid_mechanics/failurecladHT9/cdf_based/lowtemp_cdf_mfh.i)

## Description ##
# Four elements of HT9 clad (2D) for a total pipe wall thickness 0.005 m have an internal pressure
# applied for 21.8 years in two time steps with no failure. For the first time step the CDF value of the
# internal (first) element is 0.0176 and the outside (final) element is 0.0162. The final time step has CDF
# values all less than 1 with the inside cell being 0.0352 and the outside cell being 0.0324. The reduction in
# temperature from the other CDF test which does fail shows the temperature effect is working as intended.

#Postprocessor Values:
#+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
#| time           | sig_hoop_0     | sig_hoop_1     | sig_hoop_2     | sig_hoop_3     | sigma_zz       |
#+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
#|   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |
#|   3.440000e+08 |   2.524551e+07 |   2.508043e+07 |   2.492104e+07 |   2.476216e+07 |   2.500101e+07 |
#|   6.880000e+08 |   2.524551e+07 |   2.508043e+07 |   2.492104e+07 |   2.476216e+07 |   2.500101e+07 |
#+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  volumetric_locking_correction = true
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [mesh]
    type = FileMeshGenerator
    file = axisymm_thin_cyl_q4.e
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 873.15 # K
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [clad_fail]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_xy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_zz]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [applied_pressure]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '  0    1.0e6  9.0e7'
    y = '0.641e6  0.641e6  0.641e6'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [all]
    strain = finite
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFluxAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    factor = 0
  []
  [clad_fail]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = clad_fail
    execute_on = 'timestep_end'
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cdf_amount
    execute_on = 'timestep_end'
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    scalar_type = HoopStress
    execute_on = 'linear timestep_end'
  []
  [stress_xx]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_xx
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 0
  []
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
  []
  [stress_xy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_xy
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 1
  []
  [stress_zz]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_zz
    index_i = 2
    index_j = 2
  []
[] # AuxKernels

[Postprocessors]
  [sigma_zz]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = stress_zz
  []
  [sig_hoop_0]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = hoop_stress
    elementid = 0
  []
  [sig_hoop_1]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = hoop_stress
    elementid = 1
  []
  [sig_hoop_2]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = hoop_stress
    elementid = 2
  []
  [sig_hoop_3]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = hoop_stress
    elementid = 3
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [top_bot_y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = '1'
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [inner_press]
      boundary = 4
      factor = 1.0
      function = applied_pressure
    []
  []
  [temp_fix]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = '1 2 3 4'
    value = 873.15  #K
  []
[]

[Materials]
  # This is the module being tested
  [FailureClad]
    block = 1
    type = HT9FailureClad
    hoop_stress = hoop_stress
    temperature = temp
    method = cdf_mfh
  []

  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    block = 1
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 234468.6944e6
    poissons_ratio = 0.221956
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = 1
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = 1
    factor = 0.0
  []

  [thermal]
    block = 1
    type = HT9Thermal
    temperature = temp
  []

  [density]
    block = 1
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 7874
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient

  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu     superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-6
  l_max_its = 30
  nl_max_its = 50
  dt = 3.44e8
  start_time = 0.0
  num_steps = 2
  dtmin = 100.0
  l_tol = 1e-4
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  csv = false
  [out]
    type = Exodus
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 5
  []
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_C/x441_leg_C.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11  # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    pellet_height = ${pellet_height}
    clad_top_gap_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    bottom_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    top_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    clad_bot_gap_height = 0.2e-3 # arbitrary
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    ny_p = 260
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 260
    ny_cu = ${ny_cu}
    ny_cl = ${ny_cl}
    pellet_quantity = 1
    elem_type = QUAD8
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_size = 30
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  # Aux variables for output
  [porosity]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [element_failed]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '0.151e6 0.151e6'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = pellet
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain fuel_volumetric_swelling'
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [porosity]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = porosity
    property = porosity
    block = pellet
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [failed_element]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = element_failed
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = pellet
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-3
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature   = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure      = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux      = 5261.5   # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material    = sodium
    rod_diameter        = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch           = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate    = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [fuel_volumetric_swelling]
    type = UPuZrVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
#    hydrostatic_stress = hydrostatic_stress
    hydrostatic_stress = 1e6
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_volumetric_swelling
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = pellet
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [longHT9_failure]
    type = HT9FailureClad
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    method = cdf_long
    temperature = temp
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 100
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [flux_from_clad]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_prod
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_rel
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = pellet
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'all_pellet_exterior'
  []
  [max_clad_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'clad_outside_top clad_outside_right'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [clad_total_hoop_strain]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    start_point = '2.90e-3 2.55e-3 0.0'
    end_point = '2.90e-3 0.725 0.0'
    num_points = 300
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec6'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 42000400'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_fuel_elongation max_clad_elongation max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec6]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec6
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(test/tests/triso_failure/ad_triso_1d_failure.i)

[GlobalParams]
  density = 10810.0
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '0 2.485e-4 3.425e-4 3.425e-4 3.835e-4 4.195e-4 4.595e-4'
    mesh_density = '6 6 0 6 8 6'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1346.0
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [radial_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(4.52013e-4/6.0*t*t*t*t*t - 8.36313e-3/5.0*t*t*t*t + 5.67549e-2/4.0*t*t*t - 1.74247e-1/3.0*t*t + 2.62692e-1/2.0*t - 1.43234e-1)'
  []
  [tangential_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(1.30457e-4/4.0*t*t*t - 2.10029e-3/3.0*t*t + 9.07826e-3/2.0*t - 3.24737e-2)'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 7.75e19
  []
  [k_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '4.93e-29'
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1000000 1000000'
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedOPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1000000 1000000'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedOPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1 1'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedIPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1 1'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    block = fuel
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  strain = small
  [fuel_buffer_sic]
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
    eigenstrain_names = thermal_strain
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
  []
  [ipyc_opyc]
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    incremental = true
    eigenstrain_names = 'thermal_strain pyc_eigenstrain'
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = ADHeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat]
    type = ADHeatConduction
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = ADNeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_yy]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    function = fission_rate
  []
  [burnup]
    type = ADBurnupAux
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    molecular_weight = 0.270
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    penalty = 1e5
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    # coupling to a postprocessor
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released co_production'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe;
                          CO'
    released_fractions = '0.153 0.847;
                          1'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_disp_x]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_temperature]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    value = 1346.0
  []
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = ADPressure
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    #  apply gas pressure on buffer and IPyC boundaries
    [plenumPressure]
      use_displaced_mesh = false
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      initial_pressure = 0
      startup_time = 1.0e4
      R = 8.3143
      # coupling to post processor
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = volumeGas
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released co_production'
      output = plenum_pressure
      use_automatic_differentiation = true
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [radial_stress]
    type = ADRankTwoCylindricalComponent
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    cylindrical_axis_point1 = '0 0 0'
    cylindrical_axis_point2 = '0 0 1'
    cylindrical_component = RadialStress
    property_name = radial_stress
    outputs = all
  []
  [max_principal_stress]
    type = ADRankTwoInvariant
    property_name = max_principal_stress
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    invariant = MaxPrincipal
  []
  [flux]
    type = ADFastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 1.708707e18
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = ADUO2Sifgrs
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    grain_radius_const = 5.0e-6
  []
  [stress]
    type = ADComputeLinearElasticStress
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
  []
  [PyC_stress]
    type = ADPyCCreep
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    k = k_function
    poissons_ratio = 0.4
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [PyC_eigenstrain]
    type = ADPyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    radial_eigenstrain_function = radial_eigenstrain
    tangential_eigenstrain_function = tangential_eigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = pyc_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain]
    type = ADComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [PyC_thermal_strain]
    type = ADComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.5e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_thermal_strain]
    type = ADComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [fuel_thermal]
    type = ADUO2Thermal
    thermal_conductivity_model = FINK_LUCUTA
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    burnup = burnup
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [fuel_den]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 10810.0
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [buffer_thermal]
    type = ADHeatConductionMaterial
    block = buffer
    thermal_conductivity = 0.5
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [buffer_den]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1000
    block = buffer
  []
  [PyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []
  [PyC_thermal]
    type = ADHeatConductionMaterial
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [PyC_den]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1880.0
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.7e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.13
  []
  [SiC_thermal]
    type = ADHeatConductionMaterial
    block = SiC
    thermal_conductivity = 13.9
    specific_heat = 620.0
  []
  [SiC_den]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
    block = SiC
  []
  [characteristic_strength_SiC]
    type = ADGenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '9640000'
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
    block = SiC
  []
  [characteristic_strength_PyC]
    type = ADGenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '964000'
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temperature]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart -pc_type -pc_hypre_type -pc_hypre_boomeramg_max_iter'
  petsc_options_value = '201                hypre    boomeramg      4'
  line_search = 'none'
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-10
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 15
  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50
  start_time = 0.0
  num_steps = 10
  dtmax = 2e5
  dtmin = 1
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 20
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [dt]
    type = TimestepSize
  []
  [burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ADElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ADElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumeTotal]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [volumeFuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel_outer_boundary
  []
  [volumeGas]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_boundary IPyC_inner_boundary'
    addition = -5.53e-11
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeBufferShell]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  # Postprocessors for CO production
  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ADElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
  []
  [avg_surface_temperature]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [time_int_surf_temperature]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = avg_surface_temperature
  []
  [co_production]
    type = CarbonMonoxideProduction
    total_fissions = total_fissions
    time_integrated_triso_temperature = time_int_surf_temperature
    initial_enrichment = 0.14029
  []
  [tang_SiC]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = stress_yy
    elementid = 18
  []
  [strength_SiC]
    type = ADWeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC]
    type = ADWeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_SiC
  []
  [strength_IPyC]
    type = ADWeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [failure_indicator_IPyC]
    type = ADWeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_IPyC
  []
  [failure_indicator_debonding]
    type = ADTRISODebondingFailureIndicator
    boundary = IPyC_outer_boundary
    bond_strength = 1e5
    stress_name = radial_stress
  []
  [strength_OPyC]
    type = ADWeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = OPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [failure_indicator_OPyC]
    type = ADWeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = OPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_OPyC
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC]
    type = ADWeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedIPyC'
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC_crackedOPyC]
    type = ADWeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedOPyC'
  []
  [triso_failure]
    type = TRISOFailureEvaluation
    IPyC_failure = failure_indicator_IPyC
    OPyC_failure = failure_indicator_OPyC
    SiC_failure = failure_indicator_SiC
    SiC_failure_crackedIPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC
    SiC_failure_crackedOPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedOPyC
    SiC_failure_debonding = failure_indicator_debonding
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(test/tests/triso_failure/triso_1d_weibull_probability.i)

[GlobalParams]
  density = 10810.0
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '0 2.485e-4 3.425e-4 3.425e-4 3.835e-4 4.195e-4 4.595e-4'
    mesh_density = '6 6 0 6 8 6'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1346.0
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [radial_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(4.52013e-4/6.0*t*t*t*t*t - 8.36313e-3/5.0*t*t*t*t + 5.67549e-2/4.0*t*t*t - 1.74247e-1/3.0*t*t + 2.62692e-1/2.0*t - 1.43234e-1)'
  []
  [tangential_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(1.30457e-4/4.0*t*t*t - 2.10029e-3/3.0*t*t + 9.07826e-3/2.0*t - 3.24737e-2)'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 7.75e19
  []
  [k_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '4.93e-29'
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1000000 1000000'
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedOPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1000000 1000000'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedOPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1 1'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedIPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1 1'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    block = fuel
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  strain = small
  [fuel_buffer_sic]
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
    eigenstrain_names = thermal_strain
  []
  [ipyc_opyc]
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    incremental = true
    eigenstrain_names = 'thermal_strain pyc_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    function = fission_rate
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    molecular_weight = 0.270
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    penalty = 1e5
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    # coupling to a postprocessor
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released co_production'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe;
                          CO'
    released_fractions = '0.153 0.847;
                          1'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_temperature]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    value = 1346.0
  []
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    #  apply gas pressure on buffer and IPyC boundaries
    [plenumPressure]
      use_displaced_mesh = false
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      initial_pressure = 0
      startup_time = 1.0e4
      R = 8.3143
      # coupling to post processor
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = volumeGas
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released co_production'
      output = plenum_pressure
    []
  []

[]

[Materials]
  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 1.708707e18
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    grain_radius_const = 5.0e-6
  []
  [stress]
    type = ComputeLinearElasticStress
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
  []
  [PyC_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    k = k_function
    poissons_ratio = 0.4
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [PyC_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    radial_eigenstrain_function = radial_eigenstrain
    tangential_eigenstrain_function = tangential_eigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = pyc_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [PyC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.5e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [fuel_thermal]
    type = UO2Thermal
    thermal_conductivity_model = FINK_LUCUTA
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    burnup = burnup
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [fuel_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 10810.0
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [buffer_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = buffer
    thermal_conductivity = 0.5
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [buffer_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1000
    block = buffer
  []
  [PyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []
  [PyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [PyC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1880.0
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.7e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.13
  []
  [SiC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = SiC
    thermal_conductivity = 13.9
    specific_heat = 620.0
  []
  [SiC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
    block = SiC
  []
  [characteristic_strength]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '1000 1000 1000'
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength_SiC characteristic_strength_IPyC characteristic_strength_OPyC'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temperature]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart -pc_type -pc_hypre_type -pc_hypre_boomeramg_max_iter'
  petsc_options_value = '201                hypre    boomeramg      4'
  line_search = 'none'
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-10
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 15
  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50
  start_time = 0.0
  num_steps = 10
  dtmax = 2e5
  dtmin = 1
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 20
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumeTotal]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [volumeFuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel_outer_boundary
  []
  [volumeGas]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_boundary IPyC_inner_boundary'
    addition = -5.53e-11
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeBufferShell]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  # Postprocessors for CO production
  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
  []
  [avg_surface_temperature]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [time_int_surf_temperature]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = avg_surface_temperature
  []
  [co_production]
    type = CarbonMonoxideProduction
    total_fissions = total_fissions
    time_integrated_triso_temperature = time_int_surf_temperature
    initial_enrichment = 0.14029
  []
  [tang_SiC]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = stress_yy
    elementid = 18
  []
  [Weibull_failure_probability_OPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureProbability
    block = OPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    characteristic_strength = characteristic_strength_OPyC
  []
  [Weibull_failure_probability_IPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureProbability
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    characteristic_strength = characteristic_strength_IPyC
  []
  [Weibull_failure_probability_SiC]
    type = WeibullFailureProbability
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    characteristic_strength = characteristic_strength_SiC
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(assessment/MOX/JOYO/MK-I/analysis/MK-I_50MW_master_new_bubble_gb_lim.i)


initial_fuel_density = 10836.8

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  initial_porosity = 0.065
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]
[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  reference_vector = 'ref'
[]
[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    pellet_quantity = 1
    pellet_height = 0.6
    pellet_outer_radius = 0.0027
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    clad_gap_width = 0.000100
    clad_thickness = 0.00035
    clad_bot_gap_height = 1.0e-3
    bottom_clad_height = 2.24e-3
    top_clad_height = 2.24e-3
    clad_top_gap_height = 0.599
    elem_type = QUAD8
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 200
    nx_p = 20
    ny_p = 200
    ny_cu = 3
    ny_cl = 3
  []
  patch_size = 50
  patch_update_strategy = iteration
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]
[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = FuelPinGeometry
  []
[]
[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 295.0
  []
[]
[AuxVariables]
  [pore]
  []
  [fission_rate]
    block = pellet
  []
  [burnup]
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_gen_3]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_grn_3]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_bdr_3]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_rel_3]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [bbl_bdr_2]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [vcn_bdr_2]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [atm_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [vcn_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [prs_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [prseq_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [rad_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [vol_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [GBCoverage]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [eff_diff_coeff]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [deltav_v0_bd]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [radial_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [effective_creep_strain]
    block = clad
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history] #related to the LHGR at the midplane
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 70000 17153028'
    y = '0  25577  25577'
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux_function]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 70000 17153028'
    y = '0 1.2e+19 1.2e+19'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PiecewiseBilinear
    x = '0  0.071  0.146  0.221  0.296  0.37  0.443  0.566'
    y = '0 17153028'
    z = '0.889  1.041  1.152  1.173  1.129  0.971  0.782  0.672 0.889  1.041  1.152  1.173  1.129  0.971  0.782  0.672'
    scale_factor = 1
    axis = 1
  []
  [q]
    type = CompositeFunction
    functions = 'power_history axial_peaking_factors'
  []
  [average_power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 70000 17153028'
    y = '0 21000 21000'
  []
  [clad_surface_temp]
    type = PiecewiseBilinear
    x = '0  0.075  0.15  0.225  0.3  0.375  0.45  0.525  0.6'
    y = '0 17153028'
    z = '295 295 295 295 295 295 295 295 295 499.9  509.1  517.8  525.42  532.71  540.29  547.7  552.3  554.81'
    scale_factor = 1
    axis = 1
  []
  [pressure_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1'
    y = '1 1'
  []
[]
[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [pellets]
    block = pellet
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain fuel_volumetric_strain'
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz'
    use_finite_deform_jacobian = true
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [clad]
    block = clad
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz'
    use_finite_deform_jacobian = true
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]
[Kernels]
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]
[AuxKernels]
  [fission_rate]
    type = FissionRateGeneral
    fission_rate_formulation = MOX
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
    initial_porosity = 0.065
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    rod_ave_lin_pow = power_history
    pellet_diameter = 0.0054
    execute_on = timestep_begin
    porosity = pore
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    variable = burnup
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fggen]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_gen_3
    property = gas_concentration_generated_total
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fggrn]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_grn_3
    property = gas_concentration_intra_total
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fgbdr]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_bdr_3
    property = gas_concentration_GB_bubble_volume
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fgrel]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_rel_3
    property = gas_concentration_release_total
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [nbbl2]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = bbl_bdr_2
    property = bubble_GB_surface_density
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [nvcn2]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = vcn_bdr_2
    property = vacancy_concentration_GB_surface
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [atmbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = atm_bbl_bdr
    property = atom_per_bubble_GB
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [vcnbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = vcn_bbl_bdr
    property = vacancy_per_bubble_GB
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [prsbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = prs_bbl_bdr
    property = bubble_GB_pressure
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [prseqbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = prseq_bbl_bdr
    property = bubble_GB_pressure_equilibrium
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [radbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = rad_bbl_bdr
    property = bubble_radius_GB
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = vol_bbl_bdr
    property = bubble_GB_volume
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [frcvrg]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = GBCoverage
    property = GBCoverage
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [diffc]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = eff_diff_coeff
    property = eff_diff_coeff
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [dvv0bd]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = deltav_v0_bd
    property = deltav_v0_bubble_GB
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [radial_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = radial_strain
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 0
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [effective_creep_strain]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = effective_creep_strain
    variable = effective_creep_strain
    block = clad
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
[]
[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    formulation = kinematic
    model = frictionless
    penalty = 1e7
  []
[]
[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = fis_gas_released
    contact_pressure = contact_pressure
    quadrature = true
  []
[]
[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = '12'
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad_bottom]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel_bottom]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [temp_clad_out]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = '2'
    function = clad_surface_temp
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      factor = 101325
      function = pressure_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 300000
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      material_input = fis_gas_released
      output = plenum_pressure
    []
  []
[]
[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    block = clad
    flux_function = fast_neutron_flux_function
  []
  [fuel_thermal]
    type = MAMOXThermal
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    Am_content = 0.0
    Np_content = 0.0
    porosity = pore
    output_properties = 'thermal_conductivity'
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MAMOXElasticityTensor
    block = pellet
  []
  [elastic_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = MAMOXThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    oxygen_to_metal_ratio = 1.98
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [fuel_volumetric_swelling]
    type = UO2VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    gas_swelling_model_type = SIFGRS
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    initial_fuel_density = 10836.8
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_volumetric_strain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = SS316Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 8000
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = SS316ElasticityTensor
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    elastic_constants_model = legacy_ifr
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = SS316ThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_ss316creep]
    type = SS316CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = elastic
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ss316creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    diff_coeff_option = TURNBULL_D1_4D2_4D3
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    grain_radius_const = 8.01e-6 #I'm keeping the grain radius const because the grain growth in MOX is probably different due to high Temp
    bubble_gb_limit = 1.0e+11
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
[]
[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]
[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist'
  line_search = 'none'
  fixed_point_abs_tol = 1e-5
  fixed_point_rel_tol = 1e-5
  fixed_point_max_its = 1
  l_max_its = 70
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 70
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-5
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-5
  start_time = 0
  n_startup_steps = 1
  end_time = 17153028
  dtmax = 1e6
  dtmin = 0.25
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 5000
    optimal_iterations = 15
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
    growth_factor = 2
    cutback_factor = .5
    force_step_every_function_point = true
    timestep_limiting_function = power_history
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 7
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_released_percentage]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_grain]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGrainSifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_boundary]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasBoundarySifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [rod_input_power]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = average_power_history
    scale_factor = 0.6 # rod height
  []
  [average_vonMises_fuel]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = pellet
  []
  [average_vonMises_clad]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = clad
  []
  [average_strain_rr_fuel]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = radial_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [average_strain_rr_clad]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = radial_strain
    block = clad
  []
  [average_creep_strain_clad]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = effective_creep_strain
    block = clad
  []
  [ave_pore]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = pore
  []
  [max_pore]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = pore
  []
  [min_pore]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    value_type = min
    variable = pore
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  exodus = true
  color = true
  csv = true
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    execute_on = FINAL
    show = 'ave_temp_interior fis_gas_released_percentage max_pore'
  []
[]
[MultiApps]
  [sub]
    type = TransientMultiApp
    app_type = BisonApp
    execute_on = timestep_end
    catch_up = true
    max_catch_up_steps = 10
    positions_file = positions.txt
    input_files = MK-I_50MW_sub_new_bubble_gb_lim.i
  []
[]
[Transfers]
  [temp_to_sub]
    type = MultiAppProjectionTransfer
    to_multi_app = sub
    source_variable = temp
    variable = temp
  []
  [pore_from_sub]
    type = MultiAppGeometricInterpolationTransfer
    from_multi_app = sub
    source_variable = pore
    variable = pore
  []
[]
[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
  show_var_residual = 'temp disp_x disp_y'
[]

(examples/TRISO/correlation_function/h_asphericity/triso_asphericity_mortar.i)

kernel_radius = 213.35e-6
buffer_thickness = 98.9e-6
IPyC_thickness = 40.4e-6
SiC_thickness = 35.2e-6
OPyC_thickness = 43.4e-6
aspect_ratio = 1.04

coordinates1 = '${fparse kernel_radius}'
coordinates2 = '${fparse coordinates1+buffer_thickness}'
coordinates3 = '${fparse coordinates2+IPyC_thickness}'
coordinates4 = '${fparse coordinates3+SiC_thickness}'
coordinates5 = '${fparse coordinates4+OPyC_thickness}'

initial_fuel_density = 10966

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  initial_enrichment = 0.14029 # [wt-]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0 # convert E>0.10 to E>0.18 MeV
  stress_free_temperature = 481 # used for thermal expansion
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 # [J/fission]
  O_U = 1.428 # Initial Oxygen to Uranium atom ratio
  C_U = 0.392 # Initial Carbon to Uranium atom ratio
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [mesh]
    type = TRISO2DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = quad4
    coordinates = '0 ${coordinates1} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates3} ${coordinates4} ${coordinates5}'
    mesh_density = '20 8 0 4 4 4'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    num_sectors = 60
    aspect_ratio = ${aspect_ratio}
    all_bottom_left = True
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[UserObjects]
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_OPyC = OPyC_outer_boundary
    outer_SiC = SiC_outer_boundary
    outer_IPyC = IPyC_outer_boundary
    inner_IPyC = IPyC_inner_boundary
    outer_buffer = buffer_outer_boundary
    outer_kernel = fuel_outer_boundary
    include_particle = true
    include_pebble = false
    mesh_generator = mesh
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 481
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
  [burnup]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [temp_bc]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = outer_temp.csv
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 1
    format = columns
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 5.75e19
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz max_principal_stress'
  add_variables = true
  strain = FINITE
  incremental = true

  [fuel]
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'UCO_swelling_eigenstrain UCO_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [buffer]
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_names = 'Buffer_IIDC_strain Buffer_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [IPyC]
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'IPyC_IIDC_strain IPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    eigenstrain_names = 'SiC_thermal_eigenstrain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [OPyC]
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'OPyC_IIDC_strain OPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [burnup]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = burnup
    property = burnup
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    execute_on = timestep_begin
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[ThermalContactMortar]
  [thermal_contact]
    secondary_variable = temperature
    primary_boundary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary_boundary = buffer_outer_boundary


    initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to a postprocessor which supplies the initial plenum/gap gas mass
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe'
    released_fractions = '0.185 0.815'
    gap_geometry_type = sphere
    sphere_origin = '0 0 0'
    min_gap = 1e-7
    max_gap = 50e-6
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_disp_y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = bottom
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    function = temp_bc
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [Pressure]
    [exterior]
      boundary = exterior
      factor = 0.1e6
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      startup_time = 1e4
      initial_pressure = 0
      R = 8.3145
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_gas_temp
      volume = 'gap_volume buffer_void_volume kernel_void_volume'
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released'
      output = gas_pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
  []
  [tangential_stress]
    type = RankTwoCylindricalComponent
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    cylindrical_axis_point1 = '0 0 0'
    cylindrical_axis_point2 = '0 0 1'
    cylindrical_component = HoopStress
    property_name = tangential_stress
    outputs = all
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 6.2425e+17
  []
  [UCO_burnup]
    type = TRISOBurnup
    initial_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_thermal]
    type = UCOThermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UCOElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain]
    type = UCOVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_swelling_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10.0e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_TE_strain
  []
  [UCO_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UCOFGR
    block = fuel
    average_grain_radius = 10e-6
    temperature = temperature
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
  []
  [BAF_IPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0465
    block = IPyC
  []
  [BAF_OPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0429
    block = OPyC
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = BufferElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_stress]
    type = BufferCEGACreep
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_thermal]
    type = BufferThermal
    block = buffer
    initial_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = buffer
    strain_free_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_TE]
    type = BufferThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_IIDC]
    type = BufferCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = IPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [IPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = IPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1890
  []
  [IPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [IPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MonolithicSiCElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    elastic_modulus_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_thermal]
    type = MonolithicSiCThermal
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = SiC
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
  []
  [SiC_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = SiC_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [OPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = OPyC
    temperature = temperature
    initial_BAF = 1.0
  []
  [OPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = OPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [OPyC_thermal_conductivity]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = OPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [OPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = OPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1900
  []
  [OPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [OPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [characteristic_strength_SiC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '9640000'
    block = SiC
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
  []
  [characteristic_strength_PyC]
    type = PyCCharacteristicStrength
    temperature = temperature
    X = 1.02
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 100
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-8
  nl_max_its = 20

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 4.831315e7

  dtmin = 1e-4
  dt = 6e5
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_gas_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = buffer
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [gap_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [buffer_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = buffer
    theoretical_density = 2250
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [kernel_th_density]
    type = UCOTheoreticalDensity
    execute_on = initial
  []
  [kernel_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = fuel
    theoretical_density = kernel_th_density
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [particle_power]
     type = ElementIntegralPower
     variable = temperature
     use_material_fission_rate = true
     fission_rate_material = fission_rate
     block = fuel
     execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_fluence]
     type = ElementExtremeValue
     variable = fast_neutron_fluence
     value_type = 'max'
     execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
     block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
  [max_burnup]
     type = ElementExtremeValue
     variable = burnup
     block = fuel
     value_type = 'max'
     execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    elementid = 6300
    variable = tangential_stress
  []
  [strength_SiC]
     type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
     block = SiC
     weibull_modulus = 6
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = false
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
  exodus = true
[]

(test/tests/metallic_fuel_wastage_damage/coupledHT9.i)

# This tests the coupling of HT9 in MetallicFuelWastage to temperature, flux, and fluence.

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  [mesh]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 2
    nx = 10
    ny = 10
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 600
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [temp_diff]
    type = Diffusion
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_dt]
    type = TimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[Physics]
  [SolidMechanics]
    [QuasiStatic]
      [all]
        strain = FINITE
        add_variables = true
      []
    []
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [u_top_pull]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = top
    factor = -1e6
  []
  [u_bottom_fix]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = bottom
    value = 0
  []
  [u_yz_fix]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = left
    value = 0
  []
  [temp_front]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = top
    value = 1000
  []
  [temp_back]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = bottom
    value = 600
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fluence]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = '(1 - y) * 1e23'
    outputs = all
  []
  [wastage_thickness_cladding]
    type = MetallicFuelWastage
    method = flux_ht9
    burnup = 0.0 #burnup
    temperature = temp
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
    scale_factor = 1
    outputs = all
  []
  [wastage_thickness_coolant]
    type = MetallicFuelCoolantWastage
    clad_material = HT9
    use_effective_method = true
    temperature = temp
    scale_factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
  [compute_wastage_fraction]
    type = MetallicFuelWastageDamage
    temperature = temp
    pellet_length = 1
    pellet_y_start = 0.5
    cladding_thickness = 0.000381
    wastage_thickness = wastage_thickness
    scalar = 1.1
    outputs = all
  []
  [wastage_damage_fraction]
    type = ScalarMaterialDamage
    damage_index = thinning_fraction
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = HT9ElasticityTensor
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_creep'
    damage_model = 'wastage_damage_fraction'
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  snesmf_reuse_base = false
  num_steps = 1
  dt = 0.1
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [temp_top]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temp
    boundary = top
  []
  [flux_top]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    boundary = top
  []
  [wastage_thickness]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = top
    variable = wastage_thickness
  []
  [thinning_fraction]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = top
    variable = thinning_fraction
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  exodus = true
[]

(test/tests/solid_mechanics/failurecladHT9/cdf_based/axisymm_thin_cyl_q4_cdf.i)

## Description ##
# Four elements of HT9 clad (2D) for a total pipe wall thickness 0.005 m have an internal pressure
# applied for 21.8 years in two time steps. The first time step has no failure, but the CDF of the
# internal (first) element is 0.545 and the outside (final) element is 0.501. The final time step has
# CDF values all greater than 1 with the final cell barely failing with a CDF of 1. The clad failure value
# is set to 1 for every element due to the temperature being set higher than in the low temperature CDF test.

# The temperature is 923.0 K giving a Dorn number of 1.5442e-8 which correlates to failure after
# 6.33e8 seconds have passed at a constant hoop stress for the first element. The last element has a
# Dorn number of 1.6801e-8 and failure occurs at 6.88e8 seconds.

#Postprocessor Values:
#+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
#| time           | sig_hoop_0     | sig_hoop_1     | sig_hoop_2     | sig_hoop_3     | sigma_zz       |
#+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
#|   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |
#|   3.440000e+08 |   2.524551e+07 |   2.508043e+07 |   2.492104e+07 |   2.476216e+07 |   2.500101e+07 |
#|   6.880000e+08 |   2.524551e+07 |   2.508043e+07 |   2.492104e+07 |   2.476216e+07 |   2.500101e+07 |
#+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  volumetric_locking_correction = true
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [mesh]
    type = FileMeshGenerator
    file = axisymm_thin_cyl_q4.e
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 923.0
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [clad_fail]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_xy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_zz]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [applied_pressure]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '  0    1.0e6  9.0e7'
    y = '0.641e6  0.641e6  0.641e6'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [all]
    strain = finite
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFluxAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    factor = 0
  []
  [clad_fail]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = clad_fail
    execute_on = 'timestep_end'
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cdf_amount
    execute_on = 'timestep_end'
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    scalar_type = HoopStress
    execute_on = 'linear timestep_end'
  []
  [stress_xx]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_xx
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 0
  []
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
  []
  [stress_xy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_xy
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 1
  []
  [stress_zz]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_zz
    index_i = 2
    index_j = 2
  []
[] # AuxKernels

[Postprocessors]
  [sigma_zz]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = stress_zz
  []
  [sig_hoop_0]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = hoop_stress
    elementid = 0
  []
  [sig_hoop_1]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = hoop_stress
    elementid = 1
  []
  [sig_hoop_2]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = hoop_stress
    elementid = 2
  []
  [sig_hoop_3]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = hoop_stress
    elementid = 3
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [top_bot_y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = '1'
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [inner_press]
      boundary = 4
      factor = 1.0
      function = applied_pressure
    []
  []
  [temp_fix]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = '1 2 3 4'
    value = 923.0  #K
  []
[]

[Materials]
  # This is the module being tested
  [FailureClad]
    block = 1
    type = HT9FailureClad
    hoop_stress = hoop_stress
    temperature = temp
    method = cdf_long
  []

  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    block = 1
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    #youngs_modulus = 1.88e11 # Theses were actually overwrittent by MechHT9
    #poissons_ratio = 0.236
    youngs_modulus = 234468.6944e6
    poissons_ratio = 0.221956
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = 1
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = 1
    factor = 0.0
  []

  [thermal]
    block = 1
    type = HT9Thermal
    temperature = temp
  []

  [density]
    block = 1
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 7874
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient

  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu     superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-6
  l_max_its = 30
  nl_max_its = 50
  dt = 3.44e8
  start_time = 0.0
  num_steps = 2
  dtmin = 100.0
  l_tol = 1e-4
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  csv = false
  [out]
    type = Exodus
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 5
  []
[]

(assessment/nitride/JOYO/JOYO_L4C4/analysis/JOYO_Pin_base.i)

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  energy_per_fission = ${energy_per_fission}
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  value_range_behavior = IGNORE
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
  converge_on = 'disp_x disp_y temperature'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${cladding_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${fuel_radius}
    pellet_height = ${fuel_height}
    clad_top_gap_height = ${plenum_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${cladding_gap_width}
    bottom_clad_height = ${cladding_bottom_top_plug_length}
    top_clad_height = ${cladding_bottom_top_plug_length}
    clad_bot_gap_height = ${gap_bottom_length}
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    ny_p = 260
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 260
    ny_cu = 3
    ny_cl = 3
    pellet_quantity = 1
    elem_type = QUAD4
  []
  patch_size = 30
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = ${initial_temperature}
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 ${time_end_ramp_up} ${time_start_ramp_down} ${time_end_ramp_down}'
    y = '0 ${avg_lin_power} ${avg_lin_power} 0'
  []
  [coolant_wall_temperature]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'if(t<${time_end_ramp_up}, ${initial_temperature} + t*(${a}*y^2 + ${b}*y + ${c} - ${initial_temperature})/(${time_end_ramp_up}),if(t<${time_start_ramp_down},${a}*y^2 + ${b}*y + ${c}, if(t<${time_end_ramp_down}, ${a}*y^2 + ${b}*y + ${c} + (t-${time_start_ramp_down})*(${initial_temperature}-(${a}*y^2 + ${b}*y + ${c}))/(${time_end_ramp_down}-${time_start_ramp_down}),${initial_temperature})))'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0       ${run_time}'
    y = '${coolant_pressure} ${coolant_pressure}'
  []
  [plenum_pressure]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = ${initial_plenum_pressure}
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux_function]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 ${time_end_ramp_up} ${run_time}'
    y = '0 ${fast_neutron_flux} ${fast_neutron_flux}'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PiecewiseBilinear
    x = '${pos_1} ${pos_2} ${pos_3} ${pos_4} ${pos_5} ${pos_6} ${pos_7} ${pos_8} ${pos_9} ${pos_10} ${pos_11} ${pos_12} ${pos_13} ${pos_14} ${pos_15} ${pos_16}'
    y = '0 ${run_time}'
    z = '${pow_1} ${pow_2} ${pow_3} ${pow_4} ${pow_5} ${pow_6} ${pow_7} ${pow_8} ${pow_9} ${pow_10} ${pow_11} ${pow_12} ${pow_13} ${pow_14} ${pow_15} ${pow_16} ${pow_1} ${pow_2} ${pow_3} ${pow_4} ${pow_5} ${pow_6} ${pow_7} ${pow_8} ${pow_9} ${pow_10} ${pow_11} ${pow_12} ${pow_13} ${pow_14} ${pow_15} ${pow_16}'
    scale_factor = 1
    axis = 1
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    block = pellet
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = true
    generate_output = 'firstinv_strain stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_expansion solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [clad]
    block = clad
    strain = FINITE
    incremental = true
    add_variables = true
    generate_output = 'firstinv_strain stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_expansion'
    temperature = temperature
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = 'pellet clad'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = 'pellet clad'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = 'pellet clad'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = FissionRateHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    energy_deposited_in_fuel = 0.95
    block = 'pellet'
  []
[]

[ThermalContactMortar]
  [thermal_contact]
    secondary_variable = temperature
    primary_boundary = '5' # clad_inside_right
    secondary_boundary = '10' # pellet_outer_radial_surface
    initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to a postprocessor which supplies the initial plenum/gap gas mass
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [mechanical]
    model = frictionless
    formulation = mortar
    primary = 5 # clad_inside_right
    secondary = 10 # pellet_outer_radial_surface
    c_normal = 1e+11
    correct_edge_dropping = true
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = '12' # centerline
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = '1' # clad_outside_bottom
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = '20' # bottom_of_bottom_pellet
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3' # clad_outside_bottom, clad_outside_right, clad_outside_top
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure] # apply plenum pressure on clad inner walls and pellet surfaces
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9 # inside_surfaces
      initial_pressure = ${initial_plenum_pressure}
      startup_time = 0
      R = ${R}
      initial_temperature = ${initial_temperature}
      temperature = ave_temperature_interior # coupling to post processor to get gas temperature approximation
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to post processor to get initial fill gas mass
      volume = gas_volume # coupling to post processor to get gas volume
      output = plenum_pressure # coupling to post processor to output plenum/gap pressure
    []
  []
  [clad_outer_temperature]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    boundary = '1 2 3' # clad_outside_bottom, clad_outside_right, clad_outside_top
    function = coolant_wall_temperature
    variable = temperature
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [porosity]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = pellet
    prop_names = porosity
    prop_values = ${initial_porosity}
    outputs = all
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = FissionRate
    block = pellet
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${fuel_radius}
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_thermal]
    type = MNThermal
    block = pellet
    temperature = temperature
    porosity = porosity
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    block = pellet
    type = MNElasticityTensor
    temperature = temperature
    porosity = porosity
    output_properties = 'youngs_modulus poissons_ratio'
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    block = pellet
    type = MNThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_expansion
    stress_free_temperature = ${initial_temperature}
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [fuel_creep]
    block = pellet
    type = MNCreepUpdate
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-4
    temperature = temperature
    porosity = porosity
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    outputs = all
    value_range_behavior = EXCEPTION
  []
  [burnup]
    type = Burnup
    block = pellet
    atoms_heavy_metal_per_volume = ${atoms_heavy_metal_per_volume}
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup_swelling]
    type = BurnupDependentEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    eigenstrain_name = 'solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
    burnup = burnup
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_radial_return_stress]
    block = pellet
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_creep'
  []
  [fuel_density]
    block = pellet
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = ${density}
  []

  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    block = clad
    type = SS316ElasticityTensor
    temperature = temperature
    elastic_constants_model = legacy_ifr
  []
  [clad_thermal_expansion]
    block = clad
    type = SS316ThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_expansion
    stress_free_temperature = ${initial_temperature}
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = false
    block = clad
    flux_function = fast_neutron_flux_function
  []
  [clad_creep]
    block = clad
    type = SS316CreepUpdate
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [clad_stress]
    block = clad
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    inelastic_models = 'clad_creep'
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = SS316Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [clad_density]
    block = clad
    type = DerivativeParsedMaterial
    coupled_variables = 'temperature'
    expression = '-4.454e-5*temperature^2 - 0.4297*temperature + 8089.4'
    property_name = 'density'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [disp_x]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = disp_x
    max_increment = 1e-4
    min_damping = 1e-4
  []
  [disp_y]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = disp_y
    max_increment = 1e-3
    min_damping = 1e-4
  []
  [temperature]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 50
    min_damping = 1e-4
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  # With mortar contact
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -mat_mffd_err -pc_factor_shift_type -pc_factor_shift_amount'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu    superlu_dist   1e-5          NONZERO               1e-15'
  snesmf_reuse_base = false
  verbose = true
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  nl_max_its = 20
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 5e-9

  end_time = ${run_time}
  dtmin = 1
  dtmax = 5e4

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = time_step_limit
    force_step_every_function_point = true
    timestep_limiting_function = power_history
    dt = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  # elemental temperatures
  [temperature_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temperature
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [temperature_fuel_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = pellet
  []
  [temperature_fuel_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = pellet
    value_type = min
  []

  [temperature_clad_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temperature
    block = clad
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [temperature_clad_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = clad
  []
  [temperature_clad_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = clad
    value_type = min
  []

  [ave_temperature_interior] # average temperature of the cladding interior and all pellet exteriors
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = '9' # inside_surfaces
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [temperature_fuel_centerline_avg]
    type = AxisymmetricCenterlineAverageValue
    boundary = '12' # centerline
    variable = temperature
  []
  [temperature_fuel_centerline_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = '12' # centerline
    variable = temperature
  []
  [temperature_fuel_centerline_min]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = '12' # centerline
    variable = temperature
    value_type = min
  []
  [temperature_fuel_surface_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = '10' # pellet_outer_radial_surface
    variable = temperature
  []
  [temperature_fuel_surface_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = '10' # pellet_outer_radial_surface
    variable = temperature
  []
  [temperature_fuel_surface_min]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = '10' # pellet_outer_radial_surface
    variable = temperature
    value_type = min
  []

  # stresses
  [stress_vonmises_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = pellet
  []
  [stress_vonmises_fuel_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = pellet
  []
  [stress_vonmises_fuel_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
  []
  [stress_hydro_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    block = pellet
  []
  [stress_hydro_fuel_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    block = pellet
  []
  [stress_hydro_fuel_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
  []

  # strain information
  [strain_solid_swelling_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swelling
    block = pellet
  []
  [strain_volumetric_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = firstinv_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [strain_axial_fuel_avg]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg disp_y_fuel_bottom_surface_avg'
    expression = '(disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg - disp_y_fuel_bottom_surface_avg) / ${fuel_height}'
  []
  [disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = '11' # top_of_top_pellet
  []
  [disp_y_fuel_top_surface_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = '11' # top_of_top_pellet
  []
  [disp_y_fuel_bottom_surface_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = '20' # bottom_of_bottom_pellet
  []
  [disp_y_fuel_bottom_surface_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = '20' # bottom_of_bottom_pellet
  []
  [disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = '10' # pellet_outer_radial_surface
  []
  [disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = '10' # pellet_outer_radial_surface
  []

  [burnup_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [burnup_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fission_rate_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity_fuel_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity_fuel_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
  []

  [swelling_dia_percent]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg'
    expression = 'disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg / 3.14159 / ${fuel_radius} * 100'
  []
  [fuel_volume]
    type = VolumePostprocessor
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_END INITIAL'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [swelling_vol_percent]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'fuel_volume'
    expression = '(fuel_volume - ${fuel_volume}) / ${fuel_volume} * 100'
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = '9' # inside_surfaces
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []

  # extras
  [actual_time_step_limit]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    outputs = none
    block = 'pellet'
  []
  [time_step_limit]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    expression = 'if(actual_time_step_limit > 1e6, 1e6, actual_time_step_limit)'
    pp_names = 'actual_time_step_limit'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = 'performance_metrics performance_metrics_sync exodus console base_out'
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e2 1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e5 1e6 2.5e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 ${fparse run_time -1e3} ${run_time}'
  file_base = '${group_name}_nominal_Pin'
  [base_out]
    type = CSV
    file_base = '${group_name}_Pin_base_out'
    show = 'burnup_max temperature_fuel_avg temperature_clad_avg ave_temperature_interior swelling_vol_percent disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_max'
    sync_only = true
  []
  [checkpoint]
    type = Checkpoint
    time_step_interval =  10
  []
  [exodus]
    type = Exodus
  []
  [sync]
    type = CSV
    file_base = '${group_name}_nominal_Pin_sync'
    sync_only = true
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    show = 'time_step_size temperature_fuel_avg temperature_fuel_centerline_max stress_vonmises_fuel_max stress_hydro_fuel_max stress_hydro_fuel_min strain_axial_fuel_avg burnup_avg fission_rate_avg porosity_fuel_avg time_step_limit disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_max disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg swelling_dia_percent swelling_vol_percent fuel_volume'
  []
  [performance_metrics]
    type = CSV
    file_base = '${group_name}_nominal_performance_metrics_Pin'
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [performance_metrics_sync]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    file_base = '${group_name}_nominal_performance_metrics_Pin_sync'
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temperature'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(test/tests/solid_mechanics/ad_ht9_volumetric_swelling/coupled.i)

# This test compares the calculated volumetric swelling calculated by ADHT9VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
# by varying multiple inputs. The fluence is ramped from 0 to 22e26. A low and high temperature
# response is tested on the left and right sides respectively.

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [gen]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 2
    nx = 10
    ny = 10
    xmin = 0.01
    xmax = 0.02
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 600
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [all]
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = swelling
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [temp]
    type = ADDiffusion
    variable = temp
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [dt]
    type = ADTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [disp_x]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = left
    value = 0.0
  []
  [disp_y]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = bottom
    value = 0.0
  []
  [temp_left]
    type = ADFunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = left
    function = '850 + y * 100'
  []
  [temp_right]
    type = ADFunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = left
    function = '650 + y * 100'
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fluence]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = '(1 - y) * 22e30'
    outputs = all
  []
  [converter]
    type = MaterialADConverter
    reg_props_in = 'fast_neutron_fluence fast_neutron_flux'
    ad_props_out = 'ad_fast_neutron_fluence ad_fast_neutron_flux'
  []
  [elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.0e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.3
  []
  [stress]
    type = ADComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
  []
  [swelling]
    type = ADHT9VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = swelling
    fast_neutron_fluence = ad_fast_neutron_fluence
    fast_neutron_flux = ad_fast_neutron_flux
    swelling_name = volumetric_swelling_strain
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu'
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  dt = 1e-4
  num_steps = 3
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [fluence_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
  []
  [left_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temp
    boundary = left
  []
  [left_swelling]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_swelling_strain
    boundary = left
  []
  [right_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temp
    boundary = right
  []
  [right_swelling]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_swelling_strain
    boundary = right
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  exodus = true
[]

(examples/TRISO/accident_simulation/triso2D_accident_ad.i)

# This example is 2D-RZ analysis of a TRISO fuel particle. Fully coupled
# heat transfer and solid mechanics, plus diffusion of the fission product
# species cesium (Cs) are simulated.  The mesh includes contact surfaces
# between the buffer and IPyC layers to facilitate a gap opening between
# these layers. These surfaces are initially in mechanical contact but
# are assumed to have no strength in tension. A coarse mesh is used to
# provide a short run time.

# The calculation simulates fuel-life in three steps. The first step is an
# irradiation period, where constant power and a fixed particle surface
# temperature (1500 K) are assumed over a lifetime of 76 Ms (2.4 yrs).
# For the second step, fuel removal and storage are simulated by setting
# the reactor power and Cs source terms to zero, reducing the particle
# surface temperature to ambient (300 K), and then holding it
# for 100 days. A third and final step simulates accident
# behavior by increasing the particle surface temperature from ambient
# to 2073 K over 2 hrs, and then holding it at this elevated temperature
# for an additional 200 hrs. At the particle outer boundary, the Cs
# concentration is held at zero and the pressure at ambient during the
# entire simulation. The particle is assumed to be stress-free at an
# initial temperature of 1500 K.
#
# Details about this simulation are given in Section 4 of the following
# article: J. D. Hales, R. L. Williamson, S. R. Novascone, D. M. Perez,
# B. W. Spencer and G. Pastore, "Multidimensional multiphysics simulation
# of TRISO particle fuel", Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 443, p. 531,
# 2013.

# This is a version using a thermomechanical mortar approach. It uses
# Automatic Differentiation classes and models gap mass transfer using
# flux preserving and sorption mortar constraints. Sorption constants are
# given in Table 1 of the following article: A. Londono-Hurtado, I.
# Szlufarska, R. Bratton and D. Morgan, "A review of fission product
# sorption in carbon structures", Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 426,
# p. 254, 2012.


initial_fuel_density = 11000.0

[GlobalParams]
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  flux_conversion_factor = 0.85
  use_automatic_differentiation = true
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [file]
    type = FileMeshGenerator
    file = triso2Dmed.e
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  converge_on = 'disp_x disp_y temp conc'
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 1500.0
  []
  [conc]
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
  [conc_lm]
    block = pellet_clad_mechanical_secondary_subdomain
  []
  [conc_dx_lm]
    block = pellet_clad_mechanical_secondary_subdomain
  []
  [conc_dy_lm]
    block = pellet_clad_mechanical_secondary_subdomain
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [creep_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [creep_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [creep_zz]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 76e6 76.001e6'
    y = '1 1     0'
  []
  [temp_bc]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0    76e6  76.001e6 84.641e6 84.6482e6'
    y = '1500 1500  300      300      2073'
  []
  [k_function]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0     200e6'
    y = '4e-37 4e-37'
  []
  [d1_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'exp(t/4.5e25)'
  []
  [integral_flux_error]
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_names = 'buffer_integral_flux IPyC_integral_flux'
    symbol_values = 'buffer_integral_flux IPyC_integral_flux'
    expression = 'IPyC_integral_flux + buffer_integral_flux'
  []
  [partial_pressure_error]
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_names = 'buffer_partial_pressure IPyC_partial_pressure'
    symbol_values = 'buffer_partial_pressure IPyC_partial_pressure'
    expression = 'IPyC_partial_pressure - buffer_partial_pressure'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz stress_xy stress_yz stress_zx hydrostatic_stress'
  strain = FINITE
  incremental = true
  add_variables = false
  [default]
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC OPyC'
    eigenstrain_names = 'thermal_strain swelling_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [SiC]
    block = 'SiC'
    eigenstrain_names = 'thermal_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = ADHeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
  [heat]
    type = ADHeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = ADNeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # units of J/fission
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_ie]
    type = ADTimeDerivative
    variable = conc
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
  [mass]
    type = ADArrheniusDiffusion
    variable = conc
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
  [mass_source]
    type = ADBodyForce
    variable = conc
    function = power_history
    value = 1.22e-5 # units of moles/m**3-s
    block = fuel
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_decay]
    type = Decay
    variable = conc
    radioactive_decay_constant = 7.297e-10 # units:(1/sec)  The constant for Cesium
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fission_rate]
    type = FissionRateGeneral
    fission_rate_formulation = GENERIC
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    fission_rate_function = power_history
    value = 3.89e19
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fluence]
    type = ADMaterialRealAux
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    variable = fluence
  []
  [burnup]
    type = ADBurnupAux
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    molecular_weight = 0.270 # units of kg/mole
    execute_on = timestep_begin
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [creep_xx]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = creep_xx
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 0
    block = 'buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [creep_yy]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = creep_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    block = 'buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [creep_zz]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = creep_zz
    index_i = 2
    index_j = 2
    block = 'buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[ThermalContactMortar]
  [thermal]
    secondary_variable = temp
    primary_boundary = 15
    secondary_boundary = 17

    initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to a postprocessor which supplies the initial plenum/gap gas mass
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released co_production' # coupling to postprocessors which supply the fission gas addition, co addition
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe;
                          CO'
    released_fractions = '0.153 0.847;
                          1'
    gap_geometry_type = CYLINDER
    min_gap = 1e-7
    max_gap = 50e-6
    roughness_coef = 0.0
    correct_edge_dropping = true
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 15
    secondary = 17
    model = frictionless
    formulation = mortar
    c_normal = 1.0e8
    correct_edge_dropping = true
  []
[]

[Constraints]
    [cesium_gap_value]
      type = MassSorptionConstraint
      variable = conc_lm
      primary_variable = conc
      primary_boundary = 15
      primary_subdomain = pellet_clad_mechanical_primary_subdomain
      secondary_variable = conc
      secondary_boundary = 17
      secondary_subdomain = pellet_clad_mechanical_secondary_subdomain
      partial_pressure_name = partial_pressure
      epsilon = 1e-4
      correct_edge_dropping = true
    []
    [cesium_gap_flux_x]
      type = MassFluxConstraint
      variable = conc_dx_lm
      primary_variable = conc
      diffusivity_primary = arrhenius_diffusion_coef
      primary_boundary = 15
      primary_subdomain = pellet_clad_mechanical_primary_subdomain
      secondary_variable = conc
      diffusivity_secondary = arrhenius_diffusion_coef
      secondary_boundary = 17
      secondary_subdomain = pellet_clad_mechanical_secondary_subdomain
      component = 0
      epsilon = 1e-5
      correct_edge_dropping = true
    []
    [cesium_gap_flux_y]
      type = MassFluxConstraint
      variable = conc_dy_lm
      primary_variable = conc
      diffusivity_primary = arrhenius_diffusion_coef
      primary_boundary = 15
      primary_subdomain = pellet_clad_mechanical_primary_subdomain
      secondary_variable = conc
      diffusivity_secondary = arrhenius_diffusion_coef
      secondary_boundary = 17
      secondary_subdomain = pellet_clad_mechanical_secondary_subdomain
      component = 1
      epsilon = 1e-5
      correct_edge_dropping = true
    []
  []

[BCs]
  # pin particle along symmetry planes
  [no_disp_x]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [no_disp_y]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = yzero
    value = 0.0
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  # fix temperature on free surface
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = ADFunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = exterior
    function = temp_bc
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  # fix concentration on free surface
  [freesurf_conc]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = conc
    boundary = exterior
    value = 0.0
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [PlenumPressure] #  apply plenum pressure on clad inner walls and pellet surfaces
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = BufferGapVol
      initial_pressure = 0
      startup_time = 1.0e4
      R = 8.3145
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to post processor to get initial fill gas mass
      temperature = ave_temp_interior # coupling to post processor to get gas temperature approximation
      volume = volumeGas # coupling to post processor to get gas volume
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released co_production' # coupling to post processor to get fission gas added, co added
      output = plenum_pressure # coupling to post processor to output plenum/gap pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [flux]
    type = ADFastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 5e17
  []

  [fission_gas_release] # Sifgrs fission gas release mode
    type = ADUO2Sifgrs
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate # coupling to fission_rate aux variable
    grain_radius_const = 5.0e-6
  []

  [fuel_thermal]
    type = ADUO2Thermal
    thermal_conductivity_model = FINK_LUCUTA
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    initial_porosity = 0.0
  []
  [fuel_swelling]
    type = ADUO2VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    gas_swelling_model_type = MATPRO
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    eigenstrain_name = 'swelling_strain'
    initial_fuel_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fuel_stress]
    type = ADComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [fuel_elasticity]
    type = ADComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    youngs_modulus = 2.2e11
    poissons_ratio = .345
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain]
    type = ADComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1500.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_den]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density} # kg/m^3
  []
  [fuel_conc]
    type = ADArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = fuel
    d1 = 5.6e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 209.0e+3 # J/mol
    d2 = 5.2e-4 # m^2/s
    q2 = 362.0e+3 # J/mol
    gas_constant = 8.3143 # J/K-mol
    temperature = temp
  []

  [buffer_eigenstrain]
    type = ADPyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    pyc_type = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = 'swelling_strain'
  []
  [buffer_thermal_strain]
    type = ADComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.65e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1500.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [buffer_elasticity]
    type = ADComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    youngs_modulus = 2e10
    poissons_ratio = .23
  []
  [buffer_stress]
    type = ADPyCCreep
    block = buffer
    temperature = temp
  []
  [buffer_temp]
    type = ADHeatConductionMaterial
    block = buffer
    thermal_conductivity = 0.5 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 720.0 # J/kg-K
  []
  [buffer_den]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1000.0 #kg/m^3
    block = buffer
  []
  [buffer_conc]
    type = ADArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = buffer
    d1 = 1.0e-12 # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0
    d2 = 0.0
    q2 = 0.0
    gas_constant = 8.3143 # J/K-mol
    temperature = temp
  []
  [buffer_partial_pressure]
    type = ADSorptionPartialPressure
    A = 19.33
    B = -47290
    D = 1.518
    E = 4338
    d1 = 3.397
    d2 = 6.15e-4
    unit_scale = 1e3 # convert from mol to mmol
    density = 1000 # convert from mmol/m^3 to mmol/kg, using constant for compatibility with default AD derivative container size
    concentration = conc
    temperature = temp
    block = buffer
    outputs = 'all'
    output_properties = partial_pressure
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'IPyC OPyC buffer'
  []
  [IPyC_eigenstrain]
    type = ADPyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    pyc_type = dense
    eigenstrain_name = 'swelling_strain'
  []
  [IPyC_thermal_strain]
    type = ADComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.65e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1500.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [IPyC_elasticity]
    type = ADComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    youngs_modulus = 4.74e10
    poissons_ratio = .23
  []
  [IPyC_disp]
    type = ADPyCCreep
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    temperature = temp
  []
  [IPyC_temp]
    type = ADHeatConductionMaterial
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [IPyC_den]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    strain_free_density = 1900.0
  []
  [IPyC_conc]
    type = ADArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = IPyC
    d1 = 6.3e-8
    q1 = 222.0e+3
    d2 = 0.0
    q2 = 0.0
    gas_constant = 8.3143 # J/K-mol
    temperature = temp
  []
  [IPyC_partial_pressure]
    type = ADSorptionPartialPressure
    A = 19.33
    B = -47290
    D = 1.518
    E = 4338
    d1 = 3.397
    d2 = 6.15e-4
    unit_scale = 1e3 # convert from mol to mmol
    density = 1900 # convert from mmol/m^3 to mmol/kg, using constant for compatibility with default AD derivative container size
    concentration = conc
    temperature = temp
    block = IPyC
    outputs = 'all'
    output_properties = partial_pressure
  []
  [SiC_thermal_strain]
    type = ADComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1500.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [SiC_elasticity]
    type = ADComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.4e11
    poissons_ratio = .13
  []
  [SiC_creep]
    type = ADMonolithicSiCCreepUpdate
    block = SiC
    temperature = temp
    k_function = k_function
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ADComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    block = SiC
    inelastic_models = 'SiC_creep'
  []
  [SiC_temp]
    type = ADHeatConductionMaterial
    block = SiC
    thermal_conductivity = 13.9 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 620.0 # J/kg-K
  []
  [SiC_den]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 3180.0 # kg/m^3
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_conc]
    type = ADArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = SiC
    d1 = 5.5e-14 # m^2/s
    d1_function = d1_function
    d1_function_variable = fluence
    q1 = 125.0e+3 # J/mol
    d2 = 1.6e-2 # m^2/s
    q2 = 514.0e+3 # J/mol
    gas_constant = 8.3143 # J/K-mol
    temperature = temp
  []

  [OPyC_eigenstrain]
    type = ADPyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    pyc_type = dense
    eigenstrain_name = 'swelling_strain'
  []
  [OPyC_thermal_strain]
    type = ADComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.65e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1500.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [OPyC_elasticity]
    type = ADComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = OPyC
    youngs_modulus = 4.74e10
    poissons_ratio = .23
  []
  [OPyC_conc]
    type = ADArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = OPyC
    d1 = 6.3e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 222.0e+3 # J/mol
    d2 = 0.0
    q2 = 0.0
    gas_constant = 8.3143 # J/K-mol
    temperature = temp
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temp
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'NEWTON'
  petsc_options = '-snes_converged_reason -ksp_converged_reason -snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -mat_mffd_err -pc_factor_shift_type -pc_factor_shift_amount'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu    superlu_dist   1e-5          NONZERO               1e-14'

  snesmf_reuse_base = false

  line_search = 'none'
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 20
  l_max_its = 8

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 85.3682e6
  dt = 100

  dtmax = 2e6
  dtmin = 1

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 100
    optimal_iterations = 10
    growth_factor = 1.5
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
    time_t = '0    76e6  76.001e6 84.641e6 84.6482e6'
    time_dt = '20  20     20      20       20'
  []

  [Predictor]
    type = SimplePredictor
    scale = 0.5
    skip_times_old = '0    76e6  76.001e6 84.641e6 84.6482e6'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  exodus = true
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
  []
  [csv]
    type = CSV
    sync_times = '100 6308007 75696087'
    sync_only = true
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [Cs_release]
    type = ADSideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = conc
    diffusivity = arrhenius_diffusion_coef
    boundary = exterior
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [dt]
    type = TimestepSize
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fis_gas_produced] # fission gas produced (moles)
    type = ADElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_released] # fission gas released to plenum (moles)
    type = ADElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeTotal]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = exterior
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeFuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeGas]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = BufferGapVol
    # ro = 3.125e-4
    # ri = 2.125e-4
    # vb = 4/3*pi*(ro^3-ri^3) = 8.76e-11
    # buffer density = 1000
    # PyC density    = 1900
    # fill ratio = 10/19
    # vb*10/19 = 4.6e-11
    # Must remove 4.6e-11 m^3 from the volume
    addition = -4.6e-11
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeBufferShell]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = BufferGapVol
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = BufferGapVol
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []

  # Postprocessors for CO production

  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [avg_surface_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temp
    boundary = exterior
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [time_int_surf_temp]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = avg_surface_temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [co_production]
    type = CarbonMonoxideProduction
    total_fissions = total_fissions
    time_integrated_triso_temperature = time_int_surf_temp
    initial_enrichment = 0.14029
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [num_lin_it]
    type = NumLinearIterations
  []
  [num_nonlin_it]
    type = NumNonlinearIterations
  []
  [tot_lin_it]
    type = CumulativeValuePostprocessor
    postprocessor = num_lin_it
  []
  [tot_nonlin_it]
    type = CumulativeValuePostprocessor
    postprocessor = num_nonlin_it
  []
  [alive_time]
    type = PerfGraphData
    section_name = Root
    data_type = TOTAL
  []

  [buffer_integral_flux]
    type = ADSideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = conc
    boundary = 17
    diffusivity = arrhenius_diffusion_coef
  []
  [IPyC_integral_flux]
    type = ADSideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = conc
    boundary = 15
    diffusivity = arrhenius_diffusion_coef
  []
  [buffer_partial_pressure]
    type = ADSideAverageMaterialProperty
    property = partial_pressure
    boundary = 17
  []
  [IPyC_partial_pressure]
    type = ADSideAverageMaterialProperty
    property = partial_pressure
    boundary = 15
  []
  [integral_flux_error]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = integral_flux_error
  []
  [partial_pressure_error]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = partial_pressure_error
  []
  [integral_Cs_release]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = Cs_release
  []
  [Cs_production]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 1.22e-5 # units of moles/m**3-s
  []
  [time_integral_Cs_production]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = Cs_production
  []
  [volumeFuel_initial]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel
    execute_on = initial
  []
  [integral_Cs_production]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'time_integral_Cs_production volumeFuel_initial'
    expression = 'time_integral_Cs_production * volumeFuel_initial'
  []
  [Cs_release_fraction]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'integral_Cs_release integral_Cs_production'
    expression = 'integral_Cs_release / integral_Cs_production'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [temperaturevpp]
    type = SideValueSampler
    boundary = 11
    variable = temp
    sort_by = x
    outputs = 'csv'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
[]

(test/tests/solid_mechanics/failurecladHT9/cdf_based/lowtemp_cdf.i)

## Description ##
# Four elements of HT9 clad (2D) for a total pipe wall thickness 0.005 m have an internal pressure
# applied for 21.8 years in two time steps with no failure. For the first time step the CDF value of the
# internal (first) element is 0.0176 and the outside (final) element is 0.0162. The final time step has CDF
# values all less than 1 with the inside cell being 0.0352 and the outside cell being 0.0324. The reduction in
# temperature from the other CDF test which does fail shows the temperature effect is working as intended.

# The temperature is 873.15 K giving a Dorn number of 1.5442e-8 which correlates to failure after
# 7.64e10 seconds have passed at a constant hoop stress for the first element. The last element has a
# Dorn number of 1.6801e-8 and failure occurs at 8.32e10 seconds.

#Postprocessor Values:
#+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
#| time           | sig_hoop_0     | sig_hoop_1     | sig_hoop_2     | sig_hoop_3     | sigma_zz       |
#+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
#|   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |   0.000000e+00 |
#|   3.440000e+08 |   2.524551e+07 |   2.508043e+07 |   2.492104e+07 |   2.476216e+07 |   2.500101e+07 |
#|   6.880000e+08 |   2.524551e+07 |   2.508043e+07 |   2.492104e+07 |   2.476216e+07 |   2.500101e+07 |
#+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  volumetric_locking_correction = true
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [mesh]
    type = FileMeshGenerator
    file = axisymm_thin_cyl_q4.e
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 873.15 # K
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [clad_fail]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_xy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_zz]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [applied_pressure]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '  0    1.0e6  9.0e7'
    y = '0.641e6  0.641e6  0.641e6'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [all]
    strain = finite
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFluxAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    factor = 0
  []
  [clad_fail]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = clad_fail
    execute_on = 'timestep_end'
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cdf_amount
    execute_on = 'timestep_end'
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    scalar_type = HoopStress
    execute_on = 'linear timestep_end'
  []
  [stress_xx]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_xx
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 0
  []
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
  []
  [stress_xy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_xy
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 1
  []
  [stress_zz]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_zz
    index_i = 2
    index_j = 2
  []
[] # AuxKernels

[Postprocessors]
  [sigma_zz]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = stress_zz
  []
  [sig_hoop_0]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = hoop_stress
    elementid = 0
  []
  [sig_hoop_1]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = hoop_stress
    elementid = 1
  []
  [sig_hoop_2]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = hoop_stress
    elementid = 2
  []
  [sig_hoop_3]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = hoop_stress
    elementid = 3
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [top_bot_y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = '1'
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [inner_press]
      boundary = 4
      factor = 1.0
      function = applied_pressure
    []
  []
  [temp_fix]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = '1 2 3 4'
    value = 873.15  #K
  []
[]

[Materials]
  # This is the module being tested
  [FailureClad]
    block = 1
    type = HT9FailureClad
    hoop_stress = hoop_stress
    temperature = temp
    method = cdf_long
  []

  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    block = 1
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    #youngs_modulus = 1.88e11 # Theses were actually overwrittent by MechHT9
    #poissons_ratio = 0.236
    youngs_modulus = 234468.6944e6
    poissons_ratio = 0.221956
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = 1
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = 1
    factor = 0.0
  []

  [thermal]
    block = 1
    type = HT9Thermal
    temperature = temp
  []

  [density]
    block = 1
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 7874
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient

  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu     superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-6
  l_max_its = 30
  nl_max_its = 50
  dt = 3.44e8
  start_time = 0.0
  num_steps = 2
  dtmin = 100.0
  l_tol = 1e-4

[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  csv = false
  [out]
    type = Exodus
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 5
  []
[]

(test/tests/solid_mechanics/SS316_creep/creep_SS316_3d_test.i)

#
# The mesh is a 1x1x1 cube with a pressure of 10 MPa on the top face.
# Symmetry boundary conditions on three places provide a uniaxial stress field.
# The temperature is held constant at 973.15.  The yield stress is set at twice
# the load pressure. The solution is advanced through ten time steps of 1e4 for
# a total time of 1e5.
#
# The total strain at time 1e5 can be computed as given by "High Temperature Inelastic Behavior of the AUstenitic Steel AISI Type 316" by Altenbach and Gorash and "Irradiatian Creep and Swelling of AISI 316 to Exposures of 130 dpa at 385-400 degrees C" by Garner and Porter.
#
# e_tot = e_elas +
#         e_thermal_creep +
#         e_irradiation_creep
#
#       = P/E +
#         (a * exp(-Q_ln/(RT)) * sinh(b * exp(-Q_pw/(RT)) * sigma) +
#         [B + DS] * fast_neutron_flux * sigma) * dt
#
#         where P = pressure load
#               E = Youngs modulus
#               a,b = thermal creep coefficients
#               sigma = stress in MPa
#               Q_ln-Q_pw = activation energies
#               B = Irradiation creep coefficient "creep compliance"
#               D = Irradiation creep coefficent "coupling coefficient"
#               S = Swelling Rate
#               dt = total time
#               fast_neutron_flux = 3e17 n/m**2/s (applied) but model expects units of 10**22 n/cm**2/s
#               so, fast_neutron_flux = 3e17 * 0.0001 (convert from cm**2 to m**2) * 1e-22 (convert to 10*22)= 3e-9
#
#               Note that these strains are expressed as %, so they have to be divided by 100, thus  the term 0.01 in the strain calculations found below.
#
#
#
#
#   For this test, the analytical solution at t=1e5 is:
#
#               e_tot = 10e6/1.90e11 +
#                       ((21.04889 * exp(-170000/(8.314*973.15)) *
#                       sinh(0.07 * (10) * exp(-12000/(8.314*973.15)))) +
#                       [1e-6 + 0.6e-2 * 0.01] * 3e-9 * 10 * 0.01) * 1e5
#
#                     = 5.263e-5 + (((4.336e-12 * 1.012) + 1.83e-12 * 0.01) * 1e5)
#                     = 5.263e-5 + 4.386e-7 + 1.83e-9 = 5.307e-5
#   e_elas = 5.263e-5
#   e_thermal_creep = 4.386e-7
#   e_irradiation_creep = 1.83e-9
#   e_tot = 5.307e-5
#
#
#


[Mesh]
  use_displaced_mesh = false
  [mesh]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 3
  []
[]

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y disp_z'
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  temperature = temp
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 973.15
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [elastic_strain_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [creep_strain_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Physics]
  [SolidMechanics]
    [QuasiStatic]
      [all]
        strain = SMALL
        incremental = true
        add_variables = true
        generate_output = 'stress_yy elastic_strain_yy creep_strain_yy'
      []
    []
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [top_pull]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1'
    y = '1 1'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
  []
  [elastic_strain_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = elastic_strain_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
  []
  [creep_strain_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = creep_strain_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [u_top_pull]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = top
    factor = -10.0e6
    function = top_pull
  []
  [u_bottom_fix]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = bottom
    value = 0.0
  []
  [u_back_fix]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_z
    boundary = back
    value = 0.0
  []
  [u_left_fix]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = left
    value = 0.0
  []
  [temp_top_fix]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = top
    value = 973.15
  []
  [temp_bottom_fix]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = bottom
    value = 973.15
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 3e17
  []
  [elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.90e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.265
  []
  [creep]
    type = SS316CreepUpdate
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
  []
  [radial_return_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = elastic
    inelastic_models = 'creep'
  []
  [thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    thermal_conductivity = 100.0
  []
  [density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1.0
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient

  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options       = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = '101'

  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its  = 50
  nl_max_its = 20
  l_tol = 1e-5
  start_time = 0.0
  num_steps = 10
  dt = 10000
[]

[Outputs]
  exodus = true
[]

(test/tests/triso_pebble/3D_pebble_from_csv.i)

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  flux_conversion_factor = 0.85
[]

[Mesh]
  [file]
    type = FileMeshGenerator
    file = pebble.e
  []
[]

[Distributions]
  [normal_kernel_r]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 213.35e-6
    standard_deviation = 4.4e-6
    lower_bound = 1.9575e-04
    upper_bound = 2.3095e-04
  []
  [normal_buffer_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 98.9e-6
    standard_deviation = 8.4e-6
    lower_bound = 6.53e-05
    upper_bound = 1.325e-04
  []
  [normal_ipyc_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 40.4e-6
    standard_deviation = 2.5e-6
    lower_bound = 3.0400e-05
    upper_bound = 5.0400e-05
  []
  [normal_sic_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 35.2e-6
    standard_deviation = 1.2e-6
    lower_bound = 3.0400e-05
    upper_bound = 4.0000e-05
  []
  [normal_opyc_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 43.4e-6
    standard_deviation = 2.9e-6
    lower_bound = 3.1800e-05
    upper_bound = 5.5000e-05
  []
[]

[DiracKernels]
  [vpp_point_source]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSource
    variable = temperature
    point_source_values = heat_source
    value_name = heat_inc
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []
[]

[UserObjects]
  [point_source_location]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSourceLocation
    min_radius = 0.0138
    max_radius = 0.018
    geometry = SPHERE
    fuel_element_blocks = fuel
    execute_on = 'INITIAL'
    num_particles = 100
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [heat_source]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSourceFromFile
    file_base_time = monte_carlo_out_time
    file_base_source = monte_carlo_out_release_heat_inc
    x_header_in_file = 'time:time'
    y_header_in_file = 'release_heat_inc:release_heat_inc'
    source_name = heat_inc
    num_files = 2
    num_particles = 100
    format = columns
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
  []
  [point_source_output]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSourceOutput
    vector_postprocessor = heat_source
    value_name = heat_inc
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 773.15
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [density]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [thermal_conductivity]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [specific_heat]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [density]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = density
    property = density
    block = 'core fuel shell'
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [thermal_conductivity]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = thermal_conductivity
    property = thermal_conductivity
    block = 'core fuel shell'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [specific_heat]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = specific_heat
    property = specific_heat
    block = 'core fuel shell'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [coolant_temp]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    value = 773.15
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 76e6'
    y = '1 1'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = LinearCombinationFunction
    functions = power_history
    w = 5.75e19
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = power_history
    factor = 6.28e17
  []
  [fueled_region_thermal]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    block = fuel
    graphite_grade = A3_27_1800
    packing_fraction = 0.22
    temperature = temperature
    initial_matrix_density = 1750.0
  []
  [fuel_region_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = fuel
    property_name = density
    expression = 1750.0
  []
  [shell_region_thermal]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    block = shell
    graphite_grade = A3_27_1800
    packing_fraction = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    initial_matrix_density = 1750.0
  []
  [shell_region_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = shell
    property_name = density
    expression = 1750.0
  []
  [core_region_thermal]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    block = core
    graphite_grade = A3_27_1800
    packing_fraction = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    initial_matrix_density = 1400.0
  []
  [core_region_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = core
    property_name = density
    expression = 1400.0
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
  show_var_residual = 'temperature'
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-9
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-9
  nl_max_its = 15

  l_tol = 1e-5
  l_max_its = 30

  start_time = 0.0
  dt = 10
  num_steps = 2
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(examples/TRISO/failure_probability_direct_integration/asphericity.i)

kernel_radius = 213.35e-6
buffer_thickness = 98.9e-6
IPyC_thickness = 40.4e-6
SiC_thickness = 35.2e-6
OPyC_thickness = 43.4e-6
aspect_ratio = 1.04

coordinates1 = '${fparse kernel_radius}'
coordinates2 = '${fparse coordinates1+buffer_thickness}'
coordinates3 = '${fparse coordinates2+IPyC_thickness}'
coordinates4 = '${fparse coordinates3+SiC_thickness}'
coordinates5 = '${fparse coordinates4+OPyC_thickness}'

initial_fuel_density = 10966

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  initial_enrichment = 0.14029 # [wt-]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0 # convert E>0.10 to E>0.18 MeV
  stress_free_temperature = 481 # used for thermal expansion
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 # [J/fission]
  O_U = 1.428 # Initial Oxygen to Uranium atom ratio
  C_U = 0.392 # Initial Carbon to Uranium atom ratio
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [gen]
    type = TRISO2DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = quad4
    coordinates = '0 ${coordinates1} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates3} ${coordinates4} '
                  '${coordinates5}'
    mesh_density = '20 8 0 4 4 4'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    num_sectors = 60
    aspect_ratio = ${aspect_ratio}
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[UserObjects]
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_OPyC = OPyC_outer_boundary
    outer_SiC = SiC_outer_boundary
    outer_IPyC = IPyC_outer_boundary
    inner_IPyC = IPyC_inner_boundary
    outer_buffer = buffer_outer_boundary
    outer_kernel = fuel_outer_boundary
    include_particle = true
    include_pebble = false
    mesh_generator = 'gen'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 481
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [temp_bc]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = outer_temp.csv
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 1
    format = columns
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 5.75e19
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz '
                    'max_principal_stress'
  add_variables = true
  strain = FINITE
  incremental = true
  [fuel]
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'UCO_swelling_eigenstrain UCO_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [buffer]
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_names = 'Buffer_IIDC_strain Buffer_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [IPyC]
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'IPyC_IIDC_strain IPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    eigenstrain_names = 'SiC_thermal_eigenstrain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [OPyC]
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'OPyC_IIDC_strain OPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [burnup]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = burnup
    property = burnup
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe'
    released_fractions = '0.185 0.815'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    quadrature = false
    min_gap = 1e-7
    max_gap = 50e-6
    gap_geometry_type = sphere
    sphere_origin = '0 0 0'
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_disp_y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = bottom
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    function = temp_bc
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [Pressure]
    [exterior]
      boundary = exterior
      factor = 0.1e6
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      startup_time = 1e4
      initial_pressure = 0
      R = 8.3145
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_gas_temp
      volume = 'gap_volume buffer_void_volume kernel_void_volume'
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released'
      output = gas_pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 6.2425e+17
  []
  [UCO_burnup]
    type = TRISOBurnup
    initial_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_thermal]
    type = UCOThermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UCOElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain]
    type = UCOVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_swelling_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10.0e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_TE_strain
  []
  [UCO_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UCOFGR
    block = fuel
    average_grain_radius = 10e-6
    temperature = temperature
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    cutoff_neutron_flux = 0.0
  []
  [BAF_IPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0465
    block = IPyC
  []
  [BAF_OPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0429
    block = OPyC
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = BufferElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_stress]
    type = BufferCEGACreep
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_thermal]
    type = BufferThermal
    block = buffer
    initial_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = buffer
    strain_free_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_TE]
    type = BufferThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_IIDC]
    type = BufferCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = IPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [IPyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [IPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = IPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1890
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
  []
  [IPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [IPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MonolithicSiCElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    elastic_modulus_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_thermal]
    type = MonolithicSiCThermal
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = SiC
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
  []
  [SiC_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = SiC_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [OPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = OPyC
    temperature = temperature
    initial_BAF = 1.0
  []
  [OPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = OPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [OPyC_thermal_conductivity]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = OPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [OPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = OPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1900
  []
  [OPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [OPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [characteristic_strength_SiC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '9640000'
    block = SiC
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
  []
  [characteristic_strength_PyC]
    type = PyCCharacteristicStrength
    temperature = temperature
    X = 1.02
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 100
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 5e-8
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-8
  nl_max_its = 20

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 4.831315e7

  # For testing, we only run 20 time steps
  num_steps = 20

  dtmin = 1e-4
  dt = 6e5
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_gas_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = buffer
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [gap_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [buffer_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = buffer
    theoretical_density = 2250
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [kernel_th_density]
    type = UCOTheoreticalDensity
    execute_on = initial
  []
  [kernel_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = fuel
    theoretical_density = kernel_th_density
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [particle_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_fluence]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    block = SiC
    value_type = max
    mat_prop = max_principal_stress
  []
  [strength_SiC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [weibull_failure_probability_SiC]
    type = WeibullFailureProbability
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    characteristic_strength = characteristic_strength
  []
  [weibull_failure_probability_IPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureProbability
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 9.5
    characteristic_strength = characteristic_strength
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = false
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = false
  perf_graph = true
  exodus = false
[]

(test/tests/solid_mechanics/ad_d9_volumetric_swelling/coupled.i)

# This test compares the calculated volumetric swelling calculated by ADD9VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
# to the analytical solution. The fluence is ramped from 0 to 22e26. A low and high temperature
# response is tested on the left and right sides respectively. A ParsedMaterial is used to compare
# the ADD9VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain calculated swelling to a hand calculation. The max difference
# between the two materials is the metric of success for this test, and shows comparison within
# numerical precision

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [gen]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 2
    nx = 10
    ny = 10
    xmin = 0.01
    xmax = 0.02
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 600
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [all]
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = swelling
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [temp]
    type = ADDiffusion
    variable = temp
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [dt]
    type = ADTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [disp_x]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = left
    value = 0.0
  []
  [disp_y]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = bottom
    value = 0.0
  []
  [temp_left]
    type = ADFunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = left
    function = '850 + y * 100'
  []
  [temp_right]
    type = ADFunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = left
    function = '650 + y * 100'
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fluence]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = '(1 - y) * 22e30'
    outputs = all
  []
  [converter]
    type = MaterialADConverter
    reg_props_in = 'fast_neutron_fluence fast_neutron_flux'
    ad_props_out = 'ad_fast_neutron_fluence ad_fast_neutron_flux'
  []
  [elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.0e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.3
  []
  [stress]
    type = ADComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
  []
  [swelling]
    type = ADD9VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = swelling
    fast_neutron_fluence = ad_fast_neutron_fluence
    fast_neutron_flux = ad_fast_neutron_flux
    swelling_name = volumetric_swelling_strain
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu'
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  dt = 1e-4
  num_steps = 3
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [fluence_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
  []
  [left_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temp
    boundary = left
  []
  [left_swelling]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_swelling_strain
    boundary = left
  []
  [right_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temp
    boundary = right
  []
  [right_swelling]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_swelling_strain
    boundary = right
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  exodus = true
[]

(test/tests/ADMetallicFuelWastage/ad_flux_burnup_ht9.i)

# This test is to verify the calculation in ADMetallicFuelWastage (flux_burnup_ht9)

[Mesh]
  [mesh]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 1
  []
[]

[Problem]
  solve = false
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 1000
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [temp]
    type = ConstantAux
    variable = temp
    value = 1000
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [fission_rate_fcn]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = t*1E11
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = ADGenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = 'fission_rate'
    prop_values = 'fission_rate_fcn'
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = ADUPuZrBurnup
    density = 100
    initial_X_Pu = 0.1
    initial_X_Zr = 0.1
    outputs = all
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    factor = 1E19
    outputs = all
  []
  [converter]
    type = MaterialADConverter
    reg_props_in = 'fast_neutron_flux'
    ad_props_out = 'ad_fast_neutron_flux'
  []
  [wastage]
    type = ADMetallicFuelWastage
    fast_neutron_flux = 'ad_fast_neutron_flux'
    method = flux_burnup_ht9
    temperature = temp
    scale_factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  num_steps = 15
  dt = 1.0e6
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [fsnrate_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
  []
  [burnup_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = burnup
  []
  [wastage_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = wastage_thickness
  []
  [temp_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
  []
  [flux_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  csv = true
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/FBTA/analysis/steady_state/common_inputs/test_base.i)

# IFR Steady State Irradiation Base Input File
# Inspired by X441 Assessment Case

fipd_submodule_dir = '../../../../../../../fipd-bison-integration-data/'

gap_bottom_length = 0.31e-3
top_bot_cladding_height = 2.24e-3
# calculations
cladding_ir = '${fparse fuel_radius + cladding_gap_width}'
gas_plenum_height = '${fparse plenum_volume / pi / cladding_ir^2}'
fuel_y_start = '${fparse gap_bottom_length + top_bot_cladding_height}'
alpha_start = 877
alpha_end = 936
bubble_concentration = 1e15

cladding_block = 'cladding'

clad_n_rad = 10

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  alpha_transition_end = ${alpha_end}
  alpha_transition_start = ${alpha_start}
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
  converge_on = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
[]

[Mesh]
  # Pin design parameters from FIPD database
  [gen]
    type = FIPDRodletMeshGenerator
    fipd_geom_file = ${raw ' ${fipd_submodule_dir} / ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} / ${pin_id} _design.csv'}

    gap_bottom_length = 0.31e-3 # arbitrary
    cladding_bottom_plug_length = 2.24e-3 # arbitrary
    cladding_top_plug_length = 2.24e-3 # arbitrary

    cladding_sidewall_radial_elements = ${clad_n_rad}
    cladding_sidewall_axial_element_numbers = '2 150 150'
    # use_tri_for_cladding_sidewall = '0 1 0'
    cladding_top_plug_radial_elements = 10
    cladding_top_plug_axial_elements = 5
    cladding_bottom_plug_axial_elements = 5
    fuel_radial_elements = 6
    fuel_axial_element_intervals = '0 1'
    fuel_axial_element_numbers = '250'

    use_default_cladding_sidewall_axial_element_intervals = true

    elem_type = QUAD4
    make_stand = true
    make_cap = true
    cap_axial_elements = 15
    stand_axial_elements = 15
  []

  [sodium_height]
    type = SideSetsFromBoundingBoxGenerator
    input = gen
    bottom_left = '0 0 0'
    top_right = '${fparse cladding_ir + cladding_thickness} ${fparse fuel_y_start + fuel_height} 0'
    included_boundaries = 'cladding_inside_right'
    boundary_new = '1005'
  []
  [gas_height]
    type = SideSetsFromBoundingBoxGenerator
    input = sodium_height
    bottom_left = '0 ${fparse fuel_y_start + fuel_height} 0'
    top_right = '${fparse cladding_ir + cladding_thickness} ${fparse fuel_y_start + fuel_height + gas_plenum_height + top_bot_cladding_height} 0'
    included_boundaries = 'cladding_inside_right'
    boundary_new = '1006'
  []
  [sodium_plenum_rename]
    type = RenameBoundaryGenerator
    input = gas_height
    old_boundary = '1005 1006'
    new_boundary = 'sodium_height gas_height'
  []

  patch_size = 40
  patch_update_strategy = always
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
  coord_type = RZ
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block} cap stand'
  []
  [disp_x]
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block} cap stand'
  []
  [disp_y]
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block} cap stand'
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [fflux_axial_peaking_factors] # Fast flux peaking factor from FIPD database; used for fuel related simulations
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw ' ${fipd_submodule_dir} / ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} / peakingfactor_flux_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
    extrapolate_to_zero = true
  []
  [fflux_axial_peaking_factors_elongate] # Fast flux peaking factor from FIPD database; used for cladding related simulations
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw ' ${fipd_submodule_dir} / ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} / peakingfactor_flux_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
    extrapolate_to_zero = true
    fuel_elongation_pp = max_fuel_elongation # pp used to track fuel elongation
  []
  [flux_history] # Time-dependent pin average fast flux from FIPD database
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = ${raw ' ${fipd_submodule_dir} / ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} / flux_history_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
  []
  [clad_od_temp] # Time-dependent cladding OD temperature from FIPD database
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw ' ${fipd_submodule_dir} / ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} / clad_od_temp_history_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
  []
  [ab_sodium_vol]
    type = MeshPropertyFunction
    mesh_generator = gen
    mesh_property_name = sodium_volume
    scale_factor = -1.0
  []
  [sodium_volume]
    # Need to account for the factor that hot pressing is also occupying the open pores
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_names = 'porosity_sodium_logging_avg volume_fuel raw_sodium_vol temp_sodium_avg'
    symbol_values = 'porosity_sodium_logging_avg volume_fuel ab_sodium_vol temp_sodium_avg'
    # Note the the symbol before volume_fuel should be negative as volume_fuel itself is negative
    expression = 'raw_sodium_vol * 954 / (1102 - 0.23 * temp_sodium_avg) - volume_fuel * porosity_sodium_logging_avg'
  []
  [power_history] # Time-dependent pin average power from FIPD database
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = ${raw ' ${fipd_submodule_dir} / ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} / power_history_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
  []

  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw ' ${fipd_submodule_dir} / ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} / peakingfactor_power_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors_extended]
    type = FIPDAxialProfileFunction
    data_file = ${raw ' ${fipd_submodule_dir} / ${exp_id} / ${pin_id} / peakingfactor_power_relative_ ${pin_id} .csv'}
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = gen
    zero_ends = true
    data_shift_type = peaking
    fuel_elongation_pp = max_fuel_elongation # pp used to track fuel elongation
  []
  [anisotropic_swelling_factor]
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_names = 'disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg fuel_height fuel_radius'
    symbol_values = 'disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg ${fuel_height} ${fuel_radius}'
    expression = '(disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg / ${fuel_radius}) / (disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg / ${fuel_height})'
  []
  [gap_thermal_conductivity]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '124.67 - 0.11381 * t + 5.5226e-5 * t^2 - 1.1842e-8 * t^3'
  []
  [id_vpp_func] # vpp_function used to track FCCI-related cladding degradation.
    type = MetallicFuelWastageDegradationFunction
    vectorpostprocessor_name = id_wastage
    argument_column = y
    wastage_type = ID
    value_column = wastage_thickness
    use_metadata = true
    degradation_factor = 0.001
    mesh_generator = 'gen'
    transition_width = 1E-4
  []
  [od_vpp_func] # vpp_function used to track CCCI-related cladding degradation.
    type = MetallicFuelWastageDegradationFunction
    vectorpostprocessor_name = od_wastage
    argument_column = y
    wastage_type = OD
    value_column = cc_wastage_thickness
    use_metadata = true
    degradation_factor = 0.001
    mesh_generator = 'gen'
    transition_width = 1E-4
  []
  [fuel_melt_func]
    type = MetallicFuelMeltingFunction
    vectorpostprocessor_name = fuel_melting
    argument_column = y
    value_column = fuel_melting_thickness
    use_metadata = true
    mesh_generator = 'gen'
    transition_width = 2e-4
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    block = fuel
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'firstinv_strain stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
    volumetric_locking_correction = true
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [gravity]
    type = ADGravity
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block}'
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = ADHeatConduction
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block} cap stand'
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = ADHeatConductionTimeDerivative
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block} cap stand'
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = ADFissionRateHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = 'fuel'
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    energy_deposited_in_fuel = 0.95
  []

  [disp_x_dt]
    type = ADTimeDerivative
    variable = disp_x
    block = 'cap stand'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [disp_y_dt]
    type = ADTimeDerivative
    variable = disp_y
    block = 'cap stand'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [disp_x_diff]
    type = ADMatAnisoDiffusion
    variable = disp_x
    block = 'cap stand'
    diffusivity = d_x
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [disp_y_diff]
    type = ADMatDiffusion
    variable = disp_y
    block = 'cap stand'
    diffusivity = 1e8
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = FuelPinGeometry
    clad_bottom = cladding_outside_bottom
    clad_inner_wall = cladding_inside_right
    clad_outer_wall = cladding_outside_right
    clad_top = cladding_outside_top
    pellet_exteriors = fuel_outside_all
  []
  [fuel_thm_exp]
    type = LayeredAverage
    variable = fuel_thermal_strain_xx
    direction = y
    num_layers = 1000
    block = fuel
  []
  [clad_thm_exp]
    type = LayeredAverage
    variable = clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx
    direction = y
    num_layers = 1000
    block = ${cladding_block}
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [fuel_cladding_mechanical]
    primary = cladding_inside_right
    secondary = fuel_outer_radial_surface
    model = coulomb
    friction_coefficient = 0.1
    formulation = mortar
    c_normal = '${fparse 1e17 * magic_factor}'
    c_tangential = '${fparse 1e19 * magic_factor}'
    correct_edge_dropping = true
  []
[]

[MortarGapHeatTransfer]
  [inside2outside]
    temperature = temp
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
    gap_conductivity_function = gap_thermal_conductivity
    gap_conductivity_function_variable = temp
    primary_boundary = cladding_inside_right
    secondary_boundary = fuel_contact_surfaces
    gap_flux_options = 'CONDUCTION'
    ghost_point_neighbors = true
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'centerline cap_top'
    value = 0.0
    preset = false
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_bottom'
    value = 0.0
    preset = false
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = 'cladding_outside_right'
      factor = 0.151e6
      use_automatic_differentiation = true
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 'inside_surfaces'
      initial_pressure = 84116 # in Pa, 12.2 psi
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = temp_gas_avg
      volume = volume_plenum
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fg_released
      use_automatic_differentiation = true
    []
  []
  [surf] # Setting temperature BC base on FIPD data
    type = ADFunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_bottom cladding_outside_right cladding_outside_top'
    function = clad_od_temp
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [relx]
  []
  [clad_thm_exp]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_thm_exp]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = fuel
  []
  [func_val1]
  []
  [func_val2]
  []
  [func_val3]
  []
  # OPTD Dummy during this stage
  [pen_thick_aux]
    family = MONOMIAL
    order = CONSTANT
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block}'
  []
  [total_id_reduction]
    family = MONOMIAL
    order = CONSTANT
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block}'
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence_aux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [func_val1]
    type = FunctionAux
    function = id_vpp_func
    variable = func_val1
    block = ${cladding_block}
  []
  [func_val2]
    type = FunctionAux
    function = od_vpp_func
    variable = func_val2
    block = ${cladding_block}
  []
  [func_val3]
    type = FunctionAux
    function = fuel_melt_func
    variable = func_val3
    block = fuel
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [relx_aux]
    type = ParsedAux
    variable = relx
    block = fuel
    use_xyzt = true
    expression = 'x / ${fuel_radius}'
  []
  [clad_thm_exp]
    type = SpatialUserObjectAux
    variable = clad_thm_exp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    user_object = clad_thm_exp
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = cladding_thermal_eigenstrain
    variable = clad_thermal_eigenstrain_xx
    index_j = 0
    index_i = 0
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain_xx]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = fuel_thermal_strain
    variable = fuel_thermal_strain_xx
    index_j = 0
    index_i = 0
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain_yy]
    type = ADRankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = fuel_thermal_strain
    variable = fuel_thermal_strain_yy
    index_j = 1
    index_i = 1
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_thm_exp]
    type = SpatialUserObjectAux
    variable = fuel_thm_exp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    user_object = fuel_thm_exp
    block = fuel
  []

  # OPTD
  [assign_pen_thick_aux]
    type = ADMaterialRealAux
    variable = pen_thick_aux
    property = liquid_penetration
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block}'
  []
  [assign_total_id_reduction]
    type = ParsedAux
    variable = total_id_reduction
    coupled_variables = 'pen_thick_aux wastage_thickness'
    expression = 'pen_thick_aux + wastage_thickness'
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block}'
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fuel_pen]
    type = ADMetallicFuelLiquidCladdingPenetration
    temperature = temp
    mesh_generator = gen
    fuel_elongation_pp = max_fuel_elongation
    liquid_penetration_model = 'ANL_CONSERVATIVE'
    fuel_pu = Pu_0
    burnup = burnup
    outputs = all
    calculate_fuel_melting_thickness = true
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block}'
  []
  [d_x]
    type = ADConstantAnisotropicMobility
    tensor = '1e3 0 0
              0   1e6 0
              0   0 0'
    M_name = d_x
  []
  [cap_thcond]
    type = ADGenericConstantMaterial
    prop_names = 'thermal_conductivity specific_heat density'
    prop_values = '65 1200 830'
    block = 'cap stand'
    outputs = all
  []
  [interconnected_porosity]
    type = ADParsedMaterial
    block = 'fuel'
    property_name = interconnected_porosity
    material_property_names = 'porosity interconnectivity'
    expression = 'porosity * interconnectivity'
    outputs = all
  []

  [fission_rate]
    type = ADUPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${fuel_radius}
    # initial_X_Zr=${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = 'fuel'
    outputs = all
  []
  [fission_rate_elongate]
    type = ADUPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors_extended
    pellet_radius = ${fuel_radius}
    # initial_X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    outputs = all
    fission_rate_name = fission_rate
  []
  [burnup]
    type = ADUPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${fuel_density}
    block = 'fuel'
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup_elongate]
    type = ADUPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    initial_X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    outputs = all
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    density = ${fuel_density}
    burnup_name = burnup
  []
  [fuel_elastic_stress]
    type = ADComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    inelastic_models = 'hotpress fuel_upuzrcreep gas_swelling'
    block = 'fuel'
    outputs = all
  []
  [hotpress]
    type = ADUPuZrHotPressingStressUpdate
    block = 'fuel'
    outputs = all
    surface_energy = 1.6
    plenum_pressure = plenum_pressure
    porosity_name = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-1
    interconnectivity = interconnectivity
    bubble_concentration = ${bubble_concentration}
    temperature = temp
    creep_model = MFH
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    atomic_volume = 2.15e-29
    porosity_start = 0.01
    porosity_end = 0
    grain_boundary_D0 = 4e-29
    grain_boundary_Q = 0
    absolute_tolerance = 1e-9
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ADPorosityFromStrain
    block = 'fuel'
    initial_porosity = 1e-10
    inelastic_strain = 'combined_inelastic_strain'
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADUPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    youngs_model = LANL
    block = 'fuel'
    temperature = temp
    use_old_porosity = true
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'youngs_modulus poissons_ratio'
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = ADUPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = 'fuel'
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    use_old_porosity = true
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-3
    outputs = all
    automatic_differentiation_return_mapping = false
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ADUPuZrThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = 'fuel'
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 298.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
    outputs = all
    thermal_expansion_model = LANL
    X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ADSimpleFissionGasViscoplasticityStressUpdate
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
    block = 'fuel'
    bubble_concentration = ${bubble_concentration}
    initial_bubble_concentration = ${bubble_concentration}
    compute_interconnectivity = true
    fission_gas_yield = 0.3017 #0.25
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    initial_atoms_per_bubble = 1e-05
    initial_bubble_radius = 1e-15
    initial_fgm_dissolved = 0
    interconnection_cutoff = 0.99
    interconnection_initiating_porosity = 0.23
    interconnection_terminating_porosity = 0.25
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-2
    retained_gas_fraction = 0.25
    interconnection_dependent_retained_gas_fraction = 0.5
    surface_energy = 1.6
    anisotropic_factor = 0.26
    initial_porosity = 1e-10
    fuel_melting_function = fuel_melt_func
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ADBurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = 'fuel'
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
    outputs = all
    anisotropic_factor = 0.26
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = ADUPuZrThermal
    block = 'fuel'
    X_Zr = ${initial_X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
    porosity_model = logged
    sodium_logged_porosity = sodium_logged_porosity
  []
  [sodium_logging]
    type = ADUPuZrSodiumLogging
    block = 'fuel'
    porosity = porosity
    interconnectivity = interconnectivity
    sodium_infiltration_fraction = 0.28
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    block = 'fuel'
    strain_free_density = ${fuel_density}
    outputs = all
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = ADFastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    axial_power_profile = fflux_axial_peaking_factors
    rod_ave_lin_pow = flux_history
    block = fuel
    factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux_elongate]
    type = ADFastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    axial_power_profile = fflux_axial_peaking_factors_elongate
    rod_ave_lin_pow = flux_history
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [disp_x]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = disp_x
    max_increment = 1e-4
  []
  [disp_y]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = disp_y
    max_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temp
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [vcp]
    type = VCP
    full = true
    primary_variable = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
    preconditioner = 'LU'
    adaptive_condensation = true
    lm_variable = 'fuel_cladding_mechanical_normal_lm fuel_cladding_mechanical_tangential_lm inside2outside_thermal_lm'
    is_lm_coupling_diagonal = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'NEWTON'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew -snes_converged_reason -ksp_converged_reason'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_type -mat_mffd_err -pc_factor_shift_type -pc_factor_shift_amount -snes_force_iteration'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu    superlu_dist   1e-5          NONZERO               1e-15 1'
  line_search = 'none'
  snesmf_reuse_base = false
  verbose = true

  l_max_its = 60
  nl_max_its = 20
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-7
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-8 #1e9

  end_time = ${run_time}
  dtmin = 1
  dtmax = ${max_time_step}

  automatic_scaling = true
  compute_scaling_once = false
  off_diagonals_in_auto_scaling = true
  ignore_variables_for_autoscaling = 'fuel_cladding_mechanical_normal_lm fuel_cladding_mechanical_tangential_lm inside2outside_thermal_lm'

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = time_step_limit
    force_step_every_function_point = true
    timestep_limiting_function = power_history
    dt = 1e2
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [_dt]
    type = TimestepSize
  []
  # elemental temperatures
  [temp_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = 'fuel'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [temp_fuel_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [temp_fuel_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    block = 'fuel'
    value_type = min
  []
  [temp_cladding_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [temp_cladding_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [temp_cladding_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    block = '${cladding_block}'
    value_type = min
  []

  # boundary temperatures
  [temp_gas_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 'gas_height cladding_inside_top'
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [temp_sodium_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = 'cap'
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [temp_inside_surfaces_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 'inside_surfaces'
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [temp_fuel_centerline_avg]
    type = AxisymmetricCenterlineAverageValue
    boundary = 'centerline'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_fuel_centerline_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = 'centerline'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_fuel_centerline_min]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = 'centerline'
    variable = temp
    value_type = min
  []
  [temp_fuel_surface_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_fuel_surface_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_fuel_surface_min]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
    variable = temp
    value_type = min
  []
  [temp_cladding_inside_right_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_cladding_inside_right_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
    variable = temp
  []
  [temp_cladding_outside_right_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_right'
    variable = temp
  []

  # stresses
  [stress_vonmises_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_vonmises_fuel_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_vonmises_fuel_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    value_type = min
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_hydro_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_hydro_fuel_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_hydro_fuel_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [stress_vonmises_cladding_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [stress_vonmises_cladding_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [stress_vonmises_cladding_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    value_type = min
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [stress_hydro_cladding_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [stress_hydro_cladding_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [stress_hydro_cladding_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [contact_pressure_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = fuel_cladding_mechanical_normal_lm
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
  []

  # strain information
  [strain_solid_swelling_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swelling
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [strain_gas_swelling_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = effective_fission_gas_strain
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [strain_hot_pressing_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = effective_hot_pressing_strain
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [strain_volumetric_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = firstinv_strain
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [strain_axial_fuel_avg]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg disp_y_fuel_bottom_surface_avg'
    expression = '(disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg - disp_y_fuel_bottom_surface_avg) / ${fuel_height}'
  []
  [disp_y_fuel_top_surface_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'fuel_top'
  []
  [disp_y_fuel_top_surface_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'fuel_top'
  []
  [disp_y_fuel_bottom_surface_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'fuel_bottom'
  []
  [disp_y_fuel_bottom_surface_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'fuel_bottom'
  []
  [disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
  []
  [disp_x_fuel_radial_surface_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_radial_surface'
  []
  [disp_x_cladding_interior_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
  []
  [disp_x_cladding_interior_min]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
    value_type = min
  []
  [disp_x_cladding_interior_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
  []
  [disp_x_cladding_exterior_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_right'
  []
  [disp_x_cladding_exterior_avg]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'cladding_outside_right'
  []
  [anisotropic_swelling_factor]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = anisotropic_swelling_factor
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = fuel_outside_all
  []

  # geometric information
  [volume_cladding_interior]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_all'
  []
  [volume_fuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'fuel_outside_all'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volume_plenum]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'inside_surfaces'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = sodium_volume
  []
  [plenum_ratio]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'volume_plenum volume_fuel'
    expression = 'volume_plenum / volume_fuel'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volume_sodium]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = sodium_volume
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  # energy information
  [flux_clad]
    type = ADSideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 'cladding_inside_right'
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_fuel]
    type = ADSideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 'fuel_contact_surfaces'
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [power_integral]
    type = ADElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [linear_heat_generation_rate]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [burnup_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [burnup_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fission_rate_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []

  # fission gas information
  [fg_produced]
    type = ADElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fgm_produced
    block = fuel
  []
  [fg_released]
    type = ADElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fgm_released
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fg_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fg_released
    fission_gas_generated = fg_produced
  []
  [interconnected_porosity_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = interconnected_porosity
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [porosity_fuel_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [porosity_fuel_max]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [porosity_fuel_min]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = min
    block = fuel
  []
  [porosity_sodium_logging_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = sodium_logged_porosity
    block = fuel
  []

  # extras
  [actual_time_step_limit]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = 'fuel ${cladding_block}'
    outputs = none
  []
  [time_step_limit]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    expression = 'if(actual_time_step_limit > 1e6, 1e6, actual_time_step_limit)'
    pp_names = 'actual_time_step_limit'
  []
  [max_wastagethickness]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = wastage_thickness
    # outputs = 'console'
  []
  [max_wst_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = temp
    proxy_variable = wastage_thickness
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [max_wst_burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = burnup
    proxy_variable = wastage_thickness
    block = '${cladding_block}'
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [id_wastage]
    type = FuelRodLineValueSampler
    variable = wastage_thickness
    material = 'clad'
    fraction = 0.0
    num_points = 600
    orientation = 'vertical'
    fuel_pin_geometry = 'pin_geometry'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = csv_wst_a
  []
  [id_pen_total]
    type = FuelRodLineValueSampler
    variable = total_id_reduction
    material = 'clad'
    fraction = 0.0
    num_points = 600
    orientation = 'vertical'
    fuel_pin_geometry = 'pin_geometry'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = none
  []
  [od_wastage]
    type = FuelRodLineValueSampler
    variable = cc_wastage_thickness
    material = 'clad'
    fraction = 1.0
    num_points = 600
    orientation = 'vertical'
    fuel_pin_geometry = 'pin_geometry'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = none
  []
  [fuel_melting]
    type = FuelRodLineValueSampler
    variable = fuel_melting_thickness
    material = 'fuel'
    fraction = 1.0
    num_points = 600
    orientation = 'vertical'
    fuel_pin_geometry = 'pin_geometry'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    allow_duplicate_execution_on_initial = true
    outputs = none
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = 'console'
[]

[Outputs]
  # print_linear_residuals = true
  # color = true
  # perf_graph = true
  # sync_times = ${time_spots}

  [checkpoint]
    type = Checkpoint
    time_step_interval = 1
    enable = false
  []
  [exodus]
    type = Exodus
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots}
    enable = false
    additional_execute_on = 'FAILED'
  []
  [exodus_final]
    type = Exodus
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    show = 'time_step_size temp_fuel_avg temp_fuel_centerline_max temp_cladding_avg temp_cladding_max stress_vonmises_fuel_max stress_hydro_fuel_max stress_hydro_fuel_min contact_pressure_max strain_axial_fuel_avg power_integral burnup_avg fission_rate_avg fg_percent porosity_fuel_avg time_step_limit anisotropic_swelling_factor plenum_ratio volume_fuel volume_plenum max_wastagethickness max_cdf'
  []
  [csv_wst_a]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots_a}
    enable = ${enable_a}
    execute_postprocessors_on = none
    create_latest_symlink = true
  []
  [csv_general]
    type = CSV
    sync_only = true
    sync_times = ${time_spots}
    enable = true
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(assessment/TRISO/benchmark/IAEA_CRP-6/fuel_performance/case_9/case_9_1D.i)

#
# This case is taken from Advances in high temperature gas cooled reactor fuel
# technology. Technical Report IAEA-TECDOC-1674, International Atomic Energy
# Agency, 2012.
#
# The correctness of the results computed by this case must be checked against
# results from the IAEA benchmark.
#


initial_fuel_density = 10840.0

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density} # kg/m^3
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DFiveLayerMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    kernel_radius = 272e-6
    buffer_thickness = 97e-6
    IPyC_thickness = 33e-6
    SiC_thickness = 34e-6
    OPyC_thickness = 39e-6
    kernel_mesh_density = 6
    buffer_mesh_density = 6
    IPyC_mesh_density = 6
    SiC_mesh_density = 8
    OPyC_mesh_density = 6
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1576.0
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [radial_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(4.52013e-4/6.0*t*t*t*t*t - 8.36313e-3/5.0*t*t*t*t + 5.67549e-2/4.0*t*t*t - 1.74247e-1/3.0*t*t + 2.62692e-1/2.0*t - 1.43234e-1)'
  []
  [tangential_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(1.30457e-4/4.0*t*t*t - 2.10029e-3/3.0*t*t + 9.07826e-3/2.0*t - 3.24737e-2)'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 1.5060805e20 # units of fissions/m**3/s
  []
  [k_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '4.93e-29'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    block = fuel
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [IPyC_OPyC]
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    strain = finite
    eigenstrain_names = 'thermal_strain pyc_eigenstrain'
  []
  [rest]
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
    strain = finite
    eigenstrain_names = thermal_strain
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # units of J/fission
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    function = fission_rate
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    molecular_weight = 0.270 # units of kg/mole
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    penalty = 1e5
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to a postprocessor which supplies the initial plenum/gap gas mass
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released co_production' # coupling to postprocessors which supply the fission gas addition, co addition
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe;
                          CO'
    released_fractions = '0.153 0.847;
                          1'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    #    contact_pressure_input = 10e6
    #    quadrature = true
  []
[]

[BCs]

  # pin particle along symmetry planes
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []

  # fix temperature on free surface
  [freesurf_temperature]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    value = 1576.0
  []

  # exterior and internal pressures
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []

  [PlenumPressure] #  apply gas pressure on buffer and IPyC boundaries
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      initial_pressure = 0
      startup_time = 1.0e4
      R = 8.3143
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to post processor to get initial fill gas mass
      temperature = ave_temp_interior # coupling to post processor to get gas temperature approximation
      volume = volumeGas # coupling to post processor to get gas volume
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released co_production' # coupling to post processor to get fission gas added, co added
      output = plenum_pressure # coupling to post processor to output plenum/gap pressure
    []
  []

[]

[Materials]

  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 2.730961e18 # n/m^2-sec
  []

  [fission_gas_release] # Sifgr fission gas release mode
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate # coupling to fission_rate aux variable
    grain_radius_const = 5.0e-6
  []

  [stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
  []
  [PyC_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    k = k_function
    poissons_ratio = 0.4
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [PyC_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    radial_eigenstrain_function = radial_eigenstrain
    tangential_eigenstrain_function = tangential_eigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = pyc_eigenstrain
  []

  [fuel_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1576.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [PyC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.5e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1576.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1576.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [fuel_thermal]
    type = UO2Thermal
    thermal_conductivity_model = FINK_LUCUTA
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    burnup = burnup
  []

  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []

  [fuel_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []

  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []

  [buffer_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = buffer
    thermal_conductivity = 0.5 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 720.0 # J/kg-K
  []

  [buffer_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1100 #kg/m^3
    block = buffer
  []

  [PyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []

  [PyC_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 720.0 # J/kg-K
  []

  [PyC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1850.0 # kg/m^3
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []

  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.7e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.13
  []

  [SiC_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = SiC
    thermal_conductivity = 13.9 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 620.0 # J/kg-K
  []

  [SiC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 3200.0 # kg/m^3
    block = SiC
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temperature]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient

  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart -pc_type -pc_hypre_type -pc_hypre_boomeramg_max_iter'
  petsc_options_value = '201                hypre    boomeramg      4'

  line_search = 'none'

  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-7
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 15

  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 7689600

  dtmax = 2e5
  dtmin = 1
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 20
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fis_gas_produced] # fission gas produced (moles)
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []

  [fis_gas_released] # fission gas released to plenum (moles)
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumeTotal]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [volumeFuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel_outer_boundary
  []
  [volumeGas]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_boundary IPyC_inner_boundary'
    # ro = 369e-6
    # ri = 272e-6
    # vb = 4/3*pi*(ro^3-ri^3) = 1.26e-10
    # buffer density = 1100
    # PyC density    = 1850
    # fill ratio = 1100/1850
    # vb*1100/1850 = 7.50e-11
    # Must remove 7.50e-11 m^3 from the volume
    addition = -7.50e-11
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeBufferShell]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  # Postprocessors for CO production

  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
  []

  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
  []

  [avg_surface_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
  []

  [time_int_surf_temp]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = avg_surface_temp
  []

  [co_production]
    type = CarbonMonoxideProduction
    total_fissions = total_fissions
    time_integrated_triso_temperature = time_int_surf_temp
    initial_enrichment = 0.14029
  []

  [tang_SiC]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = stress_yy
    elementid = 18
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  exodus = true
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(test/tests/fast_neutron_flux/test.i)

# This test checks FastNeutronFlux calculation based on the different input options, either input
# via a variable, function, constant value, or combination of functions. Four blocks are created for
# each input parameter type, resulting in the same element average value for each block. For blocks
# 2-4, the axial profile should be exactly the same.

[Problem]
  solve = false
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [mesh]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 2
    nx = 8
    ny = 8
    xmax = 8
  []
  [split_1]
    type = SubdomainBoundingBoxGenerator
    block_id = 1
    bottom_left = '0 0 0'
    top_right = '2 1 0'
    input = mesh
  []
  [split_2]
    type = SubdomainBoundingBoxGenerator
    block_id = 2
    bottom_left = '2 0 0'
    top_right = '4 1 0'
    input = split_1
  []
  [split_3]
    type = SubdomainBoundingBoxGenerator
    block_id = 3
    bottom_left = '4 0 0'
    top_right = '6 1 0'
    input = split_2
  []
  [split_4]
    type = SubdomainBoundingBoxGenerator
    block_id = 4
    bottom_left = '6 0 0'
    top_right = '8 1 0'
    input = split_3
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [q]
    initial_condition = 1
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [q_aux]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = q
    function = flux_function
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [flux_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'y*t'
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [flux_1]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = 1
    factor = 3
    outputs = all
    calculate_fluence = true
  []
  [flux_2]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = 2
    q_variable = q
    factor = 3
    outputs = all
    calculate_fluence = true
  []
  [flux_3]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = 3
    rod_ave_lin_pow = 't'
    axial_power_profile = 'y'
    factor = 3
    outputs = all
    calculate_fluence = true
  []
  [flux_4]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = 4
    factor = 3
    flux_function = flux_function
    outputs = all
    calculate_fluence = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  num_steps = 2
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [flux_avg_1]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    block = 1
  []
  [flux_avg_2]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    block = 2
  []
  [flux_avg_3]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    block = 3
  []
  [flux_avg_4]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    block = 4
  []
  [fluence_avg_1]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = 1
  []
  [fluence_avg_2]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = 2
  []
  [fluence_avg_3]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = 3
  []
  [fluence_avg_4]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = 4
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  exodus = true
[]

(test/tests/solid_mechanics/d9_volumetric_swelling/coupled.i)

# This test compares the calculated volumetric swelling calculated by D9VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
# to the analytical solution. The fluence is ramped from 0 to 22e26. A low and high temperature
# response is tested on the left and right sides respectively. A ParsedMaterial is used to compare
# the D9VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain calculated swelling to a hand calculation. The max difference
# between the two materials is the metric of success for this test, and shows comparison within
# numerical precision.

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [gen]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 2
    nx = 10
    ny = 10
    xmin = 0.01
    xmax = 0.02
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 600
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [all]
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = swelling
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [temp]
    type = Diffusion
    variable = temp
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [dt]
    type = TimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = left
    value = 0.0
  []
  [disp_y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = bottom
    value = 0.0
  []
  [temp_left]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = left
    function = '850 + y * 100'
  []
  [temp_right]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = left
    function = '650 + y * 100'
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fluence]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = '(1 - y) * 22e30'
    outputs = all
  []
  [elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.0e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.3
  []
  [stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
  []
  [swelling]
    type = D9VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = swelling
    fast_neutron_fluence = fast_neutron_fluence
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
    temperature = temp
    swelling_name = volumetric_swelling_strain
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu'
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  dt = 1e-4
  num_steps = 3
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [fluence_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
  []
  [left_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temp
    boundary = left
  []
  [left_swelling]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_swelling_strain
    boundary = left
  []
  [right_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temp
    boundary = right
  []
  [right_swelling]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_swelling_strain
    boundary = right
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  exodus = true
[]

(test/tests/solid_mechanics/SS316_volumetric_swelling/swelling.i)

# Test of volumetric swelling of SS316 alloys (700K).
#
# The model used a fast fluence of 1e28 n/m2, the volumetric
# strain should be 0.591350659. This is easily checked with
# the 'volume' postprocessor value.

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y disp_z'
[]

[Mesh]
  [cube]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 3
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  temperature = temperature
  add_variables = true
  strain = FINITE
  [all]
    eigenstrain_names = 'swell'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [temperature]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    initial_condition = 700.0
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [bottom_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = left
    value = 0.0
  []
  [bottom_y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = bottom
    value = 0.0
  []
  [bottom_z]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_z
    boundary = back
    value = 0.0
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    flux_function = 2e19
    calculate_fluence = true
    outputs = all
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.0
    poissons_ratio = 0.3
  []
  [clad_swelling]
    type = SS316VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = swell
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
    fast_neutron_fluence = fast_neutron_fluence
    outputs = all
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
  []
  [thermal]
    type = SS316Thermal
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 7225.0
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-3
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-4
  start_time = 0.0
  dt = 1000000
  end_time = 5e8
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'left right bottom top back front'
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [ave_fluence]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  [out]
    type = Exodus
    time_step_interval =  50
  []
[]

(test/tests/solid_mechanics/SS316_volumetric_swelling/swelling_transient.i)

# This test compares the calculated volumetric swelling calculated by D9VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
# to the analytical solution. The fluence is ramped from 0 to 22e26. A low and high temperature
# response is tested on the left and right sides respectively. A ParsedMaterial is used to compare
# the D9VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain calculated swelling to a hand calculation. The max difference
# between the two materials is the metric of success for this test, and shows comparison within
# numerical precision

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [gen]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 2
    nx = 10
    ny = 10
    xmin = 0.01
    xmax = 0.02
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 800
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [all]
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = swelling
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [temp]
    type = Diffusion
    variable = temp
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [dt]
    type = TimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = left
    value = 0.0
  []
  [disp_y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = bottom
    value = 0.0
  []
  [temp_left]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = left
    function = '850 + y * 100'
  []
  [temp_right]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = left
    function = '650 + y * 100'
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fluence]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = '(1 - y) * 22e30'
    outputs = all
  []
  [elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.0e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.3
  []
  [stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
  []
  [swelling]
    type = SS316VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = swelling
    fast_neutron_fluence = fast_neutron_fluence
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
    temperature = temp
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu'
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  dt = 1e-4
  num_steps = 3
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [fluence_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
  []
  [left_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temp
    boundary = left
  []
  [left_swelling]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_swelling_strain
    boundary = left
  []
  [right_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temp
    boundary = right
  []
  [right_swelling]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_swelling_strain
    boundary = right
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  exodus = true
[]

(test/tests/triso_failure/triso_1d_kernel_migration.i)

kernel_radius = 213.35e-6
buffer_thickness = 98.9e-6
IPyC_thickness = 40.4e-6
SiC_thickness = 35.2e-6
OPyC_thickness = 43.4e-6

coordinates1 = '${fparse kernel_radius}'
coordinates2 = '${fparse coordinates1+buffer_thickness}'
coordinates3 = '${fparse coordinates2+IPyC_thickness}'
coordinates4 = '${fparse coordinates3+SiC_thickness}'
coordinates5 = '${fparse coordinates4+OPyC_thickness}'

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
  initial_enrichment = 0.14029 # [wt-]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0 # convert E>0.10 to E>0.18 MeV
  stress_free_temperature = 1573 # used for thermal expansion
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 # [J/fission]
  O_U = 1.428 # Initial Oxygen to Uranium atom ratio
  C_U = 0.392 # Initial Carbon to Uranium atom ratio
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [mesh]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE2
    coordinates = '0 ${coordinates1} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates3} ${coordinates4} '
                  '${coordinates5}'
    mesh_density = '20 8 0 4 4 4'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[UserObjects]
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_OPyC = OPyC_outer_boundary
    outer_SiC = SiC_outer_boundary
    outer_IPyC = IPyC_outer_boundary
    inner_IPyC = IPyC_inner_boundary
    outer_buffer = buffer_outer_boundary
    outer_kernel = fuel_outer_boundary
    include_particle = true
    include_pebble = false
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1573
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [fission_rate]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 5.75e19
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1000000 1000000'
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedOPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1000000 1000000'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedOPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1 1'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedIPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '100 100'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz '
                    'max_principal_stress'
  add_variables = true
  strain = FINITE
  incremental = true
  [fuel]
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'UCO_swelling_eigenstrain UCO_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [buffer]
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_names = 'Buffer_IIDC_strain Buffer_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [IPyC]
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'IPyC_IIDC_strain IPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    eigenstrain_names = 'SiC_thermal_eigenstrain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [OPyC]
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'OPyC_IIDC_strain OPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [burnup]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = burnup
    property = burnup
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe'
    released_fractions = '0.185 0.815'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    quadrature = false
    min_gap = 1e-7
    max_gap = 50e-6
    gap_geometry_type = sphere
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    value = 1573
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      startup_time = 1e4
      initial_pressure = 0
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_gas_temp
      volume = 'gap_volume buffer_void_volume kernel_void_volume'
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released'
      output = gas_pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 6.2425e+17
  []
  [UCO_burnup]
    type = TRISOBurnup
    initial_density = 10966
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_thermal]
    type = UCOThermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UCOElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain]
    type = UCOVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_swelling_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10.0e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_TE_strain
  []
  [UCO_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 10966
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UCOFGR
    block = fuel
    average_grain_radius = 10e-6
    temperature = temperature
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    cutoff_neutron_flux = 0.0
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [BAF_IPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0465
    block = IPyC
  []
  [BAF_OPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0429
    block = OPyC
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = BufferElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_stress]
    type = BufferCEGACreep
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_thermal]
    type = BufferThermal
    block = buffer
    initial_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = buffer
    strain_free_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_TE]
    type = BufferThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_IIDC]
    type = BufferCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = IPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [IPyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [IPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = IPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1890
  []
  [IPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [IPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MonolithicSiCElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    elastic_modulus_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_thermal]
    type = MonolithicSiCThermal
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = SiC
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
  []
  [SiC_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = SiC_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [OPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = OPyC
    temperature = temperature
    initial_BAF = 1.0
  []
  [OPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = OPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [OPyC_thermal_conductivity]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = OPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [OPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = OPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1900
  []
  [OPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [OPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [characteristic_strength_SiC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '9640000'
    block = SiC
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
  []
  [characteristic_strength_PyC]
    type = PyCCharacteristicStrength
    temperature = temperature
    X = 1.02
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 100
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-8
  nl_max_its = 20

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  num_steps = 10

  dtmin = 1e-4
  dt = 1e4
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_gas_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = buffer
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [gap_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [buffer_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = buffer
    theoretical_density = 2250
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [kernel_th_density]
    type = UCOTheoreticalDensity
    execute_on = initial
  []
  [kernel_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = fuel
    theoretical_density = kernel_th_density
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [particle_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_fluence]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [SiC_stress_max]
    type = ElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    block = SiC
    value_type = max
    mat_prop = stress_yy
  []
  [SiC_stress_min]
    type = ElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    block = SiC
    value_type = min
    mat_prop = stress_yy
  []
  [strength_SiC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [kernel_migration_distance]
    type = KernelMigrationDistance
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    variable = temperature
    temperature_gradient = 15000
    kernel_type = UO2
  []
  [failure_indicator_kernel_migration]
    type = KernelMigrationFailureIndicator
    kernel_migration_distance = kernel_migration_distance
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_SiC
  []
  [strength_IPyC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [failure_indicator_IPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_IPyC
  []
  [strength_OPyC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = OPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [failure_indicator_OPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = OPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_OPyC
  []
  [pd_penetration]
    type = PdPenetration
    boundary = SiC_inner_boundary
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [failure_indicator_pd_penetration]
    type = PdPenetrationFailureIndicator
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    pd_penetration = pd_penetration
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedIPyC'
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC_crackedOPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedOPyC'
  []
  [triso_failure]
    type = TRISOFailureEvaluation
    IPyC_failure = failure_indicator_IPyC
    OPyC_failure = failure_indicator_OPyC
    SiC_failure = failure_indicator_SiC
    SiC_failure_crackedIPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC
    SiC_failure_crackedOPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedOPyC
    SiC_failure_pd_penetration = failure_indicator_pd_penetration
    SiC_failure_kernel_migration = failure_indicator_kernel_migration
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  show = 'kernel_migration_distance failure_indicator_kernel_migration triso_failure '
  print_linear_residuals = false
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(assessment/TRISO/validation/AGR-34/Compacts/AGR-34_dtf_base.i)

kernel_radius = 178.65e-6
PyC_thickness = 20e-6

coordinates1 = '${fparse kernel_radius}'
coordinates2 = '${fparse coordinates1+PyC_thickness}'

initial_fuel_density = 11100.0

[GlobalParams]
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  initial_enrichment = 0.19717 # [wt-]
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 # [J/fission]
  O_U = 1.430 # Initial Oxygen to Uranium atom ratio
  C_U = 0.361 # Initial Carbon to Uranium atom ratio
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '0 ${coordinates1} ${coordinates2}'
    mesh_density = '18 14'
    block_names = 'fuel PyC'
    bias = '1 1.25'
    dual_bias = '0.8 1'
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[UserObjects]
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_OPyC = PyC_outer_boundary
    outer_SiC = PyC_outer_boundary
    outer_IPyC = PyC_outer_boundary
    inner_IPyC = PyC_outer_boundary
    outer_buffer = PyC_outer_boundary
    outer_kernel = fuel_outer_boundary
    include_particle = true
    include_pebble = false
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 888.5
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [temp_bc]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 1
    xy_in_file_only = false
    format = columns
  []
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 76e6'
    y = '1 1'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = LinearCombinationFunction
    functions = power_history
    w = 4.2602e+19
  []
  [d1_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'exp(t/4.5e25)'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_dt]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = 'fuel'
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []

  [burnup]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = burnup
    property = burnup
    block = 'fuel'
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []

  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    block = 'fuel PyC'
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []

  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = 'fuel PyC'
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []

[]

[BCs]
  # fix temperature on free surface
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    function = temp_bc
    boundary = exterior
  []
[]

[Materials]

  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
  []

  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = power_history
    factor = 4.4440e+17
  []

  ### UCO fuel properties

  [UCO_burnup]
    type = TRISOBurnup
    initial_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []

  [UCO_thermal]
    type = UCOThermal
    block = 'fuel'
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [UCO_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = fuel
    property_name = density
    expression = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []

  ### IPyC  properties

  [PyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = PyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []

  [PyC_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = PyC
    property_name = density
    expression = 1904.0
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
  #show_var_residual = 'temperature conc_Ag conc_Cs conc_Sr'
  show_var_residual = 'temperature'
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'NEWTON'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-6
  nl_max_its = 20

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 3.189024e7
  dt = 10000
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [_dt]
    type = TimestepSize
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []

  ### Temperature
  [temp_min]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    value_type = 'min'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [temp_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  ### Postprocessors for CO production
  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
    outputs = exodus
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
    outputs = exodus
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  ##### irradiation conditions

  [particle_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_fluence]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  print_linear_residuals = false
  [console]
    type = Console
    time_step_interval =  1
    #hide = 'release_Ag_inc release_Cs_inc release_Sr_inc'
  []
  [exodus]
    type = Exodus
    file_base = COMPACT
  []
  [release]
    type = CSV
    file_base = release_COMPACT
    sort_columns = true
    #show = 'release_Ag_inc released_Ag release_Cs_inc released_Cs release_Sr_inc released_Sr total_Ag total_Cs total_Sr x_Ag_released x_Cs_released x_Sr_released'
  []
  [final_release]
    type = CSV
    file_base = final_release_COMPACT
    sort_columns = true
    #show = 'retained_Ag retained_Cs retained_Sr released_Ag released_Cs released_Sr total_Ag total_Cs total_Sr x_Ag_released x_Cs_released x_Sr_released'
    execute_on = 'final'
  []
[]

(test/tests/ADMetallicFuelWastage/ad_flux_d9.i)

# This test is to verify the calculation in ADMetallicFuelWastage (flux_d9)

[Mesh]
  [mesh]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 1
  []
[]

[Problem]
  solve = false
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 1000
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [temp]
    type = ConstantAux
    variable = temp
    value = 1000
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    factor = 1E19
    outputs = all
  []
  [converter]
    type = MaterialADConverter
    reg_props_in = 'fast_neutron_flux'
    ad_props_out = 'ad_fast_neutron_flux'
  []
  [wastage]
    type = ADMetallicFuelWastage
    fast_neutron_flux = 'ad_fast_neutron_flux'
    method = flux_d9
    temperature = temp
    burnup = 0.0
    scale_factor = 1.0
    outputs = all
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  num_steps = 15
  dt = 1.0e6
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [wastage_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = wastage_thickness
  []
  [temp_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
  []
  [flux_avg]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  csv = true
[]

(examples/TRISO/failure_probability_monte_carlo/triso_1d_constant.i)


initial_fuel_density = 5

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
  initial_enrichment = 0.14029 # [wt-]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0 # convert E>0.10 to E>0.18 MeV
  stress_free_temperature = 481 # used for thermal expansion
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 # [J/fission]
  O_U = 1.428 # Initial Oxygen to Uranium atom ratio
  C_U = 0.392 # Initial Carbon to Uranium atom ratio
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DFiveLayerMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    kernel_radius = 213.35e-6
    buffer_thickness = 98.9e-6
    IPyC_thickness = 40.4e-6
    SiC_thickness = 35.2e-6
    OPyC_thickness = 43.4e-6
    kernel_mesh_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    buffer_mesh_density = 3
    IPyC_mesh_density = 5
    SiC_mesh_density = 3
    OPyC_mesh_density = 4
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[UserObjects]
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_OPyC = OPyC_outer_boundary
    outer_SiC = SiC_outer_boundary
    outer_IPyC = IPyC_outer_boundary
    inner_IPyC = IPyC_inner_boundary
    outer_buffer = buffer_outer_boundary
    outer_kernel = fuel_outer_boundary
    include_particle = true
    include_pebble = false
    IPyC_thickness_mean = 40.4e-6
    SiC_thickness_mean = 35.2e-6
    OPyC_thickness_mean = 43.4e-6
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [sic_failure_terminator]
    type = Terminator
    expression = 'sic_failure_overall > 0'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 481
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [temp_bc]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = outer_temp.csv
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 1
    format = columns
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 5.75e19
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = '1403604095.5707'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedIPyC]
    type = TRISOStressCorrelationFunction
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    polynomial_coefficients_IPyC = '1 0 0'
    polynomial_coefficients_SiC = '1 0 0'
    polynomial_coefficients_OPyC = '1 0 0'
    correlation_factor = -1.2447543103484047
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_debonding]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = '1705800293.3578'
  []
  [stress_correlation_debonding]
    type = TRISOStressCorrelationFunction
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    polynomial_coefficients_IPyC = '1 0 0'
    polynomial_coefficients_SiC = '1 0 0'
    polynomial_coefficients_OPyC = '1 0 0'
    correlation_factor = -0.14916368684964607
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_asphericity]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = '1371700766.8875'
  []
  [stress_correlation_asphericity]
    type = TRISOStressCorrelationFunction
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    polynomial_coefficients_IPyC = '1 0 0'
    polynomial_coefficients_SiC = '1 0 0'
    polynomial_coefficients_OPyC = '1 0 0'
    correlation_factor = 1.5191967987843993
  []
  [stress_change_correlation_asphericity]
    type = TRISOStressCorrelationFunction
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    polynomial_coefficients_IPyC = '1 0 0'
    polynomial_coefficients_SiC = '1 0 0'
    polynomial_coefficients_OPyC = '1 0 0'
    correlation_factor = 1.391516859626456
  []
  [sic_crackedipyc_stress_strength]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'a-b'
    symbol_names = 'a b'
    symbol_values = 'stress_SiC_crackedIPyC actual_strength_SiC_crackedIPyC'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz max_principal_stress'
  add_variables = true
  strain = FINITE
  incremental = true
  [fuel]
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'UCO_swelling_eigenstrain UCO_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [buffer]
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_names = 'Buffer_IIDC_strain Buffer_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [IPyC]
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'IPyC_IIDC_strain IPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    eigenstrain_names = 'SiC_thermal_eigenstrain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [OPyC]
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'OPyC_IIDC_strain OPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [burnup]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = burnup
    property = burnup
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe'
    released_fractions = '0.185 0.815'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    quadrature = false
    min_gap = 1e-7
    max_gap = 50e-6
    gap_geometry_type = sphere
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    function = temp_bc
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      startup_time = 1e4
      initial_pressure = 0
      R = 8.3145
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_gas_temp
      volume = 'gap_volume buffer_void_volume kernel_void_volume'
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released'
      output = gas_pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [radial_stress]
    type = RankTwoCylindricalComponent
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    cylindrical_axis_point1 = '0 0 0'
    cylindrical_axis_point2 = '0 0 1'
    cylindrical_component = RadialStress
    property_name = radial_stress
    outputs = all
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 6.2425e+17
  []
  [UCO_burnup]
    type = TRISOBurnup
    initial_density = 10966
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_thermal]
    type = UCOThermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UCOElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain]
    type = UCOVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_swelling_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10.0e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_TE_strain
  []
  [UCO_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 10966
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UCOFGR
    block = fuel
    average_grain_radius = 10e-6
    temperature = temperature
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    cutoff_neutron_flux = 0.0
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [BAF_IPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0465
    block = IPyC
  []
  [BAF_OPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0429
    block = OPyC
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = BufferElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_stress]
    type = BufferCEGACreep
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_thermal]
    type = BufferThermal
    block = buffer
    initial_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = buffer
    strain_free_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_TE]
    type = BufferThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_IIDC]
    type = BufferCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = IPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [IPyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [IPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = IPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1890
  []
  [IPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [IPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MonolithicSiCElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    elastic_modulus_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_thermal]
    type = MonolithicSiCThermal
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = SiC
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
  []
  [SiC_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = SiC_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [OPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = OPyC
    temperature = temperature
    initial_BAF = 1.0
  []
  [OPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = OPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [OPyC_thermal_conductivity]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = OPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [OPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = OPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1900
  []
  [OPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [OPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [characteristic_strength_SiC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '9640000'
    block = SiC
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
  []
  [characteristic_strength_PyC]
    type = PyCCharacteristicStrength
    temperature = temperature
    X = 1.02
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 100
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-8
  nl_max_its = 20

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 4.831315e7

  dtmin = 1e-4
  dt = 5e5
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_gas_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = buffer
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [gap_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [buffer_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = buffer
    theoretical_density = 2250
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [kernel_th_density]
    type = UCOTheoreticalDensity
    execute_on = initial
  []
  [kernel_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = fuel
    theoretical_density = kernel_th_density
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [particle_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_fluence]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    block = SiC
    value_type = min
    mat_prop = stress_yy
  []
  [strength_SiC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = stress_yy
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_asphericity'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_asphericity'
    stress_change_correlation_function = 'stress_change_correlation_asphericity'
  []
  [strength_IPyC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 9.5
  []
  [failure_indicator_IPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 9.5
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_IPyC
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = stress_yy
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedIPyC'
  []
  [failure_indicator_debonding]
    type = TRISODebondingFailureIndicator
    boundary = IPyC_outer_boundary
    bond_strength = 10e6
    stress_name = radial_stress
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC_debonding]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = stress_yy
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_debonding'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_debonding'
  []
  [sic_failure_overall]
    type = TRISOFailureEvaluation
    IPyC_failure = failure_indicator_IPyC
    SiC_failure_crackedIPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC
    SiC_failure = failure_indicator_SiC
    SiC_failure_pd_penetration = failure_indicator_pd_penetration
    SiC_failure_kernel_migration = failure_indicator_kernel_migration
    failure_type = SIC_FAILURE_OVERALL
  []
  [ipyc_cracking]
    type = TRISOFailureEvaluation
    IPyC_failure = failure_indicator_IPyC
    SiC_failure_crackedIPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC
    SiC_failure = failure_indicator_SiC
    failure_type = IPYC_CRACKING
  []
  [sic_failure_due_to_pressure]
    type = TRISOFailureEvaluation
    IPyC_failure = failure_indicator_IPyC
    SiC_failure_crackedIPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC
    SiC_failure = failure_indicator_SiC
    failure_type = SIC_FAILURE_DUE_TO_PRESSURE
  []
  [sic_failure_due_to_ipyc_cracking]
    type = TRISOFailureEvaluation
    IPyC_failure = failure_indicator_IPyC
    SiC_failure_crackedIPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC
    SiC_failure = failure_indicator_SiC
    failure_type = SIC_FAILURE_DUE_TO_IPYC_CRACKING
  []
  [stress_SiC_crackedIPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = stress_yy
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedIPyC'
    output_type = 'stress'
  []
  [actual_strength_SiC_crackedIPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = stress_yy
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedIPyC'
    output_type = 'strength'
  []
  [SiC_crackedIPyC_stressminusstrength]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = 'sic_crackedipyc_stress_strength'
  []
  [debonding]
    type = TRISOFailureEvaluation
    IPyC_failure = failure_indicator_IPyC
    SiC_failure_crackedIPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC
    SiC_failure = failure_indicator_SiC
    IPyC_SiC_debonding = failure_indicator_debonding
    SiC_failure_debonding = failure_indicator_SiC_debonding
    failure_type = IPYC_SIC_DEBONDING
  []
  [fluence_at_failure]
    type = TRISOFailureOccurrenceStatus
    failure_evaluation = ipyc_cracking
    failure_information = max_fluence
  []
  [weibull_failure_probability_IPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureProbability
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 9.5
    characteristic_strength = characteristic_strength
  []
  [weibull_failure_probability_SiC]
    type = WeibullFailureProbability
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    characteristic_strength = characteristic_strength
  []
  [pd_penetration]
    type = PdPenetration
    boundary = SiC_inner_boundary
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [failure_indicator_pd_penetration]
    type = PdPenetrationFailureIndicator
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    pd_penetration = pd_penetration
  []
  [kernel_migration_distance]
    type = KernelMigrationDistance
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    variable = temperature
    temperature_gradient = 15000
    kernel_type = UCO
  []
  [failure_indicator_kernel_migration]
    type = KernelMigrationFailureIndicator
    kernel_migration_distance = kernel_migration_distance
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = false
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = false
  exodus = false
  perf_graph = true
  print_linear_converged_reason = false
  print_nonlinear_converged_reason = false
[]

(examples/TRISO/pebble/triso_1d_failed.i)

kernel_radius = 213.35e-6
buffer_thickness = 98.9e-6
IPyC_thickness = 40.4e-6
SiC_thickness = 35.2e-6
OPyC_thickness = 43.4e-6

coordinates1 = '${fparse kernel_radius}'
coordinates2 = '${fparse coordinates1+buffer_thickness}'
coordinates3 = '${fparse coordinates2+IPyC_thickness}'
coordinates4 = '${fparse coordinates3+SiC_thickness}'
coordinates5 = '${fparse coordinates4+OPyC_thickness}'

[GlobalParams]
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  initial_enrichment = 0.14029 # [wt-]
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 # [J/fission]
  O_U = 1.428 # Initial Oxygen to Uranium atom ratio
  C_U = 0.392 # Initial Carbon to Uranium atom ratio
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [mesh]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '0 ${coordinates1} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates3} ${coordinates4} ${coordinates5}'
    mesh_density = '18 14 12 16 16'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[UserObjects]
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_OPyC = OPyC_outer_boundary
    outer_SiC = SiC_outer_boundary
    outer_IPyC = IPyC_outer_boundary
    inner_IPyC = IPyC_inner_boundary
    outer_buffer = buffer_outer_boundary
    outer_kernel = fuel_outer_boundary
    include_particle = true
    include_pebble = false
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 773.15
  []
  [conc_Cs]
    initial_condition = 0.0
    scaling = 1e18
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [Cs_diff_coef]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e3 4.51008e7' #change time (s) for desired EFPD
    y = '0 1 1'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = LinearCombinationFunction
    functions = power_history
    w = 2.927e18
  []
  [temp_bc_func]
    type = ParsedFunction
    value = temp_bc
    symbol_names = temp_bc
    symbol_values = temp_bc
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []

  [mass_Cs_dt]
    type = TimeDerivative
    variable = conc_Cs
  []
  [mass_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusion
    variable = conc_Cs
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_source_Cs]
    type = SpeciesSourceRate
    variable = conc_Cs
    property_name = Cs_generation
    block = fuel
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [burnup]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = burnup
    property = burnup
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [Cs_diff_coef]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = Cs_diff_coef
    property = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    function = temp_bc_func
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [freesurf_conc_Cs]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = conc_Cs
    boundary = exterior
    value = 0.0
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = power_history
    factor = 1.109e18
  []
  [UCO_burnup]
    type = TRISOBurnup
    initial_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []

  [UCO_thermal]
    type = UCOThermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [UCO_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 10966.0
  []

  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UCOFGR
    block = fuel
    average_grain_radius = 10e-6
    temperature = temperature
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
  []

  # Arrhenius diffusion coefficients for kernel, PyC, and SiC
  #   come from IAEA TECDOC-978, French parameters.
  [fuel_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = fuel
    d1 = 5.6e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 209e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []

  [mass_source_Cs_property]
    type = SpeciesSourceMaterial
    property_name = Cs_generation
    kind = Cs
    block = fuel
  []
  ### Buffer Properties

  [buffer_thermal]
    type = BufferThermal
    block = buffer
    initial_density = 1050.0
  []

  [Buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = buffer
    strain_free_density = 1050.0
  []

  [buffer_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = buffer
    d1 = 1e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []

  ### IPyC  properties

  [IPyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []

  [IPyC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = IPyC
    strain_free_density = 1907.0
  []

  [IPyC_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = IPyC
    d1 = 6.3e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 222e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []

  ### SiC properties

  [SiC_thermal]
    type = MonolithicSiCThermal
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = miller
  []

  [SiC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = SiC
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
  []

  [SiC_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = SiC
    d1 = 1e-6 # m^2/s
    q1 = 0 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []

  ###  OPyC properties

  [OPyC_thermal_conductivity]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = OPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []

  [OPyC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = OPyC
    strain_free_density = 1907.0
  []

  [OPyC_conc_Cs]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = OPyC
    d1 = 6.3e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 222e3 # J/mol
    temperature = temperature
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-8
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-6
  nl_max_its = 20

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 50

  end_time = 4.831315e7

  dt = 500000
  num_steps = 10
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [temp_bc]
    type = Receiver
  []
  [release_heat_inc]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    arrhenius_prpty_name = thermal_conductivity
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [release_Cs_inc]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc_Cs
    boundary = exterior
    arrhenius_prpty_name = arrhenius_diffusion_coef_Cs
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [released_Cs]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = release_Cs_inc
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [total_Cs]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = Cs_generation_total
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [x_Cs_released]
    type = FractionalRelease
    released = released_Cs
    total = total_Cs
  []
  [retained_Cs]
    type = ElementIntegralVariablePostprocessor
    variable = conc_Cs
  []

  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_produced
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  ### Postprocessors for CO production
  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  ##### irradiation conditions

  [particle_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_fluence]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [max_burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [aver_temp_exterior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  print_linear_residuals = false
  print_linear_converged_reason = false
  print_nonlinear_converged_reason = false
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_D/x441_1_5D_D.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [layered1D_mesh]
    type = Layered1DMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    fuel_height = ${pellet_height}
    plenum_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    nx_c = 4
    slices_per_block = 10
    elem_type = EDGE2
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = Layered1DFuelPinGeometry
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [disp_y]
  []
  [disp_z]
  []

  # Aux variables for output
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '1.0 1.0'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
  [clad_axial_pressure]
    type = CladdingAxialPressureFunction
    plenum_pressure = plenum_pressure
    coolant_pressure = coolant_press_ramp
    coolant_pressure_scaling_factor = 0.151e6
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [fuel_axial_pressure]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = plenum_pressure
    symbol_names = plenum_pressure
    symbol_values = plenum_pressure
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/Layered1D]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = true
    add_scalar_variables = true
    out_of_plane_strain_name = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_pressure_function = fuel_axial_pressure
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain gas_swelling_eigenstrain solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = true
    add_scalar_variables = true
    out_of_plane_strain_name = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_pressure_function = clad_axial_pressure
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
    mesh_generator = layered1D_mesh
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = fuel
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '2'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '2'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux = 5261.5 # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material = sodium
    rod_diameter = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = fuel
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = fuel
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = fuel
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = UPuZrGaseousEigenstrain
    temperature = temp
    eigenstrain_name = gas_swelling_eigenstrain
    initial_porosity = 0.0
    bubble_number_density = 1e20
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'porosity gaseous_porosity'
    block = fuel
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = BurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = fuel
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = fuel
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 15800
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 100
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior] # average temperature of the cladding interior and all pellet exteriors
    type = LayeredSideAverageValuePostprocessor
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [clad_inner_vol] # volume inside of cladding
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 7
    component = 0
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    #outputs = exodus
  []
  [pellet_volume] # fuel pellet total volume
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 8
    component = 0
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    #outputs = exodus
  []
  [avg_clad_temp] # average temperature of cladding interior
    type = LayeredSideAverageValuePostprocessor
    boundary = 7
    variable = temp
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = LayeredInternalVolumePostprocessor
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    component = 0
    out_of_plane_strain = strain_yy
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [flux_from_clad] # area integrated heat flux from the cladding
    type = LayeredSideFluxIntegralPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [flux_from_fuel] # area integrated heat flux from the fuel
    type = LayeredSideFluxIntegralPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralPowerPostprocessor
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = fuel
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = fuel
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralFisGasProducePostprocessor
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = LayeredElementIntegralFisGasReleasePostprocessor
    block = fuel
    fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = fuel
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = fuel
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = fuel
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = fuel
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [gaseous_porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gaseous_porosity
    block = fuel
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 41991000'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_1_5D_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(test/tests/triso/pyc_creep/ad_petti.i)

#
# Test of PyC creep model using the Petti correlation.
#
# This is a uniaxial test, axisymmetric coordinates, with a constant axial pressure.
#
# Given the temperature (1200 K), flux (1.25e18 n/m^2), and pressure (-1e5 Pa),
# the total creep strain can be calculated by hand as 5.9675e-5.
#
# BISON computes this strain precisely.  Check creep_strain_yy.
#

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.00
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  use_displaced_mesh = false
  [mesh]
    type = FileMeshGenerator
    file = creep_pyc.e
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1200
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [flux]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '1.25e18'
  []
[]

[Physics]
  [SolidMechanics]
    [QuasiStatic]
      [all]
        strain = SMALL
        incremental = true
        add_variables = true
        generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz vonmises_stress'
        use_automatic_differentiation = true
      []
    []
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [Pressure]
    [the_pressure]
      boundary = 4
      factor = -1e5
    []
  []
  [y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 3
    value = 0.0
  []
  [temperature]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    value = 1200
    boundary = '3 4'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat]
    type = ADHeatConduction
    variable = temperature
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [flux]
    type = ADFastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = false
    flux_function = flux
  []
  [elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 1
    youngs_modulus = 4.74e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.3
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    normal_x = 1
    normal_y = 0
  []
  [solid1]
    type = ADPyCCreep
    block = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [thermal]
    type = ADHeatConductionMaterial
    block = 1
    thermal_conductivity = 1.0
    specific_heat = 1.0
  []
  [density]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    block = 1
    strain_free_density = 2200
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [creep_strain_yy]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = 1
    variable = creep_strain_yy
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp '
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'
  l_max_its = 60
  nl_max_its = 15
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-8
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-6
  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 80e6
  dtmax = 5e6
  dtmin = 1
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 0
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
  [Predictor]
    type = SimplePredictor
    scale = 1.0
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  csv = true
[]

(assessment/TRISO/benchmark/IAEA_CRP-6/fuel_performance/case_12/case_12_1D.i)

#
# This case is taken from Advances in high temperature gas cooled reactor fuel
# technology. Technical Report IAEA-TECDOC-1674, International Atomic Energy
# Agency, 2012.
#
# The correctness of the results computed by this case must be checked against
# results from the IAEA benchmark.
#


initial_fuel_density = 10520.0

[GlobalParams]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
  O_U = 1.51
  C_U = 0.36
  initial_enrichment = 0.9315
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DFiveLayerMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    kernel_radius = 100e-6
    buffer_thickness = 102e-6
    IPyC_thickness = 53e-6
    SiC_thickness = 35e-6
    OPyC_thickness = 39e-6
    kernel_mesh_density = 6
    buffer_mesh_density = 6
    IPyC_mesh_density = 6
    SiC_mesh_density = 8
    OPyC_mesh_density = 6
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[UserObjects]
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_OPyC = OPyC_outer_boundary
    outer_SiC = SiC_outer_boundary
    outer_IPyC = IPyC_outer_boundary
    inner_IPyC = IPyC_inner_boundary
    outer_buffer = buffer_outer_boundary
    outer_kernel = fuel_outer_boundary
    include_particle = true
    include_pebble = false
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1533.0
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [radial_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(4.73765e-4/4.0*t*t*t - 3.80252e-3/3.0*t*t + 1.64999e-2/2.0*t - 2.13483e-2)'
  []
  [tangential_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(-1.03249e-3/4.0*t*t*t + 5.47396e-3/3.0*t*t - 3.29740e-3/2.0*t - 1.83549e-2)'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 1.29203e21 # units of fissions/m**3/s
  []
  [k_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '2.70e-29'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [IPyC_OPyC]
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    strain = finite
    eigenstrain_names = 'thermal_strain pyc_eigenstrain'
  []
  [rest]
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
    strain = finite
    eigenstrain_names = thermal_strain
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # units of J/fission
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    penalty = 1e5
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to a postprocessor which supplies the initial plenum/gap gas mass
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released' # coupling to postprocessors which supply the fission gas addition
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe'
    released_fractions = '0.153 0.847'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
#    contact_pressure_input = 10e6
    #    quadrature = true
  []
[]

[BCs]

  # pin particle along symmetry planes
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []

  # fix temperature on free surface
  [freesurf_temperature]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    value = 1533.0
  []

  # exterior and internal pressures
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []

  [PlenumPressure] #  apply gas pressure on buffer and IPyC boundaries
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      initial_pressure = 0
      startup_time = 1.0e4
      R = 8.3145
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to post processor to get initial fill gas mass
      temperature = ave_temp_interior # coupling to post processor to get gas temperature approximation
      volume = volumeGas # coupling to post processor to get gas volume
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released' # coupling to post processor to get fission gas added
      output = plenum_pressure # coupling to post processor to output plenum/gap pressure
    []
  []

[]

[Materials]

  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
  []

  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 2.58714597e18 # n/m^2-sec
  []

  [stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
  []

  [UCO_burnup]
    type = TRISOBurnup
    initial_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []

  [UCO_thermal]
    type = UCOThermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []

  [UCO_VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain]
    type = UCOVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_swelling_eigenstrain
  []

  [UCO_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []

  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UCOFGR
    block = fuel
    average_grain_radius = 10e-6
    temperature = temperature
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
  []

  [PyC_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    k = k_function
    poissons_ratio = 0.5
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []

  [PyC_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    radial_eigenstrain_function = radial_eigenstrain
    tangential_eigenstrain_function = tangential_eigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = pyc_eigenstrain
  []

  [fuel_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1533.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [PyC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.5e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1533.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1533.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []

  [buffer_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = buffer
    thermal_conductivity = 0.5 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 720.0 # J/kg-K
  []

  [buffer_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 960 #kg/m^3
    block = buffer
  []

  [PyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []

  [PyC_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 720.0 # J/kg-K
  []

  [IPyC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1920.0 # kg/m^3
    block = IPyC
  []

  [OPyC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1860.0 # kg/m^3
    block = OPyC
  []

  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.7e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.13
  []

  [SiC_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = SiC
    thermal_conductivity = 13.9 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 620.0 # J/kg-K
  []

  [SiC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 3230.0 # kg/m^3
    block = SiC
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temperature]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient

  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart -pc_type -pc_hypre_type -pc_hypre_boomeramg_max_iter'
  petsc_options_value = '201                hypre    boomeramg      4'

  line_search = 'none'

  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-7
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 15

  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 14688000

  dtmax = 2e5
  dtmin = 1
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 20
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 1
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [burnup]
    type = ElementAverageMaterialProperty
    block = fuel
    mat_prop = burnup
  []
  [volumeTotal]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [volumeFuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel_outer_boundary
  []
  [volumeGas]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_boundary IPyC_inner_boundary'
    # ro = 202e-6
    # ri = 100e-6
    # vb = 4/3*pi*(ro^3-ri^3) = 3.03e-11
    # buffer density =  960
    # PyC density    = 1890
    # fill ratio = 960/1890
    # vb*960/1890 = 1.54e-11
    # Must remove 1.54e-11 m^3 from the volume
    addition = -1.54e-11
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeBufferShell]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [tang_SiC]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = stress_yy
    elementid = 18
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  exodus = true
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(assessment/TRISO/benchmark/IAEA_CRP-6/fuel_performance/case_5/case_5_1D.i)

#
# This case is taken from Advances in high temperature gas cooled reactor fuel
# technology. Technical Report IAEA-TECDOC-1674, International Atomic Energy
# Agency, 2012.
#
# See also Hales, et al., Multidimensional multiphysics simulation of TRISO
# particle fuel, JNM, 443, 2013.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.07.070
#
# The correctness of the results computed by this case must be checked against
# results from the IAEA benchmark.  The best way to do this is to compare
# results with information in the JNM article.
#

[GlobalParams]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '2.75e-4 3.15e-4 3.5e-4 3.9e-4'
    mesh_density = '4 4 4'
    block_names = 'IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [radial_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(1.36334e-3/4.0*t*t*t - 7.77024e-3/3.0*t*t + 2.00861e-2/2.0*t - 2.22642e-2)'
  []
  [tangential_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(-3.53804e-4/4.0*t*t*t + 1.69251e-3/3.0*t*t + 2.63307e-3/2.0*t - 1.91253e-2)'
  []
  [pressure]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '15.54e6/8e7*t'
  []
  [k_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '2.715e-29'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1273.0
  []
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [stress_zz]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [IPyC_OPyC]
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    strain = finite
    eigenstrain_names = pyc_eigenstrain
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    strain = finite
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [stress_zz]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_zz
    index_i = 2
    index_j = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  [interior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    factor = 1.0
    function = pressure
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 3.75e17 # n/m^2-sec
  []
  [stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = 'SiC'
  []
  [PyC_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    k = k_function
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1900.0
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [PyC_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    radial_eigenstrain_function = radial_eigenstrain
    tangential_eigenstrain_function = tangential_eigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = pyc_eigenstrain
  []
  [PyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.7e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.13
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart -pc_type -pc_hypre_type -pc_hypre_boomeramg_max_iter'
  petsc_options_value = '201                hypre    boomeramg      4'
  line_search = 'none'
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 15
  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50
  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 8e7
  dt = 1.0
  dtmax = 1e6
  dtmin = 1.0e4
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [max_yy_IPyC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = IPyC
  []
  [max_yy_SiC]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = stress_yy
    block = SiC
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  exodus = true
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(test/tests/triso_pebble/3D_pebble.i)

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  flux_conversion_factor = 0.85
[]

[Mesh]
  [file]
    type = FileMeshGenerator
    file = pebble.e
  []
[]

[Distributions]
  [normal_kernel_r]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 213.35e-6
    standard_deviation = 4.4e-6
    lower_bound = 1.9575e-04
    upper_bound = 2.3095e-04
  []
  [normal_buffer_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 98.9e-6
    standard_deviation = 8.4e-6
    lower_bound = 6.53e-05
    upper_bound = 1.325e-04
  []
  [normal_ipyc_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 40.4e-6
    standard_deviation = 2.5e-6
    lower_bound = 3.0400e-05
    upper_bound = 5.0400e-05
  []
  [normal_sic_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 35.2e-6
    standard_deviation = 1.2e-6
    lower_bound = 3.0400e-05
    upper_bound = 4.0000e-05
  []
  [normal_opyc_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 43.4e-6
    standard_deviation = 2.9e-6
    lower_bound = 3.1800e-05
    upper_bound = 5.5000e-05
  []
[]

[Samplers]
  [sample]
    type = MonteCarlo
    num_rows = 10
    distributions = 'normal_kernel_r normal_buffer_t normal_ipyc_t normal_sic_t normal_opyc_t'
    execute_on = 'PRE_MULTIAPP_SETUP'
  []
[]

[MultiApps]
  [sub]
    type = SamplerTransientMultiApp
    input_files = triso_1d.i
    sampler = sample
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
    mode = normal
  []
[]

[DiracKernels]
  [vpp_point_source]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSource
    variable = temperature
    point_source_values = released_heat_inc
    value_name = released_heat_inc:released_heat_inc
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []
[]

[UserObjects]
  [point_source_location]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSourceLocation
    min_radius = 0.0138
    max_radius = 0.018
    geometry = SPHERE
    sampler = sample
    fuel_element_blocks = fuel
    execute_on = 'INITIAL'
  []
[]

[Transfers]
  [released_heat_inc]
    type = SamplerPostprocessorTransfer
    from_multi_app = sub
    sampler = sample
    to_vector_postprocessor = released_heat_inc
    from_postprocessor = released_heat_inc
  []
  [temp_bc]
    type = MultiAppVectorPostprocessorTransfer
    to_multi_app = sub
    vector_postprocessor = sample_points
    postprocessor = temp_bc
    vector_name = temperature
  []
[]

[Controls]
  [cmdline]
    type = MultiAppSamplerControl
    multi_app = sub
    sampler = sample
    param_names = 'kernel_radius buffer_thickness IPyC_thickness SiC_thickness OPyC_thickness'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [sample_points]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointValueSampler
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []
  [sampler_data]
    type = SamplerData
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
    sampler = sample
  []
  [released_heat_inc]
    type = StochasticResults
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
  []
  [point_source_output]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSourceOutput
    vector_postprocessor = released_heat_inc
    value_name = released_heat_inc:released_heat_inc
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 773.15
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [density]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [thermal_conductivity]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [specific_heat]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [density]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = density
    property = density
    block = 'core fuel shell'
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [thermal_conductivity]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = thermal_conductivity
    property = thermal_conductivity
    block = 'core fuel shell'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [specific_heat]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = specific_heat
    property = specific_heat
    block = 'core fuel shell'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [coolant_temp]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    value = 773.15
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 76e6'
    y = '1 1'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = LinearCombinationFunction
    functions = power_history
    w = 5.75e19
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = power_history
    factor = 6.28e17
  []
  [fueled_region_thermal]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    block = fuel
    graphite_grade = A3_27_1800
    packing_fraction = 0.22
    temperature = temperature
    initial_matrix_density = 1750.0
  []
  [fuel_region_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = fuel
    property_name = density
    expression = 1750.0
  []
  [shell_region_thermal]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    block = shell
    graphite_grade = A3_27_1800
    packing_fraction = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    initial_matrix_density = 1750.0
  []
  [shell_region_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = shell
    property_name = density
    expression = 1750.0
  []
  [core_region_thermal]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    block = core
    graphite_grade = A3_27_1800
    packing_fraction = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    initial_matrix_density = 1400.0
  []
  [core_region_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = core
    property_name = density
    expression = 1400.0
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
  show_var_residual = 'temperature'
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-9
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-9
  nl_max_its = 20

  l_tol = 1e-5
  l_max_its = 30

  start_time = 0.0
  dt = 20000
  num_steps = 2
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  exodus = true
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(examples/TRISO/accident_simulation/triso2D_accident_mortar.i)

# This example is 2D-RZ analysis of a TRISO fuel particle. Fully coupled
# heat transfer and solid mechanics, plus diffusion of the fission product
# species cesium (Cs) are simulated.  The mesh includes contact surfaces
# between the buffer and IPyC layers to facilitate a gap opening between
# these layers. These surfaces are initially in mechanical contact but
# are assumed to have no strength in tension. A coarse mesh is used to
# provide a short run time.

# The calculation simulates fuel-life in three steps. The first step is an
# irradiation period, where constant power and a fixed particle surface
# temperature (1500 K) are assumed over a lifetime of 76 Ms (2.4 yrs).
# For the second step, fuel removal and storage are simulated by setting
# the reactor power and Cs source terms to zero, reducing the particle
# surface temperature to ambient (300 K), and then holding it
# for 100 days. A third and final step simulates accident
# behavior by increasing the particle surface temperature from ambient
# to 2073 K over 2 hrs, and then holding it at this elevated temperature
# for an additional 200 hrs. At the particle outer boundary, the Cs
# concentration is held at zero and the pressure at ambient during the
# entire simulation. The particle is assumed to be stress-free at an
# initial temperature of 1500 K.
#
# Details about this simulation are given in Section 4 of the following
# article: J. D. Hales, R. L. Williamson, S. R. Novascone, D. M. Perez,
# B. W. Spencer and G. Pastore, "Multidimensional multiphysics simulation
# of TRISO particle fuel", Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 443, p. 531,
# 2013.

# This is a version using a thermomechanical mortar approach.


initial_fuel_density = 11000.0

[GlobalParams]
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  flux_conversion_factor = 0.85
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [file]
    type = FileMeshGenerator
    file = triso2Dmed.e
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  converge_on = 'disp_x disp_y temp conc'
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 1500.0
  []
  [conc]
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    block = fuel
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [creep_xx]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [creep_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [creep_zz]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 76e6 76.001e6'
    y = '1 1     0'
  []
  [temp_bc]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0    76e6  76.001e6 84.641e6 84.6482e6'
    y = '1500 1500  300      300      2073'
  []
  [k_function]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0     200e6'
    y = '4e-37 4e-37'
  []
  [d1_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'exp(t/4.5e25)'
  []
  [d_gap]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '1500  2100'
    y = '1e-14 1e-12'
  []
  [integral_flux_error]
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_names = 'buffer_integral_flux IPyC_integral_flux'
    symbol_values = 'buffer_integral_flux IPyC_integral_flux'
    expression = 'IPyC_integral_flux + buffer_integral_flux'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz stress_xy stress_yz stress_zx hydrostatic_stress'
  strain = FINITE
  incremental = true
  add_variables = false
  [default]
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC OPyC'
    eigenstrain_names = 'thermal_strain swelling_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [SiC]
    block = 'SiC'
    eigenstrain_names = 'thermal_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # units of J/fission
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_ie]
    type = TimeDerivative
    variable = conc
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
  [mass]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusion
    variable = conc
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
  [mass_source]
    type = BodyForce
    variable = conc
    function = power_history
    value = 1.22e-5 # units of moles/m**3-s
    block = fuel
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [mass_decay]
    type = Decay
    variable = conc
    radioactive_decay_constant = 7.297e-10 # units:(1/sec)  The constant for Cesium
    block = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fission_rate]
    type = FissionRateGeneral
    fission_rate_formulation = GENERIC
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    fission_rate_function = power_history
    value = 3.89e19
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    variable = fluence
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    molecular_weight = 0.270 # units of kg/mole
    execute_on = timestep_begin
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [creep_xx]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = creep_xx
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 0
    block = 'buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [creep_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = creep_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    block = 'buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [creep_zz]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = creep_zz
    index_i = 2
    index_j = 2
    block = 'buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[ThermalContactMortar]
  [thermal]
    secondary_variable = temp
    primary_boundary = 15
    secondary_boundary = 17

    initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to a postprocessor which supplies the initial plenum/gap gas mass
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released co_production' # coupling to postprocessors which supply the fission gas addition, co addition
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe;
                          CO'
    released_fractions = '0.153 0.847;
                          1'
    gap_geometry_type = CYLINDER
    min_gap = 1e-7
    max_gap = 50e-6
    roughness_coef = 0.0
    correct_edge_dropping = true
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 15
    secondary = 17
    model = frictionless
    formulation = mortar
    c_normal = 1.0e8
    correct_edge_dropping = true
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [cesium_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = conc
    primary = 15
    secondary = 17
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    gap_conductivity_function = d_gap
    gap_conductivity_function_variable = temp
    appended_property_name = _conc
    emissivity_primary = 0
    emissivity_secondary = 0
    quadrature = true
  []
[]

[BCs]
  # pin particle along symmetry planes
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [no_disp_y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = yzero
    value = 0.0
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  # fix temperature on free surface
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = exterior
    function = temp_bc
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  # fix concentration on free surface
  [freesurf_conc]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = conc
    boundary = exterior
    value = 0.0
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [PlenumPressure] #  apply plenum pressure on clad inner walls and pellet surfaces
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = BufferGapVol
      initial_pressure = 0
      startup_time = 1.0e4
      R = 8.3145
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to post processor to get initial fill gas mass
      temperature = ave_temp_interior # coupling to post processor to get gas temperature approximation
      volume = volumeGas # coupling to post processor to get gas volume
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released co_production' # coupling to post processor to get fission gas added, co added
      output = plenum_pressure # coupling to post processor to output plenum/gap pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 5e17
  []

  [fission_gas_release] # Sifgrs fission gas release mode
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate # coupling to fission_rate aux variable
    grain_radius_const = 5.0e-6
  []

  [fuel_thermal]
    type = UO2Thermal
    thermal_conductivity_model = FINK_LUCUTA
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    initial_porosity = 0.0
  []
  [fuel_swelling]
    type = UO2VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    gas_swelling_model_type = MATPRO
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    eigenstrain_name = 'swelling_strain'
    initial_fuel_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fuel_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = 'fuel'
  []
  [fuel_elasticity]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    youngs_modulus = 2.2e11
    poissons_ratio = .345
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1500.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density} # kg/m^3
  []
  [fuel_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = fuel
    d1 = 5.6e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 209.0e+3 # J/mol
    d2 = 5.2e-4 # m^2/s
    q2 = 362.0e+3 # J/mol
    gas_constant = 8.3143 # J/K-mol
    temperature = temp
  []

  [buffer_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    pyc_type = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = 'swelling_strain'
  []
  [buffer_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.65e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1500.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [buffer_elasticity]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    youngs_modulus = 2e10
    poissons_ratio = .23
  []
  [buffer_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = buffer
    temperature = temp
  []
  [buffer_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = buffer
    thermal_conductivity = 0.5 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 720.0 # J/kg-K
  []
  [buffer_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1000.0 #kg/m^3
    block = buffer
  []
  [buffer_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = buffer
    d1 = 1.0e-12 # m^2/s
    q1 = 0.0
    d2 = 0.0
    q2 = 0.0
    gas_constant = 8.3143 # J/K-mol
    temperature = temp
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'IPyC OPyC buffer'
  []
  [IPyC_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    pyc_type = dense
    eigenstrain_name = 'swelling_strain'
  []
  [IPyC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.65e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1500.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [IPyC_elasticity]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    youngs_modulus = 4.74e10
    poissons_ratio = .23
  []
  [IPyC_disp]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    temperature = temp
  []
  [IPyC_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [IPyC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    strain_free_density = 1900.0
  []
  [IPyC_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = IPyC
    d1 = 6.3e-8
    q1 = 222.0e+3
    d2 = 0.0
    q2 = 0.0
    gas_constant = 8.3143 # J/K-mol
    temperature = temp
  []
  [SiC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1500.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [SiC_elasticity]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.4e11
    poissons_ratio = .13
  []
  [SiC_creep]
    type = MonolithicSiCCreepUpdate
    block = SiC
    temperature = temp
    k_function = k_function
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    block = SiC
    tangent_operator = elastic
    inelastic_models = 'SiC_creep'
  []
  [SiC_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = SiC
    thermal_conductivity = 13.9 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 620.0 # J/kg-K
  []
  [SiC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 3180.0 # kg/m^3
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = SiC
    d1 = 5.5e-14 # m^2/s
    d1_function = d1_function
    d1_function_variable = fluence
    q1 = 125.0e+3 # J/mol
    d2 = 1.6e-2 # m^2/s
    q2 = 514.0e+3 # J/mol
    gas_constant = 8.3143 # J/K-mol
    temperature = temp
  []

  [OPyC_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    pyc_type = dense
    eigenstrain_name = 'swelling_strain'
  []
  [OPyC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.65e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1500.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [OPyC_elasticity]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = OPyC
    youngs_modulus = 4.74e10
    poissons_ratio = .23
  []
  [OPyC_conc]
    type = ArrheniusDiffusionCoef
    block = OPyC
    d1 = 6.3e-8 # m^2/s
    q1 = 222.0e+3 # J/mol
    d2 = 0.0
    q2 = 0.0
    gas_constant = 8.3143 # J/K-mol
    temperature = temp
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temp
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'NEWTON'
  petsc_options = '-snes_converged_reason -ksp_converged_reason -snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -mat_mffd_err -pc_factor_shift_type -pc_factor_shift_amount'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu    superlu_dist   1e-5          NONZERO               1e-14'

  snesmf_reuse_base = false

  line_search = 'none'
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 20
  l_max_its = 8

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 85.3682e6
  dt = 100

  dtmax = 2e6
  dtmin = 1

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 100
    optimal_iterations = 10
    growth_factor = 1.5
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
    time_t = '0    76e6  76.001e6 84.641e6 84.6482e6'
    time_dt = '20  20     20      20       20'
  []

  [Predictor]
    type = SimplePredictor
    scale = 0.5
    skip_times_old = '0    76e6  76.001e6 84.641e6 84.6482e6'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  exodus = true
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
  []
  [csv]
    type = CSV
    sync_times = '100 6308007 75696087'
    sync_only = true
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [Cs_release]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc
    boundary = exterior
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [dt]
    type = TimestepSize
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fis_gas_produced] # fission gas produced (moles)
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_released] # fission gas released to plenum (moles)
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeTotal]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = exterior
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeFuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeGas]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = BufferGapVol
    # ro = 3.125e-4
    # ri = 2.125e-4
    # vb = 4/3*pi*(ro^3-ri^3) = 8.76e-11
    # buffer density = 1000
    # PyC density    = 1900
    # fill ratio = 10/19
    # vb*10/19 = 4.6e-11
    # Must remove 4.6e-11 m^3 from the volume
    addition = -4.6e-11
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeBufferShell]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = BufferGapVol
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = BufferGapVol
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []

  # Postprocessors for CO production

  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [avg_surface_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temp
    boundary = exterior
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [time_int_surf_temp]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = avg_surface_temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [co_production]
    type = CarbonMonoxideProduction
    total_fissions = total_fissions
    time_integrated_triso_temperature = time_int_surf_temp
    initial_enrichment = 0.14029
    execute_on = 'initial linear nonlinear timestep_begin timestep_end'
  []
  [num_lin_it]
    type = NumLinearIterations
  []
  [num_nonlin_it]
    type = NumNonlinearIterations
  []
  [tot_lin_it]
    type = CumulativeValuePostprocessor
    postprocessor = num_lin_it
  []
  [tot_nonlin_it]
    type = CumulativeValuePostprocessor
    postprocessor = num_nonlin_it
  []
  [alive_time]
    type = PerfGraphData
    section_name = Root
    data_type = TOTAL
  []

  [buffer_avg_conc]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = conc
    boundary = 17
  []
  [IPyC_avg_conc]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = conc
    boundary = 15
  []
  [buffer_integral_flux]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc
    boundary = 17
  []
  [IPyC_integral_flux]
    type = SideIntegralMassFlux
    variable = conc
    boundary = 15
  []
  [integral_flux_error]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = integral_flux_error
  []
  [integral_Cs_release]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = Cs_release
  []
  [Cs_production]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 1.22e-5 # units of moles/m**3-s
  []
  [time_integral_Cs_production]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = Cs_production
  []
  [volumeFuel_initial]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel
    execute_on = initial
  []
  [integral_Cs_production]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'time_integral_Cs_production volumeFuel_initial'
    expression = 'time_integral_Cs_production * volumeFuel_initial'
  []
  [Cs_release_fraction]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'integral_Cs_release integral_Cs_production'
    expression = 'integral_Cs_release / integral_Cs_production'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [temperaturevpp]
    type = SideValueSampler
    boundary = 11
    variable = temp
    sort_by = x
    outputs = 'csv'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
[]

(test/tests/triso/buffer_creep/ad_buffer_creep.i)

#Irradiation-induced Creep Properties of the Buffer
#The geometry is a cube (edge length = 5 cm) made of buffer material (initial density = 1.0 g/cm^3) subject to creep.
#A pressure boundary condition of 50 MPa is applied to one side to induce a constant stress in the x-axis.
#The Poisson's ratio in creep is equal to 0.5.
#The temperature is constant and equal to 1273.15 K.
#The fast neutron flux (E>0.10 MeV) is ramped linearly from 0 to 7.5e18 n/m^2-s over 1e4 seconds and then remains constant.
#Since the stress is constant, the creep rate can be approximated as K * sigma * flux * flux_conversion_factor. With K = 8.5265e-35, sigma = -5e7 N/m^2,
# flux = 7.5e18 n/m2-s and flux_conversion_factor = 0.85, creep rate calculated as 2.7178e-08 1/s.
#At time = 7.5e6 seconds, the analytical creep strain is -0.2038.

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y disp_z'
  volumetric_locking_correction = true
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  flux_conversion_factor = 0.85
[]

[Mesh]
  [gen]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 3
    xmin = 0.0
    xmax = 0.05
    ymin = 0.0
    ymax = 0.05
    zmin = 0.0
    zmax = 0.05
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 1273.15
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [density]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [flux_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0    1e4    1e8'
    y = '0 7.5e18 7.5e18'
  []
  [pressure_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e3'
    y = '0 1'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [perm_Buffer]
    strain = FINITE
    add_variables = true
    eigenstrain_names = ' '
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz creep_strain_xx'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat]
    type = ADHeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = ADHeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = ADMaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    block = '0'
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [density]
    type = ADMaterialRealAux
    variable = density
    property = density
    block = '0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_z_all]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_z
    boundary = 'back'
    value = 0
  []
  [no_y_all]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'bottom'
    value = 0
  []
  [no_x_all]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'right'
    value = 0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [appliedPressure]
      boundary = 'left'
      factor = 50e6
      function = pressure_ramp
      use_automatic_differentiation = true
    []
  []
  [heat_removal]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = 'back bottom right'
    value = 1273.15
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [flux]
    type = ADFastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = flux_history
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    normal_x = 1
    normal_y = 0
    normal_z = 0
  []
  [Buffer_stress]
    type = ADBufferCEGACreep
    temperature = temp
  []

  [Buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADBufferElasticityTensor
    temperature = temp
  []

  [buffer_thermal]
    type = ADBufferThermal
    initial_density = 1000
  []

  [Buffer_density]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1000.0
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [limitT]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 200.0
    variable = temp
  []

  [limitX]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 1e-4
    variable = disp_x
  []

  [limitY]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 1e-4
    variable = disp_y
  []

  [limitZ]
    type = MaxIncrement
    max_increment = 1e-4
    variable = disp_z
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 50
  l_tol = 1e-2

  nl_max_its = 150
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-08
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 7.5e6
  num_steps = 140


  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1e6
    time_t = '1e4 1e5'
    time_dt = '1e6 1e6'
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [fluence]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [disp_x_max]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [sigma_x_max]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = stress_xx
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [creep_strain_xx]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = creep_strain_xx
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [density]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = density
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  csv = true
  exodus = false
  [console]
    type = Console
  []
[]

(assessment/MOX/JOYO/MK-I/analysis/MK-I_75MW_master_old_bubble_gb_lim.i)


initial_fuel_density = 10836.8

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  initial_porosity = 0.065
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]
[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  reference_vector = 'ref'
[]
[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    pellet_quantity = 1
    pellet_height = 0.6
    pellet_outer_radius = 0.0027
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    clad_gap_width = 0.000100
    clad_thickness = 0.00035
    clad_bot_gap_height = 1.0e-3
    bottom_clad_height = 2.24e-3
    top_clad_height = 2.24e-3
    clad_top_gap_height = 0.599
    elem_type = QUAD8
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 200
    nx_p = 20
    ny_p = 200
    ny_cu = 3
    ny_cl = 3
  []
  patch_size = 50
  patch_update_strategy = iteration
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]
[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = FuelPinGeometry
  []
[]
[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 295.0
  []
[]
[AuxVariables]
  [pore]
  []
  [fission_rate]
    block = pellet
  []
  [burnup]
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_gen_3]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_grn_3]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_bdr_3]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_rel_3]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [bbl_bdr_2]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [vcn_bdr_2]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [atm_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [vcn_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [prs_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [prseq_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [rad_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [vol_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [GBCoverage]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [eff_diff_coeff]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [deltav_v0_bd]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [radial_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [effective_creep_strain]
    block = clad
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history] #related to the LHGR at the midplane
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 70000 25000000'
    y = '0 38974.7  38974.7'
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux_function]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 70000 25000000'
    y = '0 1.9e+19 1.9e+19'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PiecewiseBilinear
    x = '0  0.071  0.146  0.221  0.296  0.37  0.443  0.566'
    y = '0 25000000'
    z = '0.889  1.041  1.152  1.173  1.129  0.971  0.782  0.672 0.889  1.041  1.152  1.173  1.129  0.971  0.782  0.672'
    scale_factor = 1
    axis = 1
  []
  [q]
    type = CompositeFunction
    functions = 'power_history axial_peaking_factors'
  []
  [average_power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 70000 25000000'
    y = '0 32000 32000'
  []
  [clad_surface_temp]
    type = PiecewiseBilinear
    x = '0  0.071  0.146  0.221  0.296  0.37  0.443  0.566'
    y = '0 25000000'
    z = '295 295 295 295 295 295 295 295 593.58  606.36  619.13  630.26  640.87  651.76  662.67 673.67'
    scale_factor = 1
    axis = 1
  []
  [pressure_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1'
    y = '1 1'
  []
[]
[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [pellets]
    block = pellet
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain fuel_volumetric_strain'
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz'
    use_finite_deform_jacobian = true
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [clad]
    block = clad
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz'
    use_finite_deform_jacobian = true
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]
[Kernels]
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]
[AuxKernels]
  [fission_rate]
    type = FissionRateGeneral
    fission_rate_formulation = MOX
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
    initial_porosity = 0.065
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    rod_ave_lin_pow = power_history
    pellet_diameter = 0.0054
    execute_on = timestep_begin
    porosity = pore
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    variable = burnup
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fggen]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_gen_3
    property = gas_concentration_generated_total
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fggrn]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_grn_3
    property = gas_concentration_intra_total
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fgbdr]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_bdr_3
    property = gas_concentration_GB_bubble_volume
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fgrel]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_rel_3
    property = gas_concentration_release_total
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [nbbl2]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = bbl_bdr_2
    property = bubble_GB_surface_density
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [nvcn2]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = vcn_bdr_2
    property = vacancy_concentration_GB_surface
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [atmbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = atm_bbl_bdr
    property = atom_per_bubble_GB
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [vcnbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = vcn_bbl_bdr
    property = vacancy_per_bubble_GB
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [prsbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = prs_bbl_bdr
    property = bubble_GB_pressure
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [prseqbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = prseq_bbl_bdr
    property = bubble_GB_pressure_equilibrium
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [radbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = rad_bbl_bdr
    property = bubble_radius_GB
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = vol_bbl_bdr
    property = bubble_GB_volume
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [frcvrg]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = GBCoverage
    property = GBCoverage
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [diffc]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = eff_diff_coeff
    property = eff_diff_coeff
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [dvv0bd]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = deltav_v0_bd
    property = deltav_v0_bubble_GB
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [radial_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = radial_strain
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 0
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [effective_creep_strain]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = effective_creep_strain
    variable = effective_creep_strain
    block = clad
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
[]
[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    formulation = kinematic
    model = frictionless
    penalty = 1e7
  []
[]
[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = fis_gas_released
    contact_pressure = contact_pressure
    quadrature = true
  []
[]
[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = '12'
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad_bottom]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel_bottom]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [temp_clad_out]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = '2'
    function = clad_surface_temp
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      factor = 101325
      function = pressure_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 300000
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      material_input = fis_gas_released
      output = plenum_pressure
    []
  []
[]
[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    block = clad
    flux_function = fast_neutron_flux_function
  []
  [fuel_thermal]
    type = MAMOXThermal
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    Am_content = 0.0
    Np_content = 0.0
    porosity = pore
    output_properties = 'thermal_conductivity'
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MAMOXElasticityTensor
    block = pellet
  []
  [elastic_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = MAMOXThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    oxygen_to_metal_ratio = 1.98
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [fuel_volumetric_swelling]
    type = UO2VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    gas_swelling_model_type = SIFGRS
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    initial_fuel_density = 10836.8
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_volumetric_strain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = SS316Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 8000
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = SS316ElasticityTensor
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    elastic_constants_model = legacy_ifr
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = SS316ThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_ss316creep]
    type = SS316CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = elastic
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ss316creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    diff_coeff_option = TURNBULL_D1_4D2_4D3
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    grain_radius_const = 8.01e-6 #I'm keeping the grain radius const because the grain growth in MOX is probably different due to high Temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
[]
[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]
[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist'
  line_search = 'none'
  fixed_point_abs_tol = 1e-5
  fixed_point_rel_tol = 1e-5
  fixed_point_max_its = 1
  l_max_its = 70
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 70
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-5
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-5
  start_time = 0
  n_startup_steps = 1
  end_time = 25000000
  dtmax = 1e6
  dtmin = 0.25
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 5000
    optimal_iterations = 15
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
    growth_factor = 2
    cutback_factor = .5
    force_step_every_function_point = true
    timestep_limiting_function = power_history
  []
[]
[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 7
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_released_percentage]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_grain]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGrainSifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_boundary]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasBoundarySifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [rod_input_power]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = average_power_history
    scale_factor = 0.6 # rod height
  []
  [average_vonMises_fuel]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = pellet
  []
  [average_vonMises_clad]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = clad
  []
  [average_strain_rr_fuel]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = radial_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [average_strain_rr_clad]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = radial_strain
    block = clad
  []
  [average_creep_strain_clad]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = effective_creep_strain
    block = clad
  []
  [ave_pore]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = pore
  []
  [max_pore]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = pore
  []
  [min_pore]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    value_type = min
    variable = pore
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  exodus = true
  color = true
  csv = true
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    execute_on = FINAL
    show = 'ave_temp_interior fis_gas_released_percentage max_pore'
  []
[]
[MultiApps]
  [sub]
    type = TransientMultiApp
    app_type = BisonApp
    execute_on = timestep_end
    catch_up = true
    max_catch_up_steps = 10
    positions_file = positions.txt
    input_files = MK-I_75MW_sub_old_bubble_gb_lim.i
  []
[]
[Transfers]
  [temp_to_sub]
    type = MultiAppProjectionTransfer
    to_multi_app = sub
    source_variable = temp
    variable = temp
  []
  [pore_from_sub]
    type = MultiAppGeometricInterpolationTransfer
    from_multi_app = sub
    source_variable = pore
    variable = pore
  []
[]
[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
  show_var_residual = 'temp disp_x disp_y'
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_D/x441_leg_D.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11  # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    pellet_height = ${pellet_height}
    clad_top_gap_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    bottom_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    top_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    clad_bot_gap_height = 0.2e-3 # arbitrary
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    ny_p = 260
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 260
    ny_cu = ${ny_cu}
    ny_cl = ${ny_cl}
    pellet_quantity = 1
    elem_type = QUAD8
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_size = 30
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  # Aux variables for output
  [porosity]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [element_failed]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '0.151e6 0.151e6'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = pellet
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain fuel_volumetric_swelling'
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [porosity]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = porosity
    property = porosity
    block = pellet
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [failed_element]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = element_failed
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = pellet
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-3
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature   = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure      = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux      = 5261.5   # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material    = sodium
    rod_diameter        = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch           = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate    = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 1e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [fuel_volumetric_swelling]
    type = UPuZrVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
#    hydrostatic_stress = hydrostatic_stress
    hydrostatic_stress = 1e6
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_volumetric_swelling
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = pellet
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [longHT9_failure]
    type = HT9FailureClad
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    method = cdf_long
    temperature = temp
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 100
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [flux_from_clad]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_prod
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_rel
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = pellet
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'all_pellet_exterior'
  []
  [max_clad_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'clad_outside_top clad_outside_right'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [clad_total_hoop_strain]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    start_point = '2.90e-3 2.55e-3 0.0'
    end_point = '2.90e-3 0.725 0.0'
    num_points = 300
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec6'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 42000400'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_fuel_elongation max_clad_elongation max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec6]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec6
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_legacy_swell_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(test/tests/standard_metallic_outputs_action/x441_mini_fuel_rod_no_std_blk.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  temperature = temp
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = 0.38e-03
    pellet_outer_radius = 2.195e-03
    pellet_height = 3.4e-2
    clad_top_gap_height = 2.7e-2
    clad_gap_width = 0.345e-3
    bottom_clad_height = 2.24e-3
    top_clad_height = 2.24e-3
    clad_bot_gap_height = 0.31e-3 # arbitrary
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 1
    ny_p = 5
    nx_c = 1
    ny_c = 5
    ny_cu = 1
    ny_cl = 1
    pellet_quantity = 1
    elem_type = QUAD8
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_size = 2
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  # Aux variables for output
  [effective_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [element_failed]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 5e3'
    y = '0 44722'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 5e3'
    y = '0.151e6 0.151e6'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 5e3'
    y = '298.0  648.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = 343.0e-3
    pellet_y_start = 8.1e-3
  []
  [engr_radial_strain_fuel]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'fuel_disp_rad / 2.195e-03'
    symbol_values = 'max_fuel_radial_disp'
    symbol_names = 'fuel_disp_rad'
  []
  [engr_axial_strain_fuel]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'fuel_disp_axial / 343.0e-3'
    symbol_values = 'max_fuel_elongation'
    symbol_names = 'fuel_disp_axial'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress
      hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz
      elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy
      strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = pellet
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain gas_swelling_eigenstrain
     solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress
      hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz
      elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy
      strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [effective_creep_strain]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = effective_creep_strain
    variable = effective_creep_strain
  []
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [failed_element]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = element_failed
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = pellet
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-3
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = 0.345e-3
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      temperature = plenum_temperature
      volume = plenum_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fission_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux = 5261.5 # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material = sodium
    rod_diameter = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = 2.195e-03
    X_Zr = 0.225
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = 0.225
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = 0.225
    X_Pu = 0.0
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_elastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = pellet
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 2e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = UPuZrGaseousEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = gas_swelling_eigenstrain
    initial_porosity = 0.0
    bubble_number_density = 1e20
    interconnection_initiating_porosity = 0.23
    interconnection_terminating_porosity = 0.25
    anisotropic_factor = 0.4
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'porosity gaseous_porosity'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = BurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = pellet
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = pellet
    X_Zr = 0.225
    X_Pu = 0.0
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = pellet
    critical_porosity = 0.24
    fractional_fgr_initial = 0.8
    fractional_fgr_post = 1.0
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [longHT9_failure]
    type = HT9FailureClad
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    method = cdf_long
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 5e3
  dtmin = 10
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e3
    time_t = '0   1e4'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [plenum_temperature]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
  []
  [plenum_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = -1.53703e-6
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [flux_from_clad]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [fission_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_prod
    block = pellet
  []
  [fission_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_rel
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fission_gas_released_percentage]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fission_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fission_gas_produced
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = pellet
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [gaseous_porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gaseous_porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_clad_creep_strain_mag]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = effective_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
  [max_fuel_radial_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
    variable = strain_xx
  []
  [max_fuel_axial_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
    variable = strain_yy
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'all_pellet_exterior'
  []
  [max_fuel_radial_disp]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 'all_pellet_exterior'
  []
  [engr_strain_fuel_radial]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = engr_radial_strain_fuel
  []
  [engr_strain_fuel_axial]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = engr_axial_strain_fuel
  []
  [max_clad_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'clad_outside_top clad_outside_right'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_total_hoop_strain]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    start_point = '2.90e-3 2.55e-3 0.0'
    end_point = '2.90e-3 0.05 0.0'
    num_points = 300
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [clad_radial_displacement]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  1
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3'
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_mini_fuel_rod_no_std_blk_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fission_gas_released_percentage max_clad_hoop_creep max_clad_creep_strain_mag max_fuel_elongation max_clad_elongation max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_mini_fuel_rod_no_std_blk_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
    create_final_symlink = true
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_mini_fuel_rod_no_std_blk
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
    create_final_symlink = true
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(test/tests/triso_failure/higher_order_correlation.i)

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
  initial_enrichment = 0.155 # [wt-]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0 # convert E>0.10 to E>0.18 MeV
  stress_free_temperature = 973.15 # used for thermal expansion
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 # [J/fission]
  O_U = 1.5 # Initial Oxygen to Uranium atom ratio
  C_U = 0.4 # Initial Carbon to Uranium atom ratio
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DFiveLayerMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    kernel_radius = 212.5e-6
    buffer_thickness = 100e-6
    IPyC_thickness = 41e-6
    SiC_thickness = 34e-6
    OPyC_thickness = 44e-6
    kernel_mesh_density = 5
    buffer_mesh_density = 3
    IPyC_mesh_density = 5
    SiC_mesh_density = 3
    OPyC_mesh_density = 4
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[UserObjects]
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_OPyC = OPyC_outer_boundary
    outer_SiC = SiC_outer_boundary
    outer_IPyC = IPyC_outer_boundary
    inner_IPyC = IPyC_inner_boundary
    outer_buffer = buffer_outer_boundary
    outer_kernel = fuel_outer_boundary
    include_particle = true
    include_pebble = false
    IPyC_thickness_mean = 40e-6
    SiC_thickness_mean = 35e-6
    OPyC_thickness_mean = 40e-6
  []
  [triso_failure_terminator]
    type = Terminator
    expression = 'triso_failure > 0'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 973.15
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 76e6'
    y = '1 1'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = LinearCombinationFunction
    functions = power_history
    w = 7.78e19
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e10'
    y = '1.198892e9 1.198892e9'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedIPyC]
    type = TRISOStressCorrelationFunction
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    polynomial_coefficients_IPyC = '1 6922 -2.359e8'
    polynomial_coefficients_SiC = '1 -1.257e4 1.82e8'
    polynomial_coefficients_OPyC = '1 -1.257e4 1.82e8'
    correlation_factor = -1.1932
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_asphericity]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e10'
    y = '0.993212e9 0.993212e9'
  []
  [stress_correlation_asphericity]
    type = TRISOStressCorrelationFunction
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    polynomial_coefficients_IPyC = '1 -1.716e4 2.123e8'
    polynomial_coefficients_SiC = '1 2.688e4 -1.414e7'
    polynomial_coefficients_OPyC = '1 -1.716e4 2.123e8'
    correlation_factor = 0.2923
  []
  [stress_change_correlation_asphericity]
    type = TRISOStressCorrelationFunction
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    polynomial_coefficients_IPyC = '1 -1.664e4 1.929e8'
    polynomial_coefficients_SiC = '1 2.625e4 -1.112e7'
    polynomial_coefficients_OPyC = '1 -1.664e4 1.929e8'
    correlation_factor = 0.5241
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz max_principal_stress'
  add_variables = true
  strain = FINITE
  incremental = true
  [fuel]
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'UCO_swelling_eigenstrain UCO_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [buffer]
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_names = 'Buffer_IIDC_strain Buffer_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [IPyC]
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'IPyC_IIDC_strain IPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    eigenstrain_names = 'SiC_thermal_eigenstrain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [OPyC]
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'OPyC_IIDC_strain OPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [burnup]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = burnup
    property = burnup
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe'
    released_fractions = '0.185 0.815'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    quadrature = false
    min_gap = 1e-7
    max_gap = 50e-6
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    function = 973.15
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      startup_time = 1e4
      initial_pressure = 0
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_gas_temp
      volume = 'gap_volume buffer_void_volume kernel_void_volume'
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released'
      output = gas_pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [tangential_stress]
    type = RankTwoCylindricalComponent
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    cylindrical_axis_point1 = '0 0 0'
    cylindrical_axis_point2 = '0 0 1'
    cylindrical_component = HoopStress
    property_name = tangential_stress
    outputs = all
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = power_history
    factor = 1.16e18
  []
  [UCO_burnup]
    type = TRISOBurnup
    initial_density = 11000
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_thermal]
    type = UCOThermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UCOElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain]
    type = UCOVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_swelling_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10.0e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_TE_strain
  []
  [UCO_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 11000.0
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UCOFGR
    block = fuel
    average_grain_radius = 10e-6
    temperature = temperature
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    cutoff_neutron_flux = 0.0
  []
  [BAF]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.05
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = BufferElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_stress]
    type = BufferCEGACreep
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_thermal]
    type = BufferThermal
    block = buffer
    initial_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = buffer
    strain_free_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_TE]
    type = BufferThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_IIDC]
    type = BufferCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = IPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [IPyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [IPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = IPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1900
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [IPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [IPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MonolithicSiCElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    elastic_modulus_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_thermal]
    type = MonolithicSiCThermal
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = SiC
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
  []
  [SiC_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = SiC_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [OPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = OPyC
    temperature = temperature
    initial_BAF = 1.0
  []
  [OPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = OPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [OPyC_thermal_conductivity]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = OPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [OPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = OPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1900
  []
  [OPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [OPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [characteristic_strength_SiC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '9640000'
    block = SiC
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
  []
  [characteristic_strength_PyC]
    type = PyCCharacteristicStrength
    temperature = temperature
    X = 1.02
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 100
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-8
  nl_max_its = 20

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 1e+06

  dtmax = 2e5
  dtmin = 1e-4

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1
    optimal_iterations = 10
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_gas_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = buffer
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [gap_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [buffer_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = buffer
    theoretical_density = 2250
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [kernel_th_density]
    type = UCOTheoreticalDensity
    execute_on = initial
  []
  [kernel_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = fuel
    theoretical_density = kernel_th_density
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [particle_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_fluence]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    block = SiC
    value_type = max
    mat_prop = tangential_stress
  []
  [strength_SiC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = stress_yy
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_asphericity'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_asphericity'
    stress_change_correlation_function = 'stress_change_correlation_asphericity'
  []
  [strength_IPyC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 9.5
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [failure_indicator_IPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 9.5
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_IPyC
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = stress_yy
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedIPyC'
  []
  [triso_failure]
    type = TRISOFailureEvaluation
    IPyC_failure = failure_indicator_IPyC
    SiC_failure_crackedIPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC
    SiC_failure = failure_indicator_SiC
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = false
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = true
  exodus = false
[]

(assessment/MOX/JOYO/MK-I/analysis/MK-I_50MW_master_old_bubble_gb_lim.i)


initial_fuel_density = 10836.8

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  initial_porosity = 0.065
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]
[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  reference_vector = 'ref'
[]
[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    pellet_quantity = 1
    pellet_height = 0.6
    pellet_outer_radius = 0.0027
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    clad_gap_width = 0.000100
    clad_thickness = 0.00035
    clad_bot_gap_height = 1.0e-3
    bottom_clad_height = 2.24e-3
    top_clad_height = 2.24e-3
    clad_top_gap_height = 0.599
    elem_type = QUAD8
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 200
    nx_p = 20
    ny_p = 200
    ny_cu = 3
    ny_cl = 3
  []
  patch_size = 50
  patch_update_strategy = iteration
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]
[UserObjects]
  [pin_geometry]
    type = FuelPinGeometry
  []
[]
[Variables]
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 295.0
  []
[]
[AuxVariables]
  [pore]
  []
  [fission_rate]
    block = pellet
  []
  [burnup]
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_gen_3]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_grn_3]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_bdr_3]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_rel_3]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [bbl_bdr_2]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [vcn_bdr_2]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [atm_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [vcn_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [prs_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [prseq_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [rad_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [vol_bbl_bdr]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [GBCoverage]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [eff_diff_coeff]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [deltav_v0_bd]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
  []
  [radial_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [effective_creep_strain]
    block = clad
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history] #related to the LHGR at the midplane
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 70000 17153028'
    y = '0  25577  25577'
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux_function]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 70000 17153028'
    y = '0 1.2e+19 1.2e+19'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PiecewiseBilinear
    x = '0  0.071  0.146  0.221  0.296  0.37  0.443  0.566'
    y = '0 17153028'
    z = '0.889  1.041  1.152  1.173  1.129  0.971  0.782  0.672 0.889  1.041  1.152  1.173  1.129  0.971  0.782  0.672'
    scale_factor = 1
    axis = 1
  []
  [q]
    type = CompositeFunction
    functions = 'power_history axial_peaking_factors'
  []
  [average_power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 70000 17153028'
    y = '0 21000 21000'
  []
  [clad_surface_temp]
    type = PiecewiseBilinear
    x = '0  0.075  0.15  0.225  0.3  0.375  0.45  0.525  0.6'
    y = '0 17153028'
    z = '295 295 295 295 295 295 295 295 295 499.9  509.1  517.8  525.42  532.71  540.29  547.7  552.3  554.81'
    scale_factor = 1
    axis = 1
  []
  [pressure_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1'
    y = '1 1'
  []
[]
[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [pellets]
    block = pellet
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain fuel_volumetric_strain'
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz'
    use_finite_deform_jacobian = true
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [clad]
    block = clad
    add_variables = true
    strain = FINITE
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
    generate_output = 'vonmises_stress stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz'
    use_finite_deform_jacobian = true
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]
[Kernels]
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]
[AuxKernels]
  [fission_rate]
    type = FissionRateGeneral
    fission_rate_formulation = MOX
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
    initial_porosity = 0.065
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    rod_ave_lin_pow = power_history
    pellet_diameter = 0.0054
    execute_on = timestep_begin
    porosity = pore
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    variable = burnup
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fggen]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_gen_3
    property = gas_concentration_generated_total
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fggrn]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_grn_3
    property = gas_concentration_intra_total
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fgbdr]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_bdr_3
    property = gas_concentration_GB_bubble_volume
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fgrel]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_rel_3
    property = gas_concentration_release_total
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [nbbl2]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = bbl_bdr_2
    property = bubble_GB_surface_density
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [nvcn2]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = vcn_bdr_2
    property = vacancy_concentration_GB_surface
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [atmbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = atm_bbl_bdr
    property = atom_per_bubble_GB
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [vcnbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = vcn_bbl_bdr
    property = vacancy_per_bubble_GB
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [prsbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = prs_bbl_bdr
    property = bubble_GB_pressure
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [prseqbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = prseq_bbl_bdr
    property = bubble_GB_pressure_equilibrium
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [radbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = rad_bbl_bdr
    property = bubble_radius_GB
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volbbl]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = vol_bbl_bdr
    property = bubble_GB_volume
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [frcvrg]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = GBCoverage
    property = GBCoverage
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [diffc]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = eff_diff_coeff
    property = eff_diff_coeff
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [dvv0bd]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = deltav_v0_bd
    property = deltav_v0_bubble_GB
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [radial_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = radial_strain
    index_i = 0
    index_j = 0
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [effective_creep_strain]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = effective_creep_strain
    variable = effective_creep_strain
    block = clad
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
[]
[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    formulation = kinematic
    model = frictionless
    penalty = 1e7
  []
[]
[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = fis_gas_released
    contact_pressure = contact_pressure
    quadrature = true
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = '12'
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad_bottom]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel_bottom]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [temp_clad_out]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = '2'
    function = clad_surface_temp
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      factor = 101325
      function = pressure_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 300000
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      material_input = fis_gas_released
      output = plenum_pressure
    []
  []
[]
[Materials]
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    block = clad
    flux_function = fast_neutron_flux_function
  []
  [fuel_thermal]
    type = MAMOXThermal
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    Am_content = 0.0
    Np_content = 0.0
    porosity = pore
    output_properties = 'thermal_conductivity'
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MAMOXElasticityTensor
    block = pellet
  []
  [elastic_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = MAMOXThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    oxygen_to_metal_ratio = 1.98
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [fuel_volumetric_swelling]
    type = UO2VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    gas_swelling_model_type = SIFGRS
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    initial_fuel_density = 10836.8
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_volumetric_strain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = SS316Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 8000
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = SS316ElasticityTensor
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    elastic_constants_model = legacy_ifr
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = SS316ThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_ss316creep]
    type = SS316CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
    fast_neutron_flux = fast_neutron_flux
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = elastic
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ss316creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
    diff_coeff_option = TURNBULL_D1_4D2_4D3
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    grain_radius_const = 8.01e-6 #I'm keeping the grain radius const because the grain growth in MOX is probably different due to high Temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
[]
[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]
[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist'
  line_search = 'none'
  fixed_point_abs_tol = 1e-5
  fixed_point_rel_tol = 1e-5
  fixed_point_max_its = 1
  l_max_its = 70
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 70
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-5
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-5
  start_time = 0
  n_startup_steps = 1
  end_time = 17153028
  dtmax = 1e6
  dtmin = 0.25
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 5000
    optimal_iterations = 15
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
    growth_factor = 2
    cutback_factor = .5
    force_step_every_function_point = true
    timestep_limiting_function = power_history
  []
[]
[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 7
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_released_percentage]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_grain]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGrainSifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [fis_gas_boundary]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasBoundarySifgrs
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'linear'
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [rod_input_power]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = average_power_history
    scale_factor = 0.6 # rod height
  []
  [average_vonMises_fuel]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = pellet
  []
  [average_vonMises_clad]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = vonmises_stress
    block = clad
  []
  [average_strain_rr_fuel]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = radial_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [average_strain_rr_clad]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = radial_strain
    block = clad
  []
  [average_creep_strain_clad]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = effective_creep_strain
    block = clad
  []
  [ave_pore]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = pore
  []
  [max_pore]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = pore
  []
  [min_pore]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    value_type = min
    variable = pore
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  perf_graph = true
  exodus = true
  color = true
  csv = true
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    execute_on = FINAL
    show = 'ave_temp_interior fis_gas_released_percentage max_pore'
  []
[]
[MultiApps]
  [sub]
    type = TransientMultiApp
    app_type = BisonApp
    execute_on = timestep_end
    catch_up = true
    max_catch_up_steps = 10
    positions_file = positions.txt
    input_files = MK-I_50MW_sub_old_bubble_gb_lim.i
  []
[]
[Transfers]
  [temp_to_sub]
    type = MultiAppProjectionTransfer
    to_multi_app = sub
    source_variable = temp
    variable = temp
  []
  [pore_from_sub]
    type = MultiAppGeometricInterpolationTransfer
    from_multi_app = sub
    source_variable = pore
    variable = pore
  []
[]
[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
  show_var_residual = 'temp disp_x disp_y'
[]

(test/tests/triso_pebble/3D_pebble_location_from_file.i)

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  flux_conversion_factor = 0.85
[]

[Mesh]
  [file]
    type = FileMeshGenerator
    file = pebble.e
  []
[]

[Distributions]
  [normal_kernel_r]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 213.35e-6
    standard_deviation = 4.4e-6
    lower_bound = 1.9575e-04
    upper_bound = 2.3095e-04
  []
  [normal_buffer_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 98.9e-6
    standard_deviation = 8.4e-6
    lower_bound = 6.53e-05
    upper_bound = 1.325e-04
  []
  [normal_ipyc_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 40.4e-6
    standard_deviation = 2.5e-6
    lower_bound = 3.0400e-05
    upper_bound = 5.0400e-05
  []
  [normal_sic_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 35.2e-6
    standard_deviation = 1.2e-6
    lower_bound = 3.0400e-05
    upper_bound = 4.0000e-05
  []
  [normal_opyc_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 43.4e-6
    standard_deviation = 2.9e-6
    lower_bound = 3.1800e-05
    upper_bound = 5.5000e-05
  []
[]

[Samplers]
  [sample]
    type = MonteCarlo
    num_rows = 10
    distributions = 'normal_kernel_r normal_buffer_t normal_ipyc_t normal_sic_t normal_opyc_t'
    execute_on = 'PRE_MULTIAPP_SETUP'
  []
[]

[MultiApps]
  [sub]
    type = SamplerTransientMultiApp
    input_files = triso_1d.i
    sampler = sample
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
    mode = normal
  []
[]

[DiracKernels]
  [vpp_point_source]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSource
    variable = temperature
    point_source_values = released_heat_inc
    value_name = released_heat_inc:released_heat_inc
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []
[]

[UserObjects]
  [point_source_location]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSourceLocationFromFile
    sampler = sample
    particle_location_file_name = location.txt
    execute_on = 'INITIAL'
  []
[]

[Transfers]
  [released_heat_inc]
    type = SamplerPostprocessorTransfer
    from_multi_app = sub
    sampler = sample
    to_vector_postprocessor = released_heat_inc
    from_postprocessor = released_heat_inc
  []
  [temp_bc]
    type = MultiAppVectorPostprocessorTransfer
    to_multi_app = sub
    vector_postprocessor = sample_points
    postprocessor = temp_bc
    vector_name = temperature
  []
[]

[Controls]
  [cmdline]
    type = MultiAppSamplerControl
    multi_app = sub
    sampler = sample
    param_names = 'kernel_radius buffer_thickness IPyC_thickness SiC_thickness OPyC_thickness'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [sample_points]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointValueSampler
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []
  [sampler_data]
    type = SamplerData
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
    sampler = sample
  []
  [released_heat_inc]
    type = StochasticResults
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
  []
  [point_source_output]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSourceOutput
    vector_postprocessor = released_heat_inc
    value_name = released_heat_inc:released_heat_inc
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 773.15
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [density]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [thermal_conductivity]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [specific_heat]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [density]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = density
    property = density
    block = 'core fuel shell'
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [thermal_conductivity]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = thermal_conductivity
    property = thermal_conductivity
    block = 'core fuel shell'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [specific_heat]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = specific_heat
    property = specific_heat
    block = 'core fuel shell'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [coolant_temp]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    value = 773.15
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 76e6'
    y = '1 1'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = LinearCombinationFunction
    functions = power_history
    w = 5.75e19
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = power_history
    factor = 6.28e17
  []
  [fueled_region_thermal]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    block = fuel
    graphite_grade = A3_27_1800
    packing_fraction = 0.22
    temperature = temperature
    initial_matrix_density = 1750.0
  []
  [fuel_region_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = fuel
    property_name = density
    expression = 1750.0
  []
  [shell_region_thermal]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    block = shell
    graphite_grade = A3_27_1800
    packing_fraction = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    initial_matrix_density = 1750.0
  []
  [shell_region_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = shell
    property_name = density
    expression = 1750.0
  []
  [core_region_thermal]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    block = core
    graphite_grade = A3_27_1800
    packing_fraction = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    initial_matrix_density = 1400.0
  []
  [core_region_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = core
    property_name = density
    expression = 1400.0
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
  show_var_residual = 'temperature'
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-9
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-9
  nl_max_its = 20

  l_tol = 1e-5
  l_max_its = 30

  start_time = 0.0
  dt = 20000
  num_steps = 2
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  exodus = true
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(test/tests/solid_mechanics/sic_creep/monolithic_sic_creep.i)

# Tests material model MonolothicSiCCreepUpdate which computes
#   irradiation creep for monolithic SiC.
#
# The test is a single element unit cube which is pulled in the y direction
#   with a pressure of 5.0e7 Pa. The temperature and fission rate within the cube
#   are uniform and constant at 600 K and 5e17 fissions/m**3-s. The total time is
#   200e6s.
#
# The anaytical solution for the creep strain is 0.001.

[GlobalParams]
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y disp_z'
[]

[Mesh]
  use_displaced_mesh = false
  [mesh]
    type = FileMeshGenerator
    file = 1x1x1_cube.e
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [disp_z]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 600.0
  []
 []

[AuxVariables]
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [creep_strain_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [k_function]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0     200e6'
    y = '2e-37 2e-37'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [all]
    strain = small
    incremental = true
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
  []
  [creep_strain_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = creep_strain_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [u_top_pull]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 5
    factor = -5e7
  []

  [u_bottom_fix]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 3
    value = 0.0
  []

  [u_yz_fix]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 4
    value = 0.0
  []

  [u_xy_fix]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_z
    boundary = 2
    value = 0.0
  []

  [temp_top_fix]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    value = 600.0
  []

  [temp_bottom_fix]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = 3
    value = 600.0
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    factor = 5e17
  []
  [elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 1
    youngs_modulus = 462.22e9
    poissons_ratio = 0.21
  []

  [stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    inelastic_models = monolithic_sic_creep
    block = 1
  []

  [monolithic_sic_creep]
    type = MonolithicSiCCreepUpdate
    block = 1
    temperature = temp
    k_function = k_function
  []

  [thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = 1
    specific_heat = 1.0
    thermal_conductivity = 100.
  []

  [density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = 1
    strain_free_density = 1.0
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = PJFNK

  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = '101'

  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 30
  nl_max_its = 10
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-8
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  l_tol = 1e-8
  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 200e6
  dt = 1e7
[]

[Outputs]
  exodus = true
[]

(test/tests/triso_failure/sub.i)

[GlobalParams]
  density = 10810.0 # kg/m^3
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '0 2.485e-4 3.425e-4 3.425e-4 3.835e-4 4.195e-4 4.595e-4'
    mesh_density = '6 6 0 6 8 6'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 1346.0
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [radial_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(4.52013e-4/6.0*t*t*t*t*t - 8.36313e-3/5.0*t*t*t*t + 5.67549e-2/4.0*t*t*t - 1.74247e-1/3.0*t*t + 2.62692e-1/2.0*t - 1.43234e-1)'
  []
  [tangential_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(1.30457e-4/4.0*t*t*t - 2.10029e-3/3.0*t*t + 9.07826e-3/2.0*t - 3.24737e-2)'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 7.75e19 # units of fissions/m**3
  []
  [k_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '4.93e-29'
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1000000 1000000'
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedOPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1000000 1000000'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedOPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1 1'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedIPyC]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1 1'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    block = fuel
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  strain = small
  [fuel_buffer_sic]
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
    eigenstrain_names = thermal_strain
  []
  [ipyc_opyc]
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    incremental = true
    eigenstrain_names = 'thermal_strain pyc_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # units of J/fission
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    function = fission_rate
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    molecular_weight = 0.270 # units of kg/mole
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    penalty = 1e5
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to a postprocessor which supplies the initial plenum/gap gas mass
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released co_production' # coupling to postprocessors which supply the fission gas addition, co addition
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe;
                          CO'
    released_fractions = '0.153 0.847;
                          1'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    #    contact_pressure_input = 10e6
    #    quadrature = true
  []
[]

[BCs]

  # pin particle along symmetry planes
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []

  # fix temperature on free surface
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = exterior
    value = 1346.0
  []

  # exterior and internal pressures
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []

  [PlenumPressure] #  apply gas pressure on buffer and IPyC boundaries
    [plenumPressure]
      use_displaced_mesh = false
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      initial_pressure = 0
      startup_time = 1.0e4
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to post processor to get initial fill gas mass
      temperature = ave_temp_interior # coupling to post processor to get gas temperature approximation
      volume = volumeGas # coupling to post processor to get gas volume
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released co_production' # coupling to post processor to get fission gas added, co added
      output = plenum_pressure # coupling to post processor to output plenum/gap pressure
    []
  []

[]

[Materials]
  [max_principal_stress]
    type = RankTwoInvariant
    property_name = max_principal_stress
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    invariant = MaxPrincipal
  []
  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 1.708707e18 # n/m^2-sec
  []

  [fission_gas_release] # Sifgr fission gas release mode
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate # coupling to fission_rate aux variable
    grain_radius_const = 5.0e-6
  []

  [stress]
    type = ComputeLinearElasticStress
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
  []
  [PyC_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    k = k_function
    poissons_ratio = 0.4
    temperature = temp
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [PyC_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    radial_eigenstrain_function = radial_eigenstrain
    tangential_eigenstrain_function = tangential_eigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = pyc_eigenstrain
  []

  [fuel_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [PyC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.5e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []
  [SiC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temp
  []

  [fuel_thermal] # temperature and burnup dependent thermal properties of UO2 (bison kernel)
    type = UO2Thermal
    thermal_conductivity_model = FINK_LUCUTA
    block = fuel
    temperature = temp
    burnup = burnup
  []

  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []

  [fuel_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 10810.0
  []

  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []

  [buffer_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = buffer
    thermal_conductivity = 0.5 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 720.0 # J/kg-K
  []

  [buffer_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1000 #kg/m^3
    block = buffer
  []

  [PyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10 #47787559927.148 #3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []

  [PyC_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 720.0 # J/kg-K
  []

  [PyC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1880.0 # kg/m^3
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []

  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.7e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.13
  []

  [SiC_temp]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = SiC
    thermal_conductivity = 13.9 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 620.0 # J/kg-K
  []

  [SiC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 3200.0 # kg/m^3
    block = SiC
  []

  [characteristic_strength_SiC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '9640000'
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
    block = SiC
  []

  [characteristic_strength_PyC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '964000'
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temp
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient

  #  petsc_options = '-snes_mf_operator -snes_ksp_ew -ksp_monitor'
  #  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_hypre_type'
  #  petsc_options_value = 'hypre boomeramg'

  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart -pc_type -pc_hypre_type -pc_hypre_boomeramg_max_iter'
  petsc_options_value = '201                hypre    boomeramg      4'

  line_search = 'none'

  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 15

  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  num_steps = 2

  dtmax = 2e5
  dtmin = 1
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 20
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [dt]
    type = TimestepSize
  []
  [burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fis_gas_produced] # fission gas produced (moles)
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []

  [fis_gas_released] # fission gas released to plenum (moles)
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumeTotal]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [volumeFuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel_outer_boundary
  []
  [volumeGas]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_boundary IPyC_inner_boundary'
    addition = -5.53e-11
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeBufferShell]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  # Postprocessors for CO production

  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
  []

  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
  []

  [avg_surface_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temp
    boundary = exterior
  []

  [time_int_surf_temp]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = avg_surface_temp
  []

  [co_production]
    type = CarbonMonoxideProduction
    total_fissions = total_fissions
    time_integrated_triso_temperature = time_int_surf_temp
    initial_enrichment = 0.14029
  []

  [tang_SiC]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = stress_yy
    elementid = 18
  []

  [strength_SiC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []

  [failure_indicator_SiC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_SiC
  []

  [strength_IPyC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []

  [failure_indicator_IPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_IPyC
  []

  [strength_OPyC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = OPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []

  [failure_indicator_OPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = OPyC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    effective_mean_strength = strength_OPyC
  []

  [failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedIPyC'
  []

  [failure_indicator_SiC_crackedOPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = max_principal_stress
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedOPyC'
  []

  [triso_failure]
    type = TRISOFailureEvaluation
    IPyC_failure = failure_indicator_IPyC
    OPyC_failure = failure_indicator_OPyC
    SiC_failure = failure_indicator_SiC
    SiC_failure_crackedIPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC
    SiC_failure_crackedOPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedOPyC
  []

  [ipyc_cracking]
    type = TRISOFailureEvaluation
    IPyC_failure = failure_indicator_IPyC
    OPyC_failure = failure_indicator_OPyC
    SiC_failure = failure_indicator_SiC
    SiC_failure_crackedIPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedIPyC
    SiC_failure_crackedOPyC = failure_indicator_SiC_crackedOPyC
    failure_type = IPYC_CRACKING
  []

  [burnup_at_failure]
    type = TRISOFailureOccurrenceStatus
    failure_evaluation = ipyc_cracking
    failure_information = burnup
  []

  [left_bc]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    boundary = xzero
    variable = disp_x
  []
[]

[UserObjects]
  [triso_failure_terminator]
    type = Terminator
    expression = 'triso_failure > 0'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = false
  perf_graph = true
[]

[Controls]
  [stochastic]
    type = SamplerReceiver
  []
[]

(assessment/TRISO/validation/AGR-34/SharedFiles/capsule_base.i)

# rings:                       DTF  |  DRV  |  IR  |  OR  |  SR
# sorption interfaces:           DRV_IR   IR_OR  OR_SR

center= 0.0
dtf_outer= 0.000175
driver_outer= 0.006275
ir_outer= 0.011805
or_outer= 0.016290
sr_outer= 0.026480


initial_fuel_density = 1700

[GlobalParams]
  family = LAGRANGE
  order = SECOND
  elem_type = QUAD8
  flux_conversion_factor = 0.85
  end_point = '${sr_outer} 0 0.0'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [gen]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 2
    nx = 726
    ny = 1
    xmax = ${sr_outer}
    # This is quasi-2D case, so dimension in y direction does not matter.
    ymax = 1e-4
  []

  # If you have different radia for rings, you need to modify the bounding box range below.
  [subdomain0]
    input = gen
    type = SubdomainBoundingBoxGenerator
    bottom_left = '${center} 0 0'
    block_id = 0
    block_name = 'DTF'
    top_right = '${dtf_outer} 12.5e-3 0'
  []
  [subdomain1]
    input = subdomain0
    type = SubdomainBoundingBoxGenerator
    bottom_left = '${dtf_outer} 0 0'
    block_id = 1
    block_name = 'DRV'
    top_right = '${driver_outer} 12.5e-3 0'
  []
  [subdomain2]
    input = subdomain1
    type = SubdomainBoundingBoxGenerator
    bottom_left = '${driver_outer} 0 0'
    block_id = 2
    block_name = 'IR'
    top_right = '${ir_outer} 12.5e-3 0'
  []
  [subdomain3]
    input = subdomain2
    type = SubdomainBoundingBoxGenerator
    bottom_left = '${ir_outer} 0 0'
    block_id = 3
    block_name = 'OR'
    top_right = '${or_outer} 12.5e-3 0'
  []
  [subdomain4]
    input = subdomain3
    type = SubdomainBoundingBoxGenerator
    bottom_left = '${or_outer} 0 0'
    block_id = 4
    block_name = 'SR'
    top_right = '${sr_outer} 12.5e-3 0'
  []
  [breakmesh]
    input = subdomain4
    type = BreakMeshByBlockGenerator
    block_pairs = '1 2; 2 3; 3 4'
    add_interface_on_two_sides = true
    split_interface = true
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1200
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [thermal_conductivity]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [specific_heat]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative #HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source_dtf]
    type = HeatSource
    function = DTF_volumetric_heat #volumetric_heat_DTF
    block = 'DTF'
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source_drv]
    type = HeatSource
    function = DRV_volumetric_heat #volumetric_heat_DRV
    block = 'DRV'
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [thermal_conductivity]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = thermal_conductivity
    property = thermal_conductivity
    block = 'DTF DRV IR OR SR'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [DTF_volumetric_heat]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = capsule1_dtf_out.csv
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 9
    xy_in_file_only = false
    format = columns
    scale_factor = 16630067523
    # we need to convert the point source to volumetric source
    # 20/(pi*${dtf_outer}^2*12.5e-3)
    # 20: number of DTF particles
    # ${dtf_outer} DTF fuel outer radius
    # 12.5e-3 Compact height
  []
  [DTF_MassIsotope]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = capsule1_dtf_out.csv
    x_index_in_file = 0
    # y_index_in_file = 7 #This number should not be hardcoded
    xy_in_file_only = false
    format = columns
    scale_factor = 16630067523
  []
  [DRV_volumetric_heat]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = capsule1_driver_out.csv
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 9
    xy_in_file_only = false
    format = columns
    scale_factor = 1198178193
    # 1872/(pi*((0.006155)^2-(${dtf_outer})^2)*12.5e-3)
    # 1872: number of driver particles
    # 0.006155 compact outer radius
    # ${dtf_outer} DTF fuel outer radius
    # 12.5e-3 Compact height
  []
  [DRV_MassIsotope]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = capsule1_driver_out.csv
    x_index_in_file = 0
    # y_index_in_file = 7 #This number should not be hardcoded
    xy_in_file_only = false
    format = columns
    scale_factor = 1198178193
  []

  # DRV to IR sorption partial pressures
  [pressure_DRV_IR_error]
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_names = 'pressure_DRV_outer pressure_IR_inner'
    symbol_values = 'pressure_DRV_outer pressure_IR_inner'
    expression = 'pressure_DRV_outer - pressure_IR_inner'
  []

  # IR to OR sorption partial pressures
  [pressure_IR_OR_error]
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_names = 'pressure_IR_outer pressure_OR_inner'
    symbol_values = 'pressure_IR_outer pressure_OR_inner'
    expression = 'pressure_IR_outer - pressure_OR_inner'
  []

  # OR to SR sorption partial pressures
  [pressure_OR_SR_error]
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_names = 'pressure_OR_outer pressure_SR_inner'
    symbol_values = 'pressure_OR_outer pressure_SR_inner'
    expression = 'pressure_OR_outer - pressure_SR_inner'
  []

  # DRV to IR flux
  [flux_DRV_IR_error]
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_names = 'flux_DRV_outer flux_IR_inner'
    symbol_values = 'flux_DRV_outer flux_IR_inner'
    expression = 'flux_DRV_outer + flux_IR_inner'
  []

  # IR to OR flux
  [flux_IR_OR_error]
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_names = 'flux_IR_outer flux_OR_inner'
    symbol_values = 'flux_IR_outer flux_OR_inner'
    expression = 'flux_IR_outer + flux_OR_inner'
  []

  # OR to SR flux
  [flux_OR_SR_error]
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_names = 'flux_OR_outer flux_SR_inner'
    symbol_values = 'flux_OR_outer flux_SR_inner'
    expression = 'flux_OR_outer + flux_SR_inner'
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [fuel_compact_outer]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = 'DRV_IR'
    function = temp_compact_outer
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [matrix_inner]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = 'IR_DRV'
    function = temp_matrix_inner
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [matrix_outer]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = 'IR_OR'
    function = temp_matrix_outer
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [graphite_inner]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = 'OR_IR'
    function = temp_graphite_inner
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [graphite_outer]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = 'OR_SR'
    function = temp_graphite_outer
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [sink_inner]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = 'SR_OR'
    function = temp_sink_inner
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [sink_outer]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = 'right'
    function = temp_sink_outer
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [temp_compact_outer]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 3
    xy_in_file_only = false
    format = columns
    data_file= AGR-34_capsule_daily_data/Cap1Temps.csv
  []
  [temp_matrix_inner]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 4
    xy_in_file_only = false
    format = columns
    data_file= AGR-34_capsule_daily_data/Cap1Temps.csv
  []
  [temp_matrix_outer]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 5
    xy_in_file_only = false
    format = columns
    data_file= AGR-34_capsule_daily_data/Cap1Temps.csv
  []
  [temp_graphite_inner]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 6
    xy_in_file_only = false
    format = columns
    data_file= AGR-34_capsule_daily_data/Cap1Temps.csv
  []
  [temp_graphite_outer]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 7
    xy_in_file_only = false
    format = columns
    data_file= AGR-34_capsule_daily_data/Cap1Temps.csv
  []
  [temp_sink_inner]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 8
    xy_in_file_only = false
    format = columns
    data_file= AGR-34_capsule_daily_data/Cap1Temps.csv
  []
  [temp_sink_outer]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 9
    xy_in_file_only = false
    format = columns
    data_file= AGR-34_capsule_daily_data/Cap1Temps.csv
  []
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e3 4.51008e7' # those are used for some of the graphite thermal properties.
    y = '0 1 1'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = LinearCombinationFunction
    functions = power_history
    w = 4.8156e+19 #those are used for some of the graphite thermal properties.
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
  []
  # FastNeutronFlux - factor
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = power_history
    factor = 0.5519e+18
  []
  [matrix_thermal]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    block = 'DTF DRV IR'
    graphite_grade = H_451  # subject to change
    packing_fraction = 0
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [matrix_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = 'DTF DRV IR'
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [graphite_thermal]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    block = 'OR SR'
    graphite_grade = A3_27_1800
    packing_fraction = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    initial_matrix_density = 1603.0
  []
  [graphite_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = 'OR SR'
    density = 1603.0
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
  show_var_residual = 'temperature'
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7 # 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 15

  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 31890240
  dt = 100

  dtmax = 2e6
  dtmin = 1

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 100
    optimal_iterations = 6
    growth_factor = 1.5
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []

  [Predictor]
    type = SimplePredictor
    scale = 1
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [compact_DTF_volume]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = 1
    block = DTF
  []

  ### temperatures
  [fuel_minimum_temperature]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = 'DRV'
    value_type = 'min'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fuel_average_temperature]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    variable = temperature
    block = 'DRV'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fuel_maximum_temperature]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = 'DRV'
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [matrix_ring_minimum_temperature]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = 'IR'
    value_type = 'min'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [matrix_ring_average_temperature]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    variable = temperature
    block = 'IR'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [matrix_ring_maximum_temperature]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = 'IR'
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [graphite_ring_minimum_temperature]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = 'OR'
    value_type = 'min'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [graphite_ring_average_temperature]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    variable = temperature
    block = 'OR'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [graphite_ring_maximum_temperature]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = 'OR'
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [sink_minimum_temperature]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = 'SR'
    value_type = 'min'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [sink_average_temperature]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    variable = temperature
    block = 'SR'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [sink_maximum_temperature]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = temperature
    block = 'SR'
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  # check partial pressure equality and integral flux conservation from DRV to IR
  [pressure_DRV_outer]
    type = SideAverageMaterialProperty
    boundary = 'DRV_IR'
    property = partial_pressure
  []
  [pressure_IR_inner]
    type = SideAverageMaterialProperty
    boundary = 'IR_DRV'
    property = partial_pressure
  []
  [pressure_DRV_IR_error]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = pressure_DRV_IR_error
  []

  # check partial pressure equality and integral flux conservation from IR to OR
  [pressure_IR_outer]
    type = SideAverageMaterialProperty
    boundary = 'IR_OR'
    property = partial_pressure
  []
  [pressure_OR_inner]
    type = SideAverageMaterialProperty
    boundary = 'OR_IR'
    property = partial_pressure
  []
  [pressure_IR_OR_error]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = pressure_IR_OR_error
  []

  # check partial pressure equality and integral flux conservation from OR to SR
  [pressure_OR_outer]
    type = SideAverageMaterialProperty
    boundary = 'OR_SR'
    property = partial_pressure
  []
  [pressure_SR_inner]
    type = SideAverageMaterialProperty
    boundary = 'SR_OR'
    property = partial_pressure
  []
  [pressure_OR_SR_error]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = pressure_OR_SR_error
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [temp]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = temperature
    start_point = '0.0 0 0.0'
    num_points = 1000
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    execute_on = final
    sort_by = x
    outputs = line_plot_temp
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  csv= true
  [line_plot_temp]
    type = CSV
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
    time_step_interval =  1
    create_final_symlink = true
    file_base = capsule_base_radial
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

(test/tests/triso_failure/triso_1d_asphericity_failure.i)

[GlobalParams]
  density = 10810.0
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '0 2.485e-4 3.425e-4 3.425e-4 3.835e-4 4.195e-4 4.595e-4'
    mesh_density = '6 6 0 6 8 6'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1346.0
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [radial_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(4.52013e-4/6.0*t*t*t*t*t - 8.36313e-3/5.0*t*t*t*t + 5.67549e-2/4.0*t*t*t - 1.74247e-1/3.0*t*t + 2.62692e-1/2.0*t - 1.43234e-1)'
  []
  [tangential_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(1.30457e-4/4.0*t*t*t - 2.10029e-3/3.0*t*t + 9.07826e-3/2.0*t - 3.24737e-2)'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 7.75e19
  []
  [k_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '4.93e-29'
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_asphericity]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1000000 1000000'
  []
  [stress_correlation_asphericity]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1 1'
  []
  [stress_change_correlation_asphericity]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.0e11'
    y = '1 1'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    block = fuel
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  strain = small
  [fuel_buffer_sic]
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
    eigenstrain_names = thermal_strain
  []
  [ipyc_opyc]
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    incremental = true
    eigenstrain_names = 'thermal_strain pyc_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    function = fission_rate
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    molecular_weight = 0.270
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    penalty = 1e5
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    # coupling to a postprocessor
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released co_production'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe;
                          CO'
    released_fractions = '0.153 0.847;
                          1'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    #    contact_pressure_input = 10e6
    #    quadrature = true
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_temperature]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    value = 1346.0
  []
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    #  apply gas pressure on buffer and IPyC boundaries
    [plenumPressure]
      use_displaced_mesh = false
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      initial_pressure = 0
      startup_time = 1.0e4
      R = 8.3143
      # coupling to post processor
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = volumeGas
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released co_production'
      output = plenum_pressure
    []
  []

[]

[Materials]
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoCartesianComponent
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    property_name = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
  []
  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 1.708707e18
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    grain_radius_const = 5.0e-6
  []
  [stress]
    type = ComputeLinearElasticStress
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
  []
  [PyC_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    k = k_function
    poissons_ratio = 0.4
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [PyC_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    radial_eigenstrain_function = radial_eigenstrain
    tangential_eigenstrain_function = tangential_eigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = pyc_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [PyC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.5e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1346.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [fuel_thermal]
    type = UO2Thermal
    thermal_conductivity_model = FINK_LUCUTA
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    burnup = burnup
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [fuel_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 10810.0
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []
  [buffer_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = buffer
    thermal_conductivity = 0.5
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [buffer_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1000
    block = buffer
  []
  [PyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []
  [PyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [PyC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1880.0
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.7e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.13
  []
  [SiC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = SiC
    thermal_conductivity = 13.9
    specific_heat = 620.0
  []
  [SiC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
    block = SiC
  []

  [characteristic_strength]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '9640000'
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
    block = SiC
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temperature]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart -pc_type -pc_hypre_type -pc_hypre_boomeramg_max_iter'
  petsc_options_value = '201                hypre    boomeramg      4'
  line_search = 'none'
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 15
  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50
  start_time = 0.0
  num_steps = 10
  dtmax = 2e5
  dtmin = 1
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 20
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [dt]
    type = TimestepSize
  []
  [burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumeTotal]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [volumeFuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel_outer_boundary
  []
  [volumeGas]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_boundary IPyC_inner_boundary'
    addition = -5.53e-11
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeBufferShell]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  # Postprocessors for CO production
  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
  []
  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
  []
  [avg_surface_temperature]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [time_int_surf_temperature]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = avg_surface_temperature
  []
  [co_production]
    type = CarbonMonoxideProduction
    total_fissions = total_fissions
    time_integrated_triso_temperature = time_int_surf_temperature
    initial_enrichment = 0.14029
  []
  [tang_SiC]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = stress_yy
    elementid = 18
  []
  [strength_SiC]
    type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
  []
  [failure_indicator_SiC]
    type = WeibullFailureOutputUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = stress_yy
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_asphericity'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_asphericity'
    stress_change_correlation_function = 'stress_change_correlation_asphericity'
  []
  [triso_failure]
    type = TRISOFailureEvaluation
    SiC_failure = failure_indicator_SiC
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(test/tests/triso_failure/triso_1d_ipyc_weibull_probability.i)

kernel_radius = 213.35e-6
buffer_thickness = 98.9e-6
IPyC_thickness = 40.4e-6
SiC_thickness = 35.2e-6
OPyC_thickness = 43.4e-6

coordinates1 = '${fparse kernel_radius}'
coordinates2 = '${fparse coordinates1+buffer_thickness}'
coordinates3 = '${fparse coordinates2+IPyC_thickness}'
coordinates4 = '${fparse coordinates3+SiC_thickness}'
coordinates5 = '${fparse coordinates4+OPyC_thickness}'

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
  initial_enrichment = 0.14029 # [wt-]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0 # convert E>0.10 to E>0.18 MeV
  stress_free_temperature = 481 # used for thermal expansion
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 # [J/fission]
  O_U = 1.428 # Initial Oxygen to Uranium atom ratio
  C_U = 0.392 # Initial Carbon to Uranium atom ratio
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '0 ${coordinates1} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates3} ${coordinates4} ${coordinates5}'
    mesh_density = '5 3 0 5 3 4'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[UserObjects]
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_OPyC = OPyC_outer_boundary
    outer_SiC = SiC_outer_boundary
    outer_IPyC = IPyC_outer_boundary
    inner_IPyC = IPyC_inner_boundary
    outer_buffer = buffer_outer_boundary
    outer_kernel = fuel_outer_boundary
    include_particle = true
    include_pebble = false
    IPyC_thickness_mean = 40.4e-6
    SiC_thickness_mean = 35.2e-6
    OPyC_thickness_mean = 43.4e-6
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 900
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [fission_rate]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 5.75e19
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = '1363350801.3058'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedIPyC]
    type = TRISOStressCorrelationFunction
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    polynomial_coefficients_IPyC = '1 7017 -2.368e8'
    polynomial_coefficients_SiC = '1 1.492e4 -3.802e7'
    polynomial_coefficients_OPyC = '1 -1.273e4 1.849e8'
    correlation_factor = -1.1824630660785265
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_asphericity]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = '1086690814.283'
  []
  [stress_correlation_asphericity]
    type = TRISOStressCorrelationFunction
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    polynomial_coefficients_IPyC = '1 -2070 3.458e7'
    polynomial_coefficients_SiC = '1 -868.9 -1.368e7'
    polynomial_coefficients_OPyC = '1 1734 -1.988e7'
    correlation_factor = 1.0626986695756293
  []
  [stress_change_correlation_asphericity]
    type = TRISOStressCorrelationFunction
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    polynomial_coefficients_IPyC = '1 -856 1.593e7'
    polynomial_coefficients_SiC = '1 1774 -5.253e7'
    polynomial_coefficients_OPyC = '1 456.4 -1.459e7'
    correlation_factor = 1.0113764663823708
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz max_principal_stress'
  add_variables = true
  strain = FINITE
  incremental = true
  [fuel]
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'UCO_swelling_eigenstrain UCO_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [buffer]
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_names = 'Buffer_IIDC_strain Buffer_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [IPyC]
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'IPyC_IIDC_strain IPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    eigenstrain_names = 'SiC_thermal_eigenstrain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [OPyC]
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'OPyC_IIDC_strain OPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [burnup]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = burnup
    property = burnup
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe'
    released_fractions = '0.185 0.815'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    quadrature = false
    min_gap = 1e-7
    max_gap = 50e-6
    gap_geometry_type = sphere
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    value = 900
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      startup_time = 1e4
      initial_pressure = 0
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_gas_temp
      volume = 'gap_volume buffer_void_volume kernel_void_volume'
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released'
      output = gas_pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 6.2425e+17
  []
  [UCO_burnup]
    type = TRISOBurnup
    initial_density = 10966
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_thermal]
    type = UCOThermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UCOElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain]
    type = UCOVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_swelling_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10.0e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_TE_strain
  []
  [UCO_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 10966
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UCOFGR
    block = fuel
    average_grain_radius = 10e-6
    temperature = temperature
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    cutoff_neutron_flux = 0.0
  []
  [BAF_IPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0465
    block = IPyC
  []
  [BAF_OPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0429
    block = OPyC
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = BufferElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_stress]
    type = BufferCEGACreep
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_thermal]
    type = BufferThermal
    block = buffer
    initial_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = buffer
    strain_free_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_TE]
    type = BufferThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_IIDC]
    type = BufferCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = IPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [IPyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [IPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = IPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1890
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [IPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [IPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MonolithicSiCElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    elastic_modulus_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_thermal]
    type = MonolithicSiCThermal
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = SiC
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
  []
  [SiC_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = SiC_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [OPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = OPyC
    temperature = temperature
    initial_BAF = 1.0
  []
  [OPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = OPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [OPyC_thermal_conductivity]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = OPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [OPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = OPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1900
  []
  [OPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [OPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [characteristic_strength_SiC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '9640000'
    block = SiC
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
  []
  [characteristic_strength_PyC]
    type = PyCCharacteristicStrength
    temperature = temperature
    X = 1.02
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 100
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-8
  nl_max_its = 20

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 4.831315e7

  dtmin = 1e-4
  dt = 5e5
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_gas_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = buffer
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [gap_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [buffer_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = buffer
    theoretical_density = 2250
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [kernel_th_density]
    type = UCOTheoreticalDensity
    execute_on = initial
  []
  [kernel_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = fuel
    theoretical_density = kernel_th_density
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [particle_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_fluence]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    block = SiC
    value_type = min
    mat_prop = stress_yy
  []
  [weibull_failure_probability_IPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureProbability
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 9.5
    characteristic_strength = characteristic_strength
  []
  [weibull_failure_probability_SiC_crackedIPyC]
    type = WeibullFailureProbabilityUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = stress_yy
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedIPyC'
  []
  [weibull_failure_probability_SiC]
    type = WeibullFailureProbabilityUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = stress_yy
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_asphericity'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_asphericity'
    stress_change_correlation_function = 'stress_change_correlation_asphericity'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  show = 'weibull_failure_probability_IPyC weibull_failure_probability_SiC weibull_failure_probability_SiC_crackedIPyC'
  print_linear_residuals = false
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = true
  exodus = false
  perf_graph = false
  print_linear_converged_reason = false
  print_nonlinear_converged_reason = false
[]

(assessment/TRISO/benchmark/IAEA_CRP-6/fuel_performance/case_11/case_11_1D.i)

#
# This case is taken from Advances in high temperature gas cooled reactor fuel
# technology. Technical Report IAEA-TECDOC-1674, International Atomic Energy
# Agency, 2012.
#
# See also Hales, et al., Multidimensional multiphysics simulation of TRISO
# particle fuel, JNM, 443, 2013.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.07.070
#
# The correctness of the results computed by this case must be checked against
# results from the IAEA benchmark.  The best way to do this is to compare
# results with information in the JNM article.
#


initial_fuel_density = 10810.0

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density} # kg/m^3
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '0 2.485e-4 3.425e-4 3.425e-4 3.835e-4 4.195e-4 4.595e-4'
    mesh_density = '6 6 0 6 8 6'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 1608.0
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [radial_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(4.52013e-4/6.0*t*t*t*t*t - 8.36313e-3/5.0*t*t*t*t + 5.67549e-2/4.0*t*t*t - 1.74247e-1/3.0*t*t + 2.62692e-1/2.0*t - 1.43234e-1)'
  []
  [tangential_eigenstrain]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 't*(1.30457e-4/4.0*t*t*t - 2.10029e-3/3.0*t*t + 9.07826e-3/2.0*t - 3.24737e-2)'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 1.1135e20 # units of fissions/m**3
  []
  [k_function]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '4.93e-29'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [stress_yy]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    block = fuel
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
  [fission_rate]
    block = fuel
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [IPyC_OPyC]
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    strain = finite
    eigenstrain_names = 'thermal_strain pyc_eigenstrain'
  []
  [rest]
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
    strain = finite
    eigenstrain_names = thermal_strain
  []
[]


[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # units of J/fission
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [stress_yy]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = stress_yy
    index_i = 1
    index_j = 1
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = FunctionAux
    variable = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    function = fission_rate
  []
  [burnup]
    type = BurnupAux
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    molecular_weight = 0.270 # units of kg/mole
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    penalty = 1e5
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to a postprocessor which supplies the initial plenum/gap gas mass
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released co_production' # coupling to postprocessors which supply the fission gas addition, co addition
    released_fractions = '0.153 0.847;
                          1'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe;
                          CO'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    #    contact_pressure_input = 10e6
    #    quadrature = true
  []
[]

[BCs]

  # pin particle along symmetry planes
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []

  # fix temperature on free surface
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    value = 1608.0
  []

  # exterior and internal pressures
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = Pressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []

  [PlenumPressure] #  apply gas pressure on buffer and IPyC boundaries
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      initial_pressure = 0
      startup_time = 1.0e4
      R = 8.3143
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles # coupling to post processor to get initial fill gas mass
      temperature = ave_temp_interior # coupling to post processor to get gas temperature approximation
      volume = volumeGas # coupling to post processor to get gas volume
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released co_production' # coupling to post processor to get fission gas added, co added
      output = plenum_pressure # coupling to post processor to output plenum/gap pressure
    []
  []

[]

[Materials]

  [flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 2.37417e18 # n/m^2-sec
  []

  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UO2Sifgrs
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    grain_radius_const = 5.0e-6
  []

  [stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = 'fuel buffer SiC'
  []
  [PyC_stress]
    type = PyCCreep
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    k = k_function
    poissons_ratio = 0.4
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [PyC_eigenstrain]
    type = PyCIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    radial_eigenstrain_function = radial_eigenstrain
    tangential_eigenstrain_function = tangential_eigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = pyc_eigenstrain
  []

  [fuel_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1608.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [PyC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 5.5e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1608.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_thermal_strain]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    stress_free_temperature = 1608.0
    eigenstrain_name = thermal_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [fuel_thermal]
    type = UO2Thermal
    thermal_conductivity_model = FINK_LUCUTA
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
    burnup = burnup
  []

  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []

  [fuel_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []

  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    youngs_modulus = 2e8
    poissons_ratio = 0.345
  []

  [buffer_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = buffer
    thermal_conductivity = 0.5 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 720.0 # J/kg-K
  []

  [buffer_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1000 #kg/m^3
    block = buffer
  []

  [PyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    youngs_modulus = 3.96e10
    poissons_ratio = 0.33
  []

  [PyC_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 720.0 # J/kg-K
  []

  [PyC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 1880.0 # kg/m^3
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []

  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    youngs_modulus = 3.7e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.13
  []

  [SiC_temperature]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = SiC
    thermal_conductivity = 13.9 # J/m-s-K
    specific_heat = 620.0 # J/kg-K
  []

  [SiC_den]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 3200.0 # kg/m^3
    block = SiC
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temperature]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient

  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart -pc_type -pc_hypre_type -pc_hypre_boomeramg_max_iter'
  petsc_options_value = '201                hypre    boomeramg      4'

  line_search = 'none'

  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-10
  nl_max_its = 15

  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 3.032e7

  dtmax = 2e5
  dtmin = 1
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 20
    optimal_iterations = 6
    iteration_window = 2
    linear_iteration_ratio = 100
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    block = fuel
    variable = burnup
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasGeneratedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []

  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralFisGasReleasedSifgrs
    block = fuel
  []
  [volumeTotal]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [volumeFuel]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = fuel_outer_boundary
  []
  [volumeGas]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 'fuel_outer_boundary IPyC_inner_boundary'
    addition = -5.53e-11
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [volumeBufferShell]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
  []
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  # Postprocessors for CO production

  [total_fission_rate]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    energy_per_fission = 1.0
  []

  [total_fissions]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = total_fission_rate
  []

  [avg_surface_temp]
    type = SideAverageValue
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
  []

  [time_int_surf_temp]
    type = TimeIntegratedPostprocessor
    value = avg_surface_temp
  []

  [co_production]
    type = CarbonMonoxideProduction
    total_fissions = total_fissions
    time_integrated_triso_temperature = time_int_surf_temp
    initial_enrichment = 0.14029
  []

  [tang_SiC]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    variable = stress_yy
    elementid = 18
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = true
  time_step_interval =  1
  exodus = true
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
[]

(test/tests/triso_failure/ad_triso_1d_ipyc_weibull_probability.i)

kernel_radius = 213.35e-6
buffer_thickness = 98.9e-6
IPyC_thickness = 40.4e-6
SiC_thickness = 35.2e-6
OPyC_thickness = 43.4e-6

coordinates1 = '${fparse kernel_radius}'
coordinates2 = '${fparse coordinates1+buffer_thickness}'
coordinates3 = '${fparse coordinates2+IPyC_thickness}'
coordinates4 = '${fparse coordinates3+SiC_thickness}'
coordinates5 = '${fparse coordinates4+OPyC_thickness}'

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x'
  initial_enrichment = 0.14029 # [wt-]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0 # convert E>0.10 to E>0.18 MeV
  stress_free_temperature = 481 # used for thermal expansion
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 # [J/fission]
  O_U = 1.428 # Initial Oxygen to Uranium atom ratio
  C_U = 0.392 # Initial Carbon to Uranium atom ratio
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '0 ${coordinates1} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates3} ${coordinates4} ${coordinates5}'
    mesh_density = '5 3 0 5 3 4'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[UserObjects]
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_OPyC = OPyC_outer_boundary
    outer_SiC = SiC_outer_boundary
    outer_IPyC = IPyC_outer_boundary
    inner_IPyC = IPyC_inner_boundary
    outer_buffer = buffer_outer_boundary
    outer_kernel = fuel_outer_boundary
    include_particle = true
    include_pebble = false
    IPyC_thickness_mean = 40.4e-6
    SiC_thickness_mean = 35.2e-6
    OPyC_thickness_mean = 43.4e-6
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 900
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [fission_rate]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 5.75e19
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = '1363350801.3058'
  []
  [stress_correlation_crackedIPyC]
    type = TRISOStressCorrelationFunction
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    polynomial_coefficients_IPyC = '1 7017 -2.368e8'
    polynomial_coefficients_SiC = '1 1.492e4 -3.802e7'
    polynomial_coefficients_OPyC = '1 -1.273e4 1.849e8'
    correlation_factor = -1.1824630660785265
  []
  [high_fidelity_strength_asphericity]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = '1086690814.283'
  []
  [stress_correlation_asphericity]
    type = TRISOStressCorrelationFunction
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    polynomial_coefficients_IPyC = '1 -2070 3.458e7'
    polynomial_coefficients_SiC = '1 -868.9 -1.368e7'
    polynomial_coefficients_OPyC = '1 1734 -1.988e7'
    correlation_factor = 1.0626986695756293
  []
  [stress_change_correlation_asphericity]
    type = TRISOStressCorrelationFunction
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    polynomial_coefficients_IPyC = '1 -856 1.593e7'
    polynomial_coefficients_SiC = '1 1774 -5.253e7'
    polynomial_coefficients_OPyC = '1 456.4 -1.459e7'
    correlation_factor = 1.0113764663823708
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz max_principal_stress'
  add_variables = true
  strain = FINITE
  incremental = true
  [fuel]
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'UCO_swelling_eigenstrain UCO_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
  []
  [buffer]
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_names = 'Buffer_IIDC_strain Buffer_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
  []
  [IPyC]
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'IPyC_IIDC_strain IPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    eigenstrain_names = 'SiC_thermal_eigenstrain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
  []
  [OPyC]
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'OPyC_IIDC_strain OPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = ADHeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = ADHeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = ADNeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = ADMaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [burnup]
    type = ADMaterialRealAux
    variable = burnup
    property = burnup
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = ADMaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = ADMaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe'
    released_fractions = '0.185 0.815'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    quadrature = false
    min_gap = 1e-7
    max_gap = 50e-6
    gap_geometry_type = sphere
    use_automatic_differentiation = true
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_disp_x]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = ADDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    value = 900
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [exterior_pressure_x]
    type = ADPressure
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = exterior
    factor = 0.1e6
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      startup_time = 1e4
      initial_pressure = 0
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_gas_temp
      volume = 'gap_volume buffer_void_volume kernel_void_volume'
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released'
      output = gas_pressure
      use_automatic_differentiation = true
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = ADGenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = ADFastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 6.2425e+17
  []
  [UCO_burnup]
    type = ADTRISOBurnup
    initial_density = 10966
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_thermal]
    type = ADUCOThermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADUCOElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_stress]
    type = ADComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain]
    type = ADUCOVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_swelling_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ADComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10.0e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_TE_strain
  []
  [UCO_density]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = 10966
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = ADUCOFGR
    block = fuel
    average_grain_radius = 10e-6
    temperature = temperature
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    cutoff_neutron_flux = 0.0
  []
  [BAF_IPyC]
    type = ADBaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0465
    block = IPyC
  []
  [BAF_OPyC]
    type = ADBaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0429
    block = OPyC
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADBufferElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_stress]
    type = ADBufferCEGACreep
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_thermal]
    type = ADBufferThermal
    block = buffer
    initial_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_density]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    block = buffer
    strain_free_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_TE]
    type = ADBufferThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_IIDC]
    type = ADBufferCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADPyCElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_stress]
    type = ADPyCCEGACreep
    block = IPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []

  [IPyC_thermal]
    type = ADHeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [IPyC_density]
    type = ADGenericConstantMaterial
    block = IPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1890
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
  []
  [IPyC_IIDC]
    type = ADPyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [IPyC_TE]
    type = ADPyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADMonolithicSiCElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    elastic_modulus_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ADComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_thermal]
    type = ADMonolithicSiCThermal
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_density]
    type = ADStrainAdjustedDensity
    block = SiC
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
  []
  [SiC_thermal_expansion]
    type = ADComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = SiC_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [OPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ADPyCElasticityTensor
    block = OPyC
    temperature = temperature
    initial_BAF = 1.0
  []
  [OPyC_stress]
    type = ADPyCCEGACreep
    block = OPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [OPyC_thermal_conductivity]
    type = ADHeatConductionMaterial
    block = OPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [OPyC_density]
    type = ADGenericConstantMaterial
    block = OPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1900
  []
  [OPyC_IIDC]
    type = ADPyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [OPyC_TE]
    type = ADPyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [characteristic_strength_SiC]
    type = ADGenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '9640000'
    block = SiC
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
  []
  [characteristic_strength_PyC]
    type = ADPyCCharacteristicStrength
    temperature = temperature
    X = 1.02
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 100
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-8
  nl_max_its = 20

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 4.831315e7

  dtmin = 1e-4
  dt = 5e5
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_gas_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = buffer
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ADElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [gap_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [buffer_void_volume]
    type = ADVoidVolume
    block = buffer
    theoretical_density = 2250
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [kernel_th_density]
    type = UCOTheoreticalDensity
    execute_on = initial
  []
  [kernel_void_volume]
    type = ADVoidVolume
    block = fuel
    theoretical_density = kernel_th_density
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [particle_power]
    type = ADElementIntegralPower
    variable = temperature
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_fluence]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = burnup
    block = fuel
    value_type = 'max'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ADElementExtremeMaterialProperty
    block = SiC
    value_type = min
    mat_prop = stress_yy
  []
  [weibull_failure_probability_IPyC]
    type = ADWeibullFailureProbability
    block = IPyC
    weibull_modulus = 9.5
    characteristic_strength = characteristic_strength
  []
  [weibull_failure_probability_SiC_crackedIPyC]
    type = ADWeibullFailureProbabilityUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = stress_yy
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_crackedIPyC'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_crackedIPyC'
  []
  [weibull_failure_probability_SiC]
    type = ADWeibullFailureProbabilityUsingCorrelation
    block = SiC
    weibull_modulus = 6
    stress_name = stress_yy
    high_fidelity_analysis_strength = 'high_fidelity_strength_asphericity'
    stress_correlation_function = 'stress_correlation_asphericity'
    stress_change_correlation_function = 'stress_change_correlation_asphericity'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  show = 'weibull_failure_probability_IPyC weibull_failure_probability_SiC weibull_failure_probability_SiC_crackedIPyC'
  print_linear_residuals = false
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = true
  exodus = false
  perf_graph = false
  print_linear_converged_reason = false
  print_nonlinear_converged_reason = false
[]

(examples/TRISO/correlation_function/h_asphericity/triso_asphericity.i)

kernel_radius = 213.35e-6
buffer_thickness = 98.9e-6
IPyC_thickness = 40.4e-6
SiC_thickness = 35.2e-6
OPyC_thickness = 43.4e-6
aspect_ratio = 1.04

coordinates1 = '${fparse kernel_radius}'
coordinates2 = '${fparse coordinates1+buffer_thickness}'
coordinates3 = '${fparse coordinates2+IPyC_thickness}'
coordinates4 = '${fparse coordinates3+SiC_thickness}'
coordinates5 = '${fparse coordinates4+OPyC_thickness}'

initial_fuel_density = 10966

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  initial_enrichment = 0.14029 # [wt-]
  flux_conversion_factor = 1.0 # convert E>0.10 to E>0.18 MeV
  stress_free_temperature = 481 # used for thermal expansion
  energy_per_fission = 3.204e-11 # [J/fission]
  O_U = 1.428 # Initial Oxygen to Uranium atom ratio
  C_U = 0.392 # Initial Carbon to Uranium atom ratio
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  [mesh]
    type = TRISO2DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = quad4
    coordinates = '0 ${coordinates1} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates2} ${coordinates3} ${coordinates4} ${coordinates5}'
    mesh_density = '20 8 0 4 4 4'
    block_names = 'fuel buffer IPyC SiC OPyC'
    num_sectors = 60
    aspect_ratio = ${aspect_ratio}
    all_bottom_left = True
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[UserObjects]
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_OPyC = OPyC_outer_boundary
    outer_SiC = SiC_outer_boundary
    outer_IPyC = IPyC_outer_boundary
    inner_IPyC = IPyC_inner_boundary
    outer_buffer = buffer_outer_boundary
    outer_kernel = fuel_outer_boundary
    include_particle = true
    include_pebble = false
    mesh_generator = mesh
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 481
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [fission_rate]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [burnup]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [temp_bc]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = outer_temp.csv
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 1
    format = columns
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 5.75e19
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz max_principal_stress'
  add_variables = true
  strain = FINITE
  incremental = true
  [fuel]
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_names = 'UCO_swelling_eigenstrain UCO_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [buffer]
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_names = 'Buffer_IIDC_strain Buffer_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [IPyC]
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'IPyC_IIDC_strain IPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [SiC]
    block = SiC
    eigenstrain_names = 'SiC_thermal_eigenstrain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [OPyC]
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_names = 'OPyC_IIDC_strain OPyC_TE_strain'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [fissionrate]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fission_rate
    property = fission_rate
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [burnup]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = burnup
    property = burnup
    block = fuel
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_flux
    property = fast_neutron_flux
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
  [fast_neutron_fluence]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = fast_neutron_fluence
    property = fast_neutron_fluence
    execute_on = timestep_begin
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GasGapHeatTransfer
    variable = temperature
    primary = IPyC_inner_boundary
    secondary = buffer_outer_boundary
    initial_moles = initial_moles
    gas_released = 'fis_gas_released'
    released_gas_types = 'Kr Xe'
    released_fractions = '0.185 0.815'
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-6
    quadrature = false
    min_gap = 1e-7
    max_gap = 50e-6
    gap_geometry_type = sphere
    sphere_origin = '0 0 0'
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_disp_x]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = xzero
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_disp_y]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = bottom
    value = 0.0
  []
  [freesurf_temp]
    type = FunctionDirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    function = temp_bc
    boundary = exterior
  []
  [Pressure]
    [exterior]
      boundary = exterior
      factor = 0.1e6
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
      startup_time = 1e4
      initial_pressure = 0
      R = 8.3145
      output_initial_moles = initial_moles
      temperature = ave_gas_temp
      volume = 'gap_volume buffer_void_volume kernel_void_volume'
      material_input = 'fis_gas_released'
      output = gas_pressure
    []
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [tangential_stress]
    type = RankTwoCylindricalComponent
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    cylindrical_axis_point1 = '0 0 0'
    cylindrical_axis_point2 = '0 0 1'
    cylindrical_component = HoopStress
    property_name = tangential_stress
    outputs = all
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
    block = fuel
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    factor = 6.2425e+17
  []
  [UCO_burnup]
    type = TRISOBurnup
    initial_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_thermal]
    type = UCOThermal
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UCOElasticityTensor
    block = fuel
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [UCO_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = fuel
  []
  [UCO_VolumetricSwellingEigenstrain]
    type = UCOVolumetricSwellingEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_swelling_eigenstrain
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = fuel
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 10.0e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = UCO_TE_strain
  []
  [UCO_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = fuel
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_release]
    type = UCOFGR
    block = fuel
    average_grain_radius = 10e-6
    temperature = temperature
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
    cutoff_neutron_flux = 0.0
  []
  [BAF_IPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0465
    block = IPyC
  []
  [BAF_OPyC]
    type = BaconAnisotropyFactor
    initial_BAF = 1.0429
    block = OPyC
  []
  [buffer_elasticity_tensor]
    type = BufferElasticityTensor
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_stress]
    type = BufferCEGACreep
    block = buffer
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_thermal]
    type = BufferThermal
    block = buffer
    initial_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = buffer
    strain_free_density = 1050.0
  []
  [buffer_TE]
    type = BufferThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [buffer_IIDC]
    type = BufferCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = buffer
    eigenstrain_name = Buffer_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [normal_vectors_triso]
    type = NormalVectorsTRISO
    block = 'buffer IPyC OPyC'
    triso_geometry = particle_geometry
  []
  [IPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = IPyC
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = IPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [IPyC_thermal]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = IPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [IPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = IPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1890
  []
  [IPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [IPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = IPyC
    eigenstrain_name = IPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [SiC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = MonolithicSiCElasticityTensor
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    elastic_modulus_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ComputeFiniteStrainElasticStress
    block = SiC
  []
  [SiC_thermal]
    type = MonolithicSiCThermal
    block = SiC
    temperature = temperature
    thermal_conductivity_model = miller
  []
  [SiC_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = SiC
    strain_free_density = 3200.0
  []
  [SiC_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = SiC
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 4.9e-6
    temperature = temperature
    eigenstrain_name = SiC_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [OPyC_elasticity_tensor]
    type = PyCElasticityTensor
    block = OPyC
    temperature = temperature
    initial_BAF = 1.0
  []
  [OPyC_stress]
    type = PyCCEGACreep
    block = OPyC
    creep_rate_scale_factor = 1
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [OPyC_thermal_conductivity]
    type = HeatConductionMaterial
    block = OPyC
    thermal_conductivity = 4.0
    specific_heat = 720.0
  []
  [OPyC_density]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    block = OPyC
    prop_names = 'density'
    prop_values = 1900
  []
  [OPyC_IIDC]
    type = PyCCEGAIrradiationEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_IIDC_strain
    temperature = temperature
    irradiation_eigenstrain_scale_factor = 1
  []
  [OPyC_TE]
    type = PyCThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = OPyC
    eigenstrain_name = OPyC_TE_strain
    temperature = temperature
  []
  [characteristic_strength_SiC]
    type = GenericConstantMaterial
    prop_values = '9640000'
    block = SiC
    prop_names = 'characteristic_strength'
  []
  [characteristic_strength_PyC]
    type = PyCCharacteristicStrength
    temperature = temperature
    X = 1.02
    block = 'IPyC OPyC'
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [temp]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = temperature
    max_increment = 100
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 5e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-8
  nl_max_its = 20

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 50

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 4.831315e7

  dtmin = 1e-4
  dt = 6e5
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_gas_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = buffer
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_released
    block = fuel
    use_displaced_mesh = false
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [gap_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = buffer_IPyC_boundary
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [buffer_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = buffer
    theoretical_density = 2250
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [kernel_th_density]
    type = UCOTheoreticalDensity
    execute_on = initial
  []
  [kernel_void_volume]
    type = VoidVolume
    block = fuel
    theoretical_density = kernel_th_density
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    use_displaced_mesh = true
  []
  [particle_power]
     type = ElementIntegralPower
     variable = temperature
     use_material_fission_rate = true
     fission_rate_material = fission_rate
     block = fuel
     execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_fluence]
     type = ElementExtremeValue
     variable = fast_neutron_fluence
     value_type = 'max'
     execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [max_burnup]
     type = ElementExtremeValue
     variable = burnup
     block = fuel
     value_type = 'max'
     execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [SiC_stress]
    type = ElementalVariableValue
    elementid = 6300
    variable = tangential_stress
  []
  [strength_SiC]
     type = WeibullEffectiveMeanStrength
     block = SiC
     weibull_modulus = 6
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = false
  time_step_interval =  1
  csv = true
  perf_graph = true
  exodus = true
[]

(test/tests/triso_pebble/1D_pebble.i)

[GlobalParams]
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  flux_conversion_factor = 0.85
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RSPHERICAL
  [gen]
    type = TRISO1DMeshGenerator
    elem_type = EDGE3
    coordinates = '0 0.0138 0.018 0.02'
    mesh_density = '5    10   10'
    block_names = 'core fuel shell'
  []
[]

[Distributions]
  [normal_kernel_r]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 213.35e-6
    standard_deviation = 4.4e-6
    lower_bound = 1.9575e-04
    upper_bound = 2.3095e-04
  []
  [normal_buffer_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 98.9e-6
    standard_deviation = 8.4e-6
    lower_bound = 6.53e-05
    upper_bound = 1.325e-04
  []
  [normal_ipyc_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 40.4e-6
    standard_deviation = 2.5e-6
    lower_bound = 3.0400e-05
    upper_bound = 5.0400e-05
  []
  [normal_sic_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 35.2e-6
    standard_deviation = 1.2e-6
    lower_bound = 3.0400e-05
    upper_bound = 4.0000e-05
  []
  [normal_opyc_t]
    type = TruncatedNormal
    mean = 43.4e-6
    standard_deviation = 2.9e-6
    lower_bound = 3.1800e-05
    upper_bound = 5.5000e-05
  []
[]

[Samplers]
  [sample]
    type = MonteCarlo
    num_rows = 10
    distributions = 'normal_kernel_r normal_buffer_t normal_ipyc_t normal_sic_t normal_opyc_t'
    execute_on = 'PRE_MULTIAPP_SETUP'
  []
[]

[MultiApps]
  [sub]
    type = SamplerTransientMultiApp
    input_files = triso_1d.i
    sampler = sample
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
    mode = normal
  []
[]

[DiracKernels]
  [vpp_point_source]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSource
    variable = temperature
    point_source_values = released_heat_inc
    value_name = released_heat_inc:released_heat_inc
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []
[]

[UserObjects]
  [point_source_location]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSourceLocation
    min_radius = 0.0138
    max_radius = 0.018
    geometry = SPHERE
    sampler = sample
    fuel_element_blocks = fuel
    execute_on = 'INITIAL'
  []
[]

[Transfers]
  [released_heat_inc]
    type = SamplerPostprocessorTransfer
    from_multi_app = sub
    sampler = sample
    to_vector_postprocessor = released_heat_inc
    from_postprocessor = released_heat_inc
  []
  [sub_temp_bc]
    type = SamplerPostprocessorTransfer
    from_multi_app = sub
    sampler = sample
    to_vector_postprocessor = temp_bc
    from_postprocessor = aver_temp_exterior
  []
  [temp_bc]
    type = MultiAppVectorPostprocessorTransfer
    to_multi_app = sub
    vector_postprocessor = sample_points
    postprocessor = temp_bc
    vector_name = temperature
  []
[]

[Controls]
  [cmdline]
    type = MultiAppSamplerControl
    multi_app = sub
    sampler = sample
    param_names = 'kernel_radius buffer_thickness IPyC_thickness SiC_thickness OPyC_thickness'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [sample_points]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointValueSampler
    variable = temperature
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []
  [sampler_data]
    type = SamplerData
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
    sampler = sample
  []
  [released_heat_inc]
    type = StochasticResults
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
  []
  [temp_bc]
    type = StochasticResults
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_BEGIN'
  []
  [point_source_output]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSourceOutput
    vector_postprocessor = released_heat_inc
    value_name = released_heat_inc:released_heat_inc
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []
  [temp_bc_output]
    type = TRISOMonteCarloPointSourceOutput
    vector_postprocessor = temp_bc
    value_name = sub_temp_bc:aver_temp_exterior
    point_source_location = point_source_location
  []
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[Variables]
  [temperature]
    initial_condition = 773.15
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [density]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [thermal_conductivity]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [specific_heat]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = FissionRateHeatSource
    variable = temperature
    block = fuel
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [density]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = density
    property = density
    block = 'core fuel shell'
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [thermal_conductivity]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = thermal_conductivity
    property = thermal_conductivity
    block = 'core fuel shell'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [specific_heat]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = specific_heat
    property = specific_heat
    block = 'core fuel shell'
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [coolant_temp]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temperature
    boundary = exterior
    value = 773.15
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 76e6'
    y = '1 1'
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = LinearCombinationFunction
    functions = power_history
    w = 5.75e19
  []
[]

[UserObjects]
  [particle_geometry]
    type = TRISOGeometry
    outer_core = core_outer_boundary
    outer_fueled_region = fuel_outer_boundary
    outer_shell = shell_outer_boundary
    include_particle = false
    include_pebble = true
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = fission_rate
    prop_values = fission_rate
  []
  [fast_neutron_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    calculate_fluence = true
    flux_function = power_history
    factor = 6.28e17
  []
  [fueled_region_thermal]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    block = fuel
    graphite_grade = A3_27_1800
    packing_fraction = 0.22
    temperature = temperature
    initial_matrix_density = 1750.0
  []
  [fuel_region_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = fuel
    property_name = density
    expression = 1750.0
  []
  [shell_region_thermal]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    block = shell
    graphite_grade = A3_27_1800
    packing_fraction = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    initial_matrix_density = 1750.0
  []
  [shell_region_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = shell
    property_name = density
    expression = 1750.0
  []
  [core_region_thermal]
    type = GraphiteMatrixThermal
    block = core
    graphite_grade = A3_27_1800
    packing_fraction = 0.0
    temperature = temperature
    initial_matrix_density = 1400.0
  []
  [core_region_density]
    type = ParsedMaterial
    block = core
    property_name = density
    expression = 1400.0
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = true
  show_var_residual = 'temperature'
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [smp]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu superlu_dist'

  line_search = 'none'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-12
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-12
  nl_max_its = 15

  l_tol = 1e-5
  l_max_its = 30

  start_time = 0.0
  dt = 20000
  num_steps = 2
[]

[Outputs]
  exodus = true
[]

(test/tests/solid_mechanics/failurecladHT9/ccg_short/ccgtest.i)

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y disp_z'
  volumetric_locking_correction = true
[]

[Mesh]
  use_displaced_mesh = false
  [mesh]
    type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
    dim = 3
    # In 3D, back = 0, bottom = 1, right = 2, top = 3, left = 4, front = 5
    nx = 3
    ny = 1
    nz = 3
    xmax = 1.5
    xmin = -1.5
    ymax = .5
    ymin = -.5
    zmax = 1.5
    zmin = -1.5
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 923.15
  []
  [disp_z]
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [clad_fail]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [a_crack]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [vonmises]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [creep_rate_aux]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [pressure_ramp_right]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0  0.00005'
    y = '-1.3e8 -1.4e8'
  []
  [pressure_ramp_left]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0  0.00005'
    y = '-1.3e8 -1.4e8'
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [all]
    strain = small
    incremental = true
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [clad_fail]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = clad_fail
    execute_on = 'timestep_end'
  []
  [a_crack]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = a_radius
    variable = a_crack
    execute_on = 'timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_rate_aux]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = creep_rate
    variable = creep_rate_aux
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [vonmises]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = vonmises
    scalar_type = VonMisesStress
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    scalar_type = HoopStress
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    scalar_type = Hydrostatic
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_y_bottom] # pin bottom in the axial direction (y)
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = '1'
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [rightPressure]
      boundary = '2'
      factor = 1
      function = pressure_ramp_right
    []
    [leftPressure]
      boundary = '4'
      factor = 1
      function = pressure_ramp_left
    []
  []
  [temp_fix]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = '1'
    value = 923.15  #K
  []
[]

[Materials]
  # This is the module being tested
  [FailureClad]
    block = 0
    type = HT9FailureClad
    hoop_stress = hoop_stress
    temperature = temp
    method = ccg_dcs
    # For CCG with D&CS
    eff_strain_rate_creep = creep_rate_aux
    hydrostatic_stress = hydrostatic_stress
    von_mises_stress = vonmises
  []

  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    block = 0
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = elastic
    inelastic_models = 'creep'
    block = 0
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = 0
    factor = 0.0
  []
  [HT9Thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = 0
    temperature = temp
  []
  [density]
    block = 0
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    strain_free_density = 7874
  []
  [creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    temperature = temp
    block = 0
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = PJFNK
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = '101'
  line_search = 'none'
  l_max_its = 100
  nl_max_its = 100
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-9
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-8
  l_tol = 1e-5
  start_time = 0.0
  num_steps = 2
  dt = 0.000005
[]

[Outputs]
  print_linear_residuals = false
  hide = 'creep_rate_aux disp_x disp_y disp_z hoop_stress hydrostatic_stress temp vonmises'
  [exodus]
    type = Exodus
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual_norms = false
  show_material_props = false
  show_actions = false
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_D/x441_grp_D.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11  # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    pellet_height = ${pellet_height}
    clad_top_gap_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    bottom_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    top_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    clad_bot_gap_height = 0.2e-3 # arbitrary
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    ny_p = 260
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 260
    ny_cu = ${ny_cu}
    ny_cl = ${ny_cl}
    pellet_quantity = 1
    elem_type = QUAD8
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_size = 30
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  # Aux variables for output
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [element_failed]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '0.151e6 0.151e6'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = pellet
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain gas_swelling_eigenstrain solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [failed_element]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = element_failed
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = pellet
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-3
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature   = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure      = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux      = 5261.5   # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material    = sodium
    rod_diameter        = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch           = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate    = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 2e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = UPuZrGaseousEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = gas_swelling_eigenstrain
    temperature = temp
    initial_porosity = 0.0
    bubble_number_density = 1e20
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'porosity gaseous_porosity'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = BurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = pellet
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = pellet
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [longHT9_failure]
    type = HT9FailureClad
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    method = cdf_long
    temperature = temp
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 10
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [flux_from_clad]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_prod
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_rel
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = pellet
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [gaseous_porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gaseous_porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'all_pellet_exterior'
  []
  [max_clad_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'clad_outside_top clad_outside_right'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [clad_total_hoop_strain]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    start_point = '2.90e-3 2.55e-3 0.0'
    end_point = '2.90e-3 0.725 0.0'
    num_points = 300
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec6'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 42000400'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_fuel_elongation max_clad_elongation max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec6]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec6
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(assessment/metallic_fuel/EBRII/X441/analysis/group_F/x441_grp_F.i)

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  order = SECOND
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11  # J/fission
  volumetric_locking_correction = false
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
  group_variables = 'disp_x disp_y'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  # Nominal Design Geometric Parameters (X441)
  [smeared_pellet_mesh]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = ${clad_thickness}
    pellet_outer_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    pellet_height = ${pellet_height}
    clad_top_gap_height = ${clad_top_gap_height}
    clad_gap_width = ${clad_gap_width}
    bottom_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    top_clad_height = ${top_bot_clad_height}
    clad_bot_gap_height = 0.2e-3 # arbitrary
    # meshing parameters
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 6
    ny_p = 260
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 260
    ny_cu = ${ny_cu}
    ny_cl = ${ny_cl}
    pellet_quantity = 1
    elem_type = QUAD8
  []
  # mesh options
  patch_size = 30
  patch_update_strategy = auto
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
[]

[Variables]
  [disp_x]
  []
  [disp_y]
  []
  [temp]
    initial_condition = 298
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  # Aux variables for output
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [cumulative_damage_index]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [element_failed]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '0 44722 44722    0'
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 42000400'
    y = '0.151e6 0.151e6'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   41990400 42000400'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = PowerPeakingFunction
    fit = EBRII_ROW_4
    pellet_length = ${pellet_height}
    pellet_y_start = ${pellet_y_start}
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  [fuel]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = pellet
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain gas_swelling_eigenstrain solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
  []
  [clad]
    strain = FINITE
    generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = temp
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = NeutronHeatSource
    variable = temp
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [cdf_amount]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = cdf_failure
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [failed_element]
    boundary = 2
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = failed
    variable = element_failed
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = RankTwoScalarAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = volumetric_strain
    scalar_type = VolumetricStrain
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = pellet
  []
  [hoop_stress]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = stress
    variable = hoop_stress
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [hoop_creep_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = creep_strain
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [hoop_elastic_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = elastic_strain
    variable = hoop_elastic_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
    normalize_penalty = true
    tangential_tolerance = 1e-3
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = temp
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = ${clad_gap_width}
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    variable = temp
    inlet_temperature   = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure      = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux      = 5261.5   # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material    = sodium
    rod_diameter        = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch           = 7.48e-3 # m (Pitch-to-diameter Ratio = 1.28)
    linear_heat_rate    = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = UPuZrFissionRate
    rod_linear_power = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    pellet_radius = ${pellet_outer_radius}
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu_function = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    initial_X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    initial_X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_inelastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = pellet
    temperature = temp
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 2e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = pellet
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = UPuZrGaseousEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = gas_swelling_eigenstrain
    temperature = temp
    initial_porosity = 0.0
    bubble_number_density = 1e20
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'porosity gaseous_porosity'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = BurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = pellet
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = pellet
    X_Zr = ${X_Zr}
    X_Pu = ${X_Pu}
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
    temperature = temp
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = pellet
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 2.47e19
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    temperature = temp
    stress_free_temperature = 295.0
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
    temperature = temp
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
  [longHT9_failure]
    type = HT9FailureClad
    boundary = '1 2 3'
    method = cdf_long
    temperature = temp
    hoop_stress = stress_zz # Since 2D-RZ
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 60
  l_tol = 8e-3
  nl_max_its = 40
  nl_rel_tol = 5e-4
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 42000400
  dtmin = 10
  dtmax = 5e5

  [Quadrature]
    order = fifth
    side_order = seventh
  []
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   41990400 42000400'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = temp
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [approx_FCT]
    type = AverageNodalVariableValue
    boundary = 12
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_approx_FCT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = approx_FCT
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = temp
  []
  [max_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = temp
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = temp
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
  []
  [peak_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    addition = ${gas_addition}
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [flux_from_clad]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = temp
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [max_cdf]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    variable = cumulative_damage_index
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_prod
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = fis_gas_rel
    block = pellet
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = pellet
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [fission_rate]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [gaseous_porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gaseous_porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'all_pellet_exterior'
  []
  [max_clad_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 'clad_outside_top clad_outside_right'
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [clad_x_disp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec1'
  []
  [fuel_cl_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 12
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec2'
  []
  [fuel_surf_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec3'
  []
  [clad_inn_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 5
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec4'
  []
  [clad_out_temp]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = temp
    boundary = 2
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec5'
  []
  [clad_total_hoop_strain]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    start_point = '2.90e-3 2.55e-3 0.0'
    end_point = '2.90e-3 0.725 0.0'
    num_points = 300
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec6'
  []
  [fuel_surf_disp_x]
    type = NodalValueSampler
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
    sort_by = y
    outputs = 'vec7'
  []
[]

[PerformanceMetricOutputs]
  outputs = performance_metrics_file
[]

[Outputs]
  time_step_interval =  10
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  sync_times = '1e3 5e3 1e4 5e4 1e5 5e6 1e6 5e6 1e7 2e7 3e7 4e7 41990400 42000400'
  file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal
  [out2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_out2
    time_step_interval =  1
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
  [chkfile]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_chkfile
    show = 'max_approx_FCT max_ave_FST max_ave_CIT average_burnup fis_gas_percent max_clad_hoop_creep max_fuel_elongation max_clad_elongation max_total_hoop_strain'
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [performance_metrics_file]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_performance_metrics
    show = 'simulation_alive_time number_linear_iterations number_nonlinear_iterations time_step_size total_linear_iterations total_nonlinear_iterations physical_memory_use number_dofs number_nonlinear_variables residual_compute_time jacobian_compute_time'
  []
  [vec1]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec1
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec2]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec2
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec3]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec3
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec4]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec4
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec5]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec5
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec6]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec6
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
  [vec7]
    type = CSV
    file_base = x441_${group_name}_nominal_vec7
    execute_on = 'FINAL'
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y temp'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

(examples/metal_fuel/uzr_densification/ebr2_2d_interpores_densification.i)

# Baseline of U10Zr DP21 pin without bond sodium in 2D.

initial_fuel_density = 15800.0

[GlobalParams]
  order = FIRST
  family = LAGRANGE
  energy_per_fission = 3.2e-11 # J/fission
  displacements = 'disp_x disp_y'
  temperature = Temperature
  stress_free_temperature = 298.0
  tangential_tolerance = 1e-4
[]

[Problem]
  type = ReferenceResidualProblem
  reference_vector = 'ref'
  extra_tag_vectors = 'ref'
[]

[Mesh]
  coord_type = RZ
  patch_size = 50
  patch_update_strategy = always
  partitioner = centroid
  centroid_partitioner_direction = y
  [fuel_2d]
    type = FuelPinMeshGenerator
    clad_thickness = 3.81e-4
    pellet_outer_radius = 24.4e-4
    pellet_height = 250.0e-4
    clad_top_gap_height = 240.0e-4
    clad_gap_width = 1.0e-4
    bottom_clad_height = 80.0e-4
    top_clad_height = 80.0e-4
    clad_bot_gap_height = 10.0e-4
    clad_mesh_density = customize
    pellet_mesh_density = customize
    nx_p = 20
    ny_p = 150
    nx_c = 4
    ny_c = 150
    ny_cu = 8
    ny_cl = 8
    pellet_quantity = 1
    elem_type = QUAD4
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [Temperature]
    initial_condition = 298.0
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]
  # Aux variables for output
  [gap_cond]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [coolant_htc]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [solid_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [gas_swell]
    block = pellet
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
  []
  [energy_density]
    order = CONSTANT
    family = MONOMIAL
    block = pellet
    initial_condition = 0.0
  []
[]

[Functions]
  [power_history]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1e5   109989115 110376000'
    y = '0 45000 45000    0' # LHGR (not power density)
  []
  [coolant_press_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1.5552e7'
    y = '0.151e6 0.151e6'
  []
  [coolant_temp_ramp]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 2e5   109989115 110376000'
    y = '298.0  648.0  648.0  350.0'
  []
  [axial_peaking_factors]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 1.0
  []
  [engr_radial_strain_fuel]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'fuel_disp_rad / 2.50e-03'
    symbol_values = 'max_fuel_radial_disp'
    symbol_names = 'fuel_disp_rad'
  []
  [engr_axial_strain_fuel]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'fuel_disp_axial / 100.0e-3'
    symbol_values = 'max_fuel_elongation'
    symbol_names = 'fuel_disp_axial'
  []
  [fission_rate_scale_factor]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 1.670784726E+15
    # 1/cross_sectional_area_of_fuel/energy_per_fission =
    # Remember to remove hole area, when there are some
  []
  [fission_history]
    type = CompositeFunction
    functions = 'power_history fission_rate_scale_factor'
    # This converts it to a fission rate density.
  []
[]

[Physics/SolidMechanics/QuasiStatic]
  add_variables = true
  strain = FINITE
  generate_output = 'stress_xx stress_yy stress_zz vonmises_stress hydrostatic_stress creep_strain_xx creep_strain_yy creep_strain_zz elastic_strain_xx elastic_strain_yy elastic_strain_zz strain_xx strain_yy strain_zz hoop_stress'
  [fuel]
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = pellet
    eigenstrain_names = 'fuel_thermal_strain gas_swelling_eigenstrain solid_swelling_eigenstrain'
    additional_generate_output = 'volumetric_strain'
  []
  [clad]
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = clad
    eigenstrain_names = 'clad_thermal_eigenstrain'
    additional_generate_output = 'hoop_creep_strain hoop_elastic_strain'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  # Define kernels for the various terms in the PDE system
  [gravity]
    type = Gravity
    variable = disp_y
    value = -9.81
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat]
    type = HeatConduction
    variable = Temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_ie]
    type = HeatConductionTimeDerivative
    variable = Temperature
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
  []
  [heat_source]
    type = FissionRateHeatSource
    variable = Temperature
    fission_rate = 'fission_rate'
    extra_vector_tags = 'ref'
    block = pellet
  []
[]

[AuxKernels]
  [conductance]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    property = gap_conductance
    variable = gap_cond
    boundary = 10
  []
  [gas_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = gas_swell
    property = gas_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [solid_swell]
    type = MaterialRealAux
    variable = solid_swell
    property = solid_swelling
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [total_hoop_strain]
    type = RankTwoAux
    rank_two_tensor = total_strain
    variable = total_hoop_strain
    index_j = 2
    index_i = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
    block = clad
  []
  [time_integral_fission]
    type = VariableTimeIntegrationAux
    block = pellet
    variable = energy_density
    variable_to_integrate = fission_rate
    coefficient = 3.2e-11 # energy_per_fission
    order = 2
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[Contact]
  [pellet_clad_mechanical]
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    penalty = 1e12
    model = frictionless
    formulation = kinematic
    normalize_penalty = true
    normal_smoothing_distance = 0.1
  []
[]

[ThermalContact]
  [thermal_contact]
    type = GapHeatTransfer
    variable = Temperature
    primary = 5
    secondary = 10
    quadrature = true
    gap_conductivity = 61.0
    min_gap = 0.1e-3
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [no_x_all]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 12
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_fuel]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 20
    value = 0.0
  []
  [no_y_clad]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 1
    value = 0.0
  []
  [Pressure]
    [coolantPressure]
      boundary = '1 2 3'
      function = coolant_press_ramp
    []
  []
  [PlenumPressure]
    [plenumPressure]
      boundary = 9
      initial_pressure = 0.084e6 # Pa
      startup_time = 0
      R = 8.3143
      temperature = ave_temp_interior
      volume = gas_volume
      output = plenum_pressure
      material_input = fis_gas_released
    []
  []
[]

[CoolantChannel]
  [convective_clad_surface]
    boundary = '2'
    variable = Temperature
    inlet_temperature = coolant_temp_ramp
    inlet_pressure = coolant_press_ramp
    inlet_massflux = 5000.0 # kg/m^2-sec
    coolant_material = sodium
    rod_diameter = 5.84e-3 # m
    rod_pitch = 0.0069 # m
    linear_heat_rate = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors
    subchannel_geometry = triangular
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'coolant_temperature coolant_channel_htc'
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [fission_rate]
    type = GenericFunctionMaterial
    prop_names = 'fission_rate'
    prop_values = fission_history
    block = pellet
    outputs = all
  []
  [burnup]
    type = UPuZrBurnup
    block = pellet
    density = ${initial_fuel_density}
    outputs = all
  []
  [fuel_elasticity_tensor]
    type = UPuZrElasticityTensor
    X_Zr = 0.225
    X_Pu = 0.0
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_elastic_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'fuel_upuzrcreep'
    block = pellet
  []
  [fuel_upuzrcreep]
    type = UPuZrCreepUpdate
    block = pellet
    porosity = porosity
    max_inelastic_increment = 2e-3
  []
  [fuel_thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = fuel_thermal_strain
    block = pellet
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.18e-5
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = UPuZrGaseousEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = gas_swelling_eigenstrain
    initial_porosity = 0.3
    bubble_number_density = 8.61e17
    interconnection_initiating_porosity = 0.26
    interconnection_terminating_porosity = 0.28
    anisotropic_factor = 0.0
    densification = true
    outputs = all
    output_properties = 'porosity gaseous_porosity'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = BurnupDependentEigenstrain
    eigenstrain_name = solid_swelling_eigenstrain
    block = pellet
    swelling_name = 'solid_swelling'
  []
  [metal_fuel_thermal]
    type = UPuZrThermal
    block = pellet
    X_Zr = 0.225
    X_Pu = 0.0
    spheat_model = savage
    thcond_model = lanl
    porosity = porosity
  []
  [fuel_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = pellet
    strain_free_density = ${initial_fuel_density}
  []
  [fission_gas_behavior]
    type = UPuZrFissionGasRelease
    block = pellet
    critical_porosity = 0.27
    fractional_fgr_initial = 0.252
    fractional_fgr_post = 0.801
    fission_rate = fission_rate
  []
  [clad_elasticity_tensor]
    type = ComputeIsotropicElasticityTensor
    youngs_modulus = 1.88e11
    poissons_ratio = 0.236
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_stress]
    type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
    tangent_operator = nonlinear
    inelastic_models = 'clad_ht9creep'
    block = clad
  []
  [fast_flux]
    type = FastNeutronFlux
    block = clad
    factor = 3e13 # This was recommended in FastNeutronFluxAux for LHGR
    # However, this gives 1.35e18 which is not what AL used
    #  before of 2.47e19. Not sure which is right.
    calculate_fluence = true
    rod_ave_lin_pow = power_history
    axial_power_profile = axial_peaking_factors # which is just 1
    outputs = all
  []
  [clad_ht9creep]
    type = HT9CreepUpdate
    block = clad
  []
  [thermal_expansion]
    type = ComputeThermalExpansionEigenstrain
    block = clad
    thermal_expansion_coeff = 1.2e-5
    eigenstrain_name = clad_thermal_eigenstrain
  []
  [clad_thermal]
    type = HT9Thermal
    block = clad
  []
  [clad_density]
    type = StrainAdjustedDensity
    block = clad
    strain_free_density = 7874.0
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Dampers]
  [limitT]
    type = MaxIncrement
    variable = Temperature
    max_increment = 50
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  petsc_options = '-snes_ksp_ew'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type -pc_factor_mat_solver_package -ksp_gmres_restart'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu       superlu_dist                  51'
  line_search = 'none'

  l_max_its = 100
  l_tol = 1e-3
  nl_max_its = 100
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-5
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7

  end_time = 110376000 # 3.5 years. If need faster run, then 1 year should be fine
  dtmin = 10
  dtmax = 5e6
  num_steps = 5
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    timestep_limiting_postprocessor = creep_timestep
    dt = 1e2
    time_t = '0   1e5   1.54656e7 1.5552e7'
    time_dt = '1e2 1e2    1e2    1e2'
    iteration_window = 4
    optimal_iterations = 10
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [ave_temp_interior]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 9
    variable = Temperature
    execute_on = 'initial linear'
  []
  [ave_FST]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 10
    variable = Temperature
  []
  [peak_ave_FST]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_FST
  []
  [ave_CIT]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = 5
    variable = Temperature
  []
  [peak_ave_CIT]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = ave_CIT
  []
  [avg_clad_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = Temperature
    block = clad
  []
  [max_clad_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = Temperature
    value_type = max
    block = clad
  []
  [peak_clad_temp]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = max_clad_temp
  []
  [avg_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = Temperature
    block = pellet
  []
  [max_fuel_temp]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = Temperature
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [peak_fuel_temp]
    type = TimeExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    postprocessor = max_fuel_temp
  []
  [peak_coolant_temperature]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = coolant_temperature
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    outputs = all
  []
  [max_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [min_hydro]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
  []
  [max_porosity]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    variable = porosity
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
  []
  [clad_inner_vol]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 7
  []
  [pellet_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 8
  []
  [gas_volume]
    type = InternalVolume
    boundary = 9
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [clad_fuel_gap]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = penetration
    boundary = 10
  []
  [max_cont_press]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = contact_pressure
    boundary = 10
  []
  [flux_from_clad]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = Temperature
    boundary = 5
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [flux_from_fuel]
    type = SideDiffusiveFluxIntegral
    variable = Temperature
    boundary = 10
    diffusivity = thermal_conductivity
  []
  [rod_total_power]
    type = ElementIntegralPower
    variable = Temperature
    use_material_fission_rate = true
    fission_rate_material = fission_rate
    block = pellet
  []
  [LHGR_W_per_cm]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = power_history
    scale_factor = 0.01
  []
  [average_burnup]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [max_burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [min_burnup]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = min
    block = pellet
    variable = burnup
  []
  [creep_timestep]
    type = MaterialTimeStepPostprocessor
    block = pellet
  []
  [hydrostatic_stress]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = hydrostatic_stress
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
    block = pellet
  []
  [solid_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = solid_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [gas_swelling]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gas_swell
    block = pellet
  []
  [volumetric_strain]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = volumetric_strain
    block = pellet
  []
  [porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [gaseous_porosity]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = gaseous_porosity
    block = pellet
  []
  [fis_gas_percent]
    type = FGRPercent
    fission_gas_released = fis_gas_released
    fission_gas_generated = fis_gas_produced
  []
  [fis_gas_released]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    block = pellet
    mat_prop = fis_gas_rel
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [fis_gas_produced]
    type = ElementIntegralMaterialProperty
    block = pellet
    mat_prop = fis_gas_prod
  []
  [max_clad_hoop_creep]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = hoop_creep_strain
  []
  [max_total_hoop_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = clad
    variable = total_hoop_strain
  []
  [max_fuel_radial_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
    variable = strain_xx
  []
  [max_fuel_axial_strain]
    type = ElementExtremeValue
    value_type = max
    block = pellet
    variable = strain_yy
  []
  [max_fuel_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 11
  []
  [max_fuel_radial_disp]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_x
    boundary = 10
  []
  [engr_strain_fuel_radial]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = engr_radial_strain_fuel
  []
  [engr_strain_fuel_axial]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = engr_axial_strain_fuel
  []
  [max_clad_elongation]
    type = NodalExtremeValue
    variable = disp_y
    boundary = 3
  []
  [etot_bison]
    type = ElementIntegralVariablePostprocessor
    block = pellet
    variable = energy_density
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  color = true
  exodus = true
  perf_graph = true
  csv = true
  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 25
    time_step_interval =  1
    output_linear = true
  []
[]

[Debug]
  show_var_residual = 'disp_x disp_y Temperature'
  show_var_residual_norms = true
[]

Description
Example Input Syntax
Input Parameters
Input Files