boundary_info.C

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// The libMesh Finite Element Library.
// Copyright (C) 2002-2025 Benjamin S. Kirk, John W. Peterson, Roy H. Stogner

// This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
// modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
// License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
// version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
// Lesser General Public License for more details.

// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
// License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
// Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA



// Local includes
#include "libmesh/libmesh_config.h"
#include "libmesh/libmesh_logging.h"
#include "libmesh/boundary_info.h"
#include "libmesh/distributed_mesh.h"
#include "libmesh/elem.h"
#include "libmesh/mesh_communication.h"
#include "libmesh/mesh_serializer.h"
#include "libmesh/parallel.h"
#include "libmesh/partitioner.h"
#include "libmesh/remote_elem.h"
#include "libmesh/unstructured_mesh.h"
#include "libmesh/elem_side_builder.h"

// TIMPI includes
#include "timpi/parallel_sync.h"

// C++ includes
#include <iterator>  // std::distance
#include <algorithm> // std::max_element

namespace
{

// Templated helper function for removing a subset of keys from a
// multimap that further satisfy a given predicate on the
// corresponding values.
template <class Key, class T, class Pred>
void erase_if(std::multimap<Key,T> & map, Key k, Pred pred)
{
  auto rng = map.equal_range(k);
  auto it = rng.first;
  while (it != rng.second)
    {
      if (pred(it->second))
        it = map.erase(it);
      else
        ++it;
    }
}

// Similar to the helper function above but doesn't take a key,
// instead it applies the predicate to every value in the map.
template <class Key, class T, class Pred>
void erase_if(std::multimap<Key,T> & map, Pred pred)
{
  auto it = map.begin();
  while (it != map.end())
    {
      if (pred(it->second))
        it = map.erase(it);
      else
        ++it;
    }
}

// Helper func for renumber_id
template <typename Map, typename T>
void renumber_name(Map & m, T old_id, T new_id)
{
  if (const auto it = std::as_const(m).find(old_id);
      it != m.end())
    {
      m[new_id] = it->second;
      m.erase(it);
    }
}

}

namespace libMesh
{



//------------------------------------------------------
// BoundaryInfo static member initializations
const boundary_id_type BoundaryInfo::invalid_id = -123;



//------------------------------------------------------
// BoundaryInfo functions
BoundaryInfo::BoundaryInfo(MeshBase & m) :
  ParallelObject(m.comm()),
  _mesh (&m),
  _children_on_boundary(false)
{
}

BoundaryInfo & BoundaryInfo::operator=(const BoundaryInfo & other_boundary_info)
{
  // Overwrite any preexisting boundary info
  this->clear();

  // Copy node boundary info
  for (const auto & [node, bid] : other_boundary_info._boundary_node_id)
    _boundary_node_id.emplace(_mesh->node_ptr(node->id()), bid);

  // Copy edge boundary info
  for (const auto & [elem, id_pair] : other_boundary_info._boundary_edge_id)
    _boundary_edge_id.emplace(_mesh->elem_ptr(elem->id()), id_pair);

  // Copy shellface boundary info
  for (const auto & [elem, id_pair] : other_boundary_info._boundary_shellface_id)
    _boundary_shellface_id.emplace(_mesh->elem_ptr(elem->id()), id_pair);

  // Copy side boundary info
  for (const auto & [elem, id_pair] : other_boundary_info._boundary_side_id)
    _boundary_side_id.emplace(_mesh->elem_ptr(elem->id()), id_pair);

  _boundary_ids = other_boundary_info._boundary_ids;
  _global_boundary_ids = other_boundary_info._global_boundary_ids;
  _side_boundary_ids = other_boundary_info._side_boundary_ids;
  _node_boundary_ids = other_boundary_info._node_boundary_ids;
  _edge_boundary_ids = other_boundary_info._edge_boundary_ids;
  _shellface_boundary_ids = other_boundary_info._shellface_boundary_ids;

  _ss_id_to_name = other_boundary_info._ss_id_to_name;
  _ns_id_to_name = other_boundary_info._ns_id_to_name;
  _es_id_to_name = other_boundary_info._es_id_to_name;

  return *this;
}


bool BoundaryInfo::operator==(const BoundaryInfo & other_boundary_info) const
{
  for (const auto & [other_node, bid] : other_boundary_info._boundary_node_id)
    {
      const Node * node = this->_mesh->query_node_ptr(other_node->id());
      if (!node)
        return false;
      if (!this->has_boundary_id(node, bid))
        return false;
    }
  for (const auto & [node, bid] : this->_boundary_node_id)
    {
      const Node * other_node =
        other_boundary_info._mesh->query_node_ptr(node->id());
      if (!other_node)
        return false;
      if (!other_boundary_info.has_boundary_id(other_node, bid))
        return false;
    }

  auto compare_edges = [&](const Elem * elem,
                           const Elem * other_elem,
                           unsigned short int edge)
  {
    if (!elem)
      return false;
    if (!other_elem)
      return false;

    std::vector<boundary_id_type> our_edges, other_edges;
    this->edge_boundary_ids(elem, edge, our_edges);
    other_boundary_info.edge_boundary_ids(other_elem, edge, other_edges);
    if (our_edges.size() != other_edges.size())
      return false;

    std::sort(our_edges.begin(), our_edges.end());
    std::sort(other_edges.begin(), other_edges.end());
    for (auto i : index_range(our_edges))
      if (our_edges[i] != other_edges[i])
        return false;
    return true;
  };

  for (const auto & [other_elem, edge_id_pair] : other_boundary_info._boundary_edge_id)
    {
      const Elem * elem = this->_mesh->query_elem_ptr(other_elem->id());
      if (!compare_edges(elem, other_elem, edge_id_pair.first))
        return false;
    }

  for (const auto & [elem, edge_id_pair] : this->_boundary_edge_id)
    {
      const Elem * other_elem = other_boundary_info._mesh->query_elem_ptr(elem->id());
      if (!compare_edges(elem, other_elem, edge_id_pair.first))
        return false;
    }

  auto compare_sides = [&](const Elem * elem,
                           const Elem * other_elem,
                           unsigned short int side)
  {
    if (!elem)
      return false;
    if (!other_elem)
      return false;

    std::vector<boundary_id_type> our_sides, other_sides;
    this->boundary_ids(elem, side, our_sides);
    other_boundary_info.boundary_ids(other_elem, side, other_sides);
    if (our_sides.size() != other_sides.size())
      return false;

    std::sort(our_sides.begin(), our_sides.end());
    std::sort(other_sides.begin(), other_sides.end());
    for (auto i : index_range(our_sides))
      if (our_sides[i] != other_sides[i])
        return false;
    return true;
  };

  for (const auto & [other_elem, side_id_pair] : other_boundary_info._boundary_side_id)
    {
      const Elem * elem = this->_mesh->query_elem_ptr(other_elem->id());
      if (!compare_sides(elem, other_elem, side_id_pair.first))
        return false;
    }

  for (const auto & [elem, side_id_pair] : this->_boundary_side_id)
    {
      const Elem * other_elem = other_boundary_info._mesh->query_elem_ptr(elem->id());
      if (!compare_sides(elem, other_elem, side_id_pair.first))
        return false;
    }

  auto compare_shellfaces = [&](const Elem * elem,
                                const Elem * other_elem,
                                unsigned short int shellface)
  {
    if (!elem)
      return false;
    if (!other_elem)
      return false;

    std::vector<boundary_id_type> our_shellfaces, other_shellfaces;
    this->shellface_boundary_ids(elem, shellface, our_shellfaces);
    other_boundary_info.shellface_boundary_ids(other_elem, shellface, other_shellfaces);
    if (our_shellfaces.size() != other_shellfaces.size())
      return false;

    std::sort(our_shellfaces.begin(), our_shellfaces.end());
    std::sort(other_shellfaces.begin(), other_shellfaces.end());
    for (auto i : index_range(our_shellfaces))
      if (our_shellfaces[i] != other_shellfaces[i])
        return false;
    return true;
  };

  for (const auto & [other_elem, shellface_id_pair] : other_boundary_info._boundary_shellface_id)
    {
      const Elem * elem = this->_mesh->query_elem_ptr(other_elem->id());
      if (!compare_shellfaces(elem, other_elem, shellface_id_pair.first))
        return false;
    }

  for (const auto & [elem, shellface_id_pair] : this->_boundary_shellface_id)
    {
      const Elem * other_elem = other_boundary_info._mesh->query_elem_ptr(elem->id());
      if (!compare_shellfaces(elem, other_elem, shellface_id_pair.first))
        return false;
    }

  if (_children_on_boundary != other_boundary_info._children_on_boundary)
    return false;

  auto compare_sets = [](const auto & set1, const auto & set2)
  {
    if (set1.size() != set2.size())
      return false;
    for (boundary_id_type bid : set1)
      if (!set2.count(bid))
        return false;

    return true;
  };

  if (!compare_sets(_boundary_ids,
                    other_boundary_info._boundary_ids) ||
      !compare_sets(_global_boundary_ids,
                    other_boundary_info._global_boundary_ids) ||
      !compare_sets(_edge_boundary_ids,
                    other_boundary_info._edge_boundary_ids) ||
      !compare_sets(_node_boundary_ids,
                    other_boundary_info._node_boundary_ids) ||
      !compare_sets(_shellface_boundary_ids,
                    other_boundary_info._shellface_boundary_ids) ||
      !compare_sets(_side_boundary_ids,
                    other_boundary_info._side_boundary_ids))
    return false;

  auto compare_maps = [](const auto & map1, const auto & map2)
  {
    if (map1.size() != map2.size())
      return false;
    for (const auto & pair : map1)
      if (!map2.count(pair.first) ||
          map2.at(pair.first) != pair.second)
        return false;

    return true;
  };

  if (!compare_maps(_ss_id_to_name,
                    other_boundary_info._ss_id_to_name) ||
      !compare_maps(_ns_id_to_name,
                    other_boundary_info._ns_id_to_name) ||
      !compare_maps(_es_id_to_name,
                    other_boundary_info._es_id_to_name))
    return false;

  return true;
}


BoundaryInfo::~BoundaryInfo() = default;



void BoundaryInfo::clear()
{
  _boundary_node_id.clear();
  _boundary_side_id.clear();
  _boundary_edge_id.clear();
  _boundary_shellface_id.clear();
  _boundary_ids.clear();
  _side_boundary_ids.clear();
  _node_boundary_ids.clear();
  _edge_boundary_ids.clear();
  _shellface_boundary_ids.clear();
  _ss_id_to_name.clear();
  _ns_id_to_name.clear();
  _es_id_to_name.clear();
}



void BoundaryInfo::regenerate_id_sets()
{
  const auto old_ss_id_to_name = _ss_id_to_name;
  const auto old_ns_id_to_name = _ns_id_to_name;
  const auto old_es_id_to_name = _es_id_to_name;

  // Clear the old caches
  _boundary_ids.clear();
  _side_boundary_ids.clear();
  _node_boundary_ids.clear();
  _edge_boundary_ids.clear();
  _shellface_boundary_ids.clear();
  _ss_id_to_name.clear();
  _ns_id_to_name.clear();
  _es_id_to_name.clear();

  // Loop over id maps to regenerate each set.
  for (const auto & pr : _boundary_node_id)
    {
      const boundary_id_type id = pr.second;
      _boundary_ids.insert(id);
      _node_boundary_ids.insert(id);
      if (const auto it = old_ns_id_to_name.find(id);
          it != old_ns_id_to_name.end())
        _ns_id_to_name.emplace(id, it->second);
    }

  for (const auto & pr : _boundary_edge_id)
    {
      const boundary_id_type id = pr.second.second;
      _boundary_ids.insert(id);
      _edge_boundary_ids.insert(id);
      if (const auto it = old_es_id_to_name.find(id);
          it != old_es_id_to_name.end())
        _es_id_to_name.emplace(id, it->second);
    }

  for (const auto & pr : _boundary_side_id)
    {
      const boundary_id_type id = pr.second.second;
      _boundary_ids.insert(id);
      _side_boundary_ids.insert(id);
      if (const auto it = old_ss_id_to_name.find(id);
          it != old_ss_id_to_name.end())
        _ss_id_to_name.emplace(id, it->second);
    }

  for (const auto & pr : _boundary_shellface_id)
    {
      const boundary_id_type id = pr.second.second;
      _boundary_ids.insert(id);
      _shellface_boundary_ids.insert(id);
    }

  // Handle global data
  libmesh_assert(_mesh);
  if (!_mesh->is_serial())
    {
      _communicator.set_union(_ss_id_to_name);
      _communicator.set_union(_ns_id_to_name);
      _communicator.set_union(_es_id_to_name);
    }

  this->synchronize_global_id_set();
}



void BoundaryInfo::synchronize_global_id_set()
{
  // Handle global data
  _global_boundary_ids = _boundary_ids;
  libmesh_assert(_mesh);
  if (!_mesh->is_serial())
    _communicator.set_union(_global_boundary_ids);
}



void BoundaryInfo::sync (UnstructuredMesh & boundary_mesh)
{
  std::set<boundary_id_type> request_boundary_ids(_boundary_ids);
  request_boundary_ids.insert(invalid_id);
  if (!_mesh->is_serial())
    this->comm().set_union(request_boundary_ids);

  this->sync(request_boundary_ids,
             boundary_mesh);
}



void BoundaryInfo::sync (const std::set<boundary_id_type> & requested_boundary_ids,
                         UnstructuredMesh & boundary_mesh)
{
  // Call the 3 argument version of this function with a dummy value for the third set.
  std::set<subdomain_id_type> subdomains_relative_to;
  subdomains_relative_to.insert(Elem::invalid_subdomain_id);

  this->sync(requested_boundary_ids,
             boundary_mesh,
             subdomains_relative_to);
}



void BoundaryInfo::sync (const std::set<boundary_id_type> & requested_boundary_ids,
                         UnstructuredMesh & boundary_mesh,
                         const std::set<subdomain_id_type> & subdomains_relative_to)
{
  LOG_SCOPE("sync()", "BoundaryInfo");

  boundary_mesh.clear();

  if (!_mesh->is_serial())
    boundary_mesh.delete_remote_elements();

  std::unique_ptr<MeshBase> mesh_copy;
  if (boundary_mesh.is_serial() && !_mesh->is_serial())
    mesh_copy = _mesh->clone();

  auto serializer = std::make_unique<MeshSerializer>
    (const_cast<MeshBase &>(*_mesh), boundary_mesh.is_serial());

  boundary_mesh.set_n_partitions() = _mesh->n_partitions();

  std::map<dof_id_type, dof_id_type> node_id_map;
  std::map<std::pair<dof_id_type, unsigned char>, dof_id_type> side_id_map;

  this->_find_id_maps(requested_boundary_ids, 0, &node_id_map, 0, &side_id_map, subdomains_relative_to);

  // Let's add all the boundary nodes we found to the boundary mesh
  for (const auto & node : _mesh->node_ptr_range())
    {
      dof_id_type node_id = node->id();
      if (node_id_map.count(node_id))
        {
          boundary_mesh.add_point(*node, node_id_map[node_id], node->processor_id());

          // Copy over all the node's boundary IDs to boundary_mesh
          std::vector<boundary_id_type> node_boundary_ids;
          this->boundary_ids(node, node_boundary_ids);
          for (const auto & node_bid : node_boundary_ids)
            boundary_mesh.get_boundary_info().add_node(node_id_map[node_id], node_bid);
        }
    }

  // Add the elements. When syncing a boundary mesh, we also store the
  // parent side ids in addition to the interior_parent pointers,
  // since this information is frequently needed on boundary meshes.
  this->add_elements(requested_boundary_ids,
                     boundary_mesh,
                     subdomains_relative_to,
                     /*store_parent_side_ids=*/true);

  // The new elements are currently using the interior mesh's nodes;
  // we want them to use the boundary mesh's nodes instead.

  // This side's Node pointers still point to the nodes of the original mesh.
  // We need to re-point them to the boundary mesh's nodes!  Since we copied *ALL* of
  // the original mesh's nodes over, we should be guaranteed to have the same ordering.
  for (auto & new_elem : boundary_mesh.element_ptr_range())
    {
      for (auto nn : new_elem->node_index_range())
        {
          // Get the correct node pointer, based on the id()
          Node * new_node =
            boundary_mesh.node_ptr(node_id_map[new_elem->node_id(nn)]);

          // sanity check: be sure that the new Node exists and its
          // global id really matches
          libmesh_assert (new_node);
          libmesh_assert_equal_to (new_node->id(),
                                   node_id_map[new_elem->node_id(nn)]);

          // Assign the new node pointer
          new_elem->set_node(nn, new_node);
        }
    }

  // The new elements might have interior parent pointers aimed at
  // _mesh elements which are about to go remote, and we don't to
  // leave those pointers dangling.  Fix them up if needed.
  if (mesh_copy.get())
    {
      for (auto & new_elem : boundary_mesh.element_ptr_range())
        {
          const dof_id_type interior_parent_id =
            new_elem->interior_parent()->id();

          if (!mesh_copy->query_elem_ptr(interior_parent_id))
            new_elem->set_interior_parent
              (const_cast<RemoteElem *>(remote_elem));
        }
    }

  // Don't repartition this mesh; we want it to stay in sync with the
  // interior partitioning.
  boundary_mesh.partitioner().reset(nullptr);

  // Deserialize the interior mesh before the boundary mesh
  // prepare_for_use() can come to erroneous conclusions about which
  // of its elements are semilocal
  serializer.reset();

  // Make boundary_mesh nodes and elements contiguous
  boundary_mesh.prepare_for_use();

  // and finally distribute element partitioning to the nodes
  Partitioner::set_node_processor_ids(boundary_mesh);
}


void BoundaryInfo::get_side_and_node_maps (UnstructuredMesh & boundary_mesh,
                                           std::map<dof_id_type, dof_id_type> & node_id_map,
                                           std::map<dof_id_type, unsigned char> & side_id_map,
                                           Real tolerance)
{
  LOG_SCOPE("get_side_and_node_maps()", "BoundaryInfo");

  node_id_map.clear();
  side_id_map.clear();

  // For building element sides without extraneous allocation
  ElemSideBuilder side_builder;
  // Pull objects out of the loop to reduce heap operations
  const Elem * interior_parent_side;

  for (const auto & boundary_elem : boundary_mesh.active_element_ptr_range())
    {
      const Elem * interior_parent = boundary_elem->interior_parent();

      // Find out which side of interior_parent boundary_elem corresponds to.
      // Use distance between average vertex location as a way to check.
      unsigned char interior_parent_side_index = 0;
      bool found_matching_sides = false;
      for (auto side : interior_parent->side_index_range())
        {
          interior_parent_side = &side_builder(*interior_parent, side);
          Real va_distance = (boundary_elem->vertex_average() - interior_parent_side->vertex_average()).norm();

          if (va_distance < (tolerance * boundary_elem->hmin()))
            {
              interior_parent_side_index = cast_int<unsigned char>(side);
              found_matching_sides = true;
              break;
            }
        }

      libmesh_error_msg_if(!found_matching_sides, "No matching side found within the specified tolerance");

      side_id_map[boundary_elem->id()] = interior_parent_side_index;

      for (auto local_node_index : boundary_elem->node_index_range())
        {
          dof_id_type boundary_node_id = boundary_elem->node_id(local_node_index);
          dof_id_type interior_node_id = interior_parent_side->node_id(local_node_index);

          node_id_map[interior_node_id] = boundary_node_id;
        }
    }
}



void BoundaryInfo::add_elements(const std::set<boundary_id_type> & requested_boundary_ids,
                                UnstructuredMesh & boundary_mesh,
                                bool store_parent_side_ids)
{
  // Call the 3 argument version of this function with a dummy value for the third arg.
  std::set<subdomain_id_type> subdomains_relative_to;
  subdomains_relative_to.insert(Elem::invalid_subdomain_id);

  this->add_elements(requested_boundary_ids,
                     boundary_mesh,
                     subdomains_relative_to,
                     store_parent_side_ids);
}



void BoundaryInfo::add_elements(const std::set<boundary_id_type> & requested_boundary_ids,
                                UnstructuredMesh & boundary_mesh,
                                const std::set<subdomain_id_type> & subdomains_relative_to,
                                bool store_parent_side_ids)
{
  LOG_SCOPE("add_elements()", "BoundaryInfo");

  // We're not prepared to mix serial and distributed meshes in this
  // method, so make sure their statuses match from the start.
  //
  // Specifically test *is_serial* here - we can handle a mix of
  // ReplicatedMesh and serialized DistributedMesh.
  libmesh_assert_equal_to(_mesh->is_serial(),
                          boundary_mesh.is_serial());

  // If the boundary mesh already has interior pointers pointing at
  // elements in a third mesh then we're in trouble
  libmesh_assert(&boundary_mesh.interior_mesh() == &boundary_mesh ||
                 &boundary_mesh.interior_mesh() == _mesh);

  // And now we're going to add interior pointers to elements from
  // this mesh
  boundary_mesh.set_interior_mesh(*_mesh);

  std::map<std::pair<dof_id_type, unsigned char>, dof_id_type> side_id_map;
  this->_find_id_maps(requested_boundary_ids,
                      0,
                      nullptr,
                      boundary_mesh.max_elem_id(),
                      &side_id_map,
                      subdomains_relative_to);

  // We have to add sides *outside* any element loop, because if
  // boundary_mesh and _mesh are the same then those additions can
  // invalidate our element iterators.  So we just use the element
  // loop to make a list of sides to add.
  typedef std::vector<std::pair<dof_id_type, unsigned char>>
    side_container;
  side_container sides_to_add;

  for (const auto & elem : _mesh->element_ptr_range())
    {
      // If the subdomains_relative_to container has the
      // invalid_subdomain_id, we fall back on the "old" behavior of
      // adding sides regardless of this Elem's subdomain. Otherwise,
      // if the subdomains_relative_to container doesn't contain the
      // current Elem's subdomain_id(), we won't add any sides from
      // it.
      if (!subdomains_relative_to.count(Elem::invalid_subdomain_id) &&
          !subdomains_relative_to.count(elem->subdomain_id()))
        continue;

      for (auto s : elem->side_index_range())
        {
          bool add_this_side = false;

          // Find all the boundary side ids for this Elem side.
          std::vector<boundary_id_type> bcids;
          this->boundary_ids(elem, s, bcids);

          for (const boundary_id_type bcid : bcids)
            {
              // if the user wants this id, we want this side
              if (requested_boundary_ids.count(bcid))
                {
                  add_this_side = true;
                  break;
                }
            }

          // We may still want to add this side if the user called
          // sync() with no requested_boundary_ids. This corresponds
          // to the "old" style of calling sync() in which the entire
          // boundary was copied to the BoundaryMesh, and handles the
          // case where elements on the geometric boundary are not in
          // any sidesets.
          if (requested_boundary_ids.count(invalid_id) &&
              elem->neighbor_ptr(s) == nullptr)
            add_this_side = true;

          if (add_this_side)
            sides_to_add.emplace_back(elem->id(), s);
        }
    }

#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_UNIQUE_ID
  unique_id_type old_max_unique_id = boundary_mesh.parallel_max_unique_id();
#endif

  // Add an "extra" integer for storing the side index of the parent
  // Elem which each boundary Elem corresponds to. We do this once
  // before any Elems have been added.
  unsigned int parent_side_index_tag = store_parent_side_ids ?
    boundary_mesh.add_elem_integer("parent_side_index") : libMesh::invalid_uint;

  for (const auto & [elem_id, s] : sides_to_add)
    {
      Elem * elem = _mesh->elem_ptr(elem_id);

      std::unique_ptr<Elem> side = elem->build_side_ptr(s);

      side->processor_id() = elem->processor_id();

      const std::pair<dof_id_type, unsigned char> side_pair(elem_id, s);

      libmesh_assert(side_id_map.count(side_pair));

      const dof_id_type new_side_id = side_id_map[side_pair];

      side->set_id(new_side_id);

#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_UNIQUE_ID
      side->set_unique_id(old_max_unique_id + new_side_id);
#endif

      // Add the side
      Elem * new_elem = boundary_mesh.add_elem(std::move(side));

      // If requested, new_elem gets an "extra" integer equal to the
      // side id "s" of the interior_parent it corresponds to.
      if (store_parent_side_ids)
        new_elem->set_extra_integer(parent_side_index_tag, s);

#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR
      new_elem->set_refinement_flag(elem->refinement_flag());
      new_elem->set_p_refinement_flag(elem->p_refinement_flag());

      // Set parent links
      if (elem->parent())
        {
          const std::pair<dof_id_type, unsigned char> parent_side_pair(elem->parent()->id(), s);

          libmesh_assert(side_id_map.count(parent_side_pair));

          Elem * side_parent = boundary_mesh.elem_ptr(side_id_map[parent_side_pair]);

          libmesh_assert(side_parent);

          new_elem->set_parent(side_parent);

          // Figuring out which child we are of our parent
          // is a trick.  Due to libMesh child numbering
          // conventions, if we are an element on a vertex,
          // then we share that vertex with our parent, with
          // the same local index.
          bool found_child = false;
          for (auto v : make_range(new_elem->n_vertices()))
            if (new_elem->node_ptr(v) == side_parent->node_ptr(v))
              {
                side_parent->add_child(new_elem, v);
                found_child = true;
              }

          // If we don't share any vertex with our parent,
          // then we're the fourth child (index 3) of a
          // triangle.
          if (!found_child)
            {
              libmesh_assert_equal_to (new_elem->n_vertices(), 3);
              side_parent->add_child(new_elem, 3);
            }
        }

      // Set remote_elem child links if necessary.  Rather than
      // worrying about which interior child corresponds to which side
      // child we'll just set all null links to be remote and we'll
      // rely on our detection of actual semilocal children to
      // overwrite the links that shouldn't be remote.
      if (elem->has_children())
        for (auto c : make_range(elem->n_children()))
          if (elem->child_ptr(c) == remote_elem &&
              elem->is_child_on_side(c, s))
            {
              for (auto sc : make_range(new_elem->n_children()))
                if (!new_elem->raw_child_ptr(sc))
                  new_elem->add_child
                    (const_cast<RemoteElem*>(remote_elem), sc);
            }
#endif

      new_elem->set_interior_parent (elem);

      // On non-local elements on DistributedMesh we might have
      // RemoteElem neighbor links to construct
      if (!_mesh->is_serial() &&
          (elem->processor_id() != this->processor_id()))
        {
          const unsigned short n_nodes = elem->n_nodes();

          const unsigned short bdy_n_sides = new_elem->n_sides();
          const unsigned short bdy_n_nodes = new_elem->n_nodes();

          // Check every interior side for a RemoteElem
          for (auto interior_side : elem->side_index_range())
            {
              // Might this interior side have a RemoteElem that
              // needs a corresponding Remote on a boundary side?
              if (elem->neighbor_ptr(interior_side) != remote_elem)
                continue;

              // Which boundary side?
              for (unsigned short boundary_side = 0;
                   boundary_side != bdy_n_sides; ++boundary_side)
                {
                  // Look for matching node points.  This is safe in
                  // *this* context.
                  bool found_all_nodes = true;
                  for (unsigned short boundary_node = 0;
                       boundary_node != bdy_n_nodes; ++boundary_node)
                    {
                      if (!new_elem->is_node_on_side(boundary_node,
                                                     boundary_side))
                        continue;

                      bool found_this_node = false;
                      for (unsigned short interior_node = 0;
                           interior_node != n_nodes; ++interior_node)
                        {
                          if (!elem->is_node_on_side(interior_node,
                                                     interior_side))
                            continue;

                          if (new_elem->point(boundary_node) ==
                              elem->point(interior_node))
                            {
                              found_this_node = true;
                              break;
                            }
                        }
                      if (!found_this_node)
                        {
                          found_all_nodes = false;
                          break;
                        }
                    }

                  if (found_all_nodes)
                    {
                      new_elem->set_neighbor
                        (boundary_side,
                         const_cast<RemoteElem *>(remote_elem));
                      break;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

  // We haven't been bothering to keep unique ids consistent on ghost
  // elements or nodes, unless we're doing everything the same on
  // every processor.
  if (!boundary_mesh.is_replicated())
    MeshCommunication().make_node_unique_ids_parallel_consistent(boundary_mesh);

  // Make sure we didn't add ids inconsistently
#ifdef DEBUG
# ifdef LIBMESH_HAVE_RTTI
  DistributedMesh * parmesh = dynamic_cast<DistributedMesh *>(&boundary_mesh);
  if (parmesh)
    parmesh->libmesh_assert_valid_parallel_ids();
# endif
#endif
}



void BoundaryInfo::add_node(const dof_id_type node_id,
                            const boundary_id_type id)
{
  const Node * node_ptr = _mesh->query_node_ptr(node_id);

  // The user could easily ask for an invalid node id, so let's throw
  // an easy-to-understand error message when this happens.
  libmesh_error_msg_if(!node_ptr,
                       "BoundaryInfo::add_node(): Could not retrieve pointer for node "
                       << node_id
                       << ", no boundary id was added.");

  this->add_node (node_ptr, id);
}



void BoundaryInfo::add_node(const Node * node,
                            const boundary_id_type id)
{
  libmesh_error_msg_if(id == invalid_id,
                       "ERROR: You may not set a boundary ID of "
                       << invalid_id
                       << "\n That is reserved for internal use.");

  // Don't add the same ID twice
  for (const auto & pr : as_range(_boundary_node_id.equal_range(node)))
    if (pr.second == id)
      return;

  _boundary_node_id.emplace(node, id);
  _boundary_ids.insert(id);
  _node_boundary_ids.insert(id); // Also add this ID to the set of node boundary IDs
}



void BoundaryInfo::add_node(const Node * node,
                            const std::vector<boundary_id_type> & ids)
{
  if (ids.empty())
    return;

  libmesh_assert(node);

  // Don't add the same ID twice
  auto bounds = _boundary_node_id.equal_range(node);

  // The entries in the ids vector may be non-unique.  If we expected
  // *lots* of ids, it might be fastest to construct a std::set from
  // the entries, but for a small number of entries, which is more
  // typical, it is probably faster to copy the vector and do sort+unique.
  // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1041620/whats-the-most-efficient-way-to-erase-duplicates-and-sort-a-vector
  std::vector<boundary_id_type> unique_ids(ids.begin(), ids.end());
  std::sort(unique_ids.begin(), unique_ids.end());
  std::vector<boundary_id_type>::iterator new_end =
    std::unique(unique_ids.begin(), unique_ids.end());

  for (auto & id : as_range(unique_ids.begin(), new_end))
    {
      libmesh_error_msg_if(id == invalid_id,
                           "ERROR: You may not set a boundary ID of "
                           << invalid_id
                           << "\n That is reserved for internal use.");

      bool already_inserted = false;
      for (const auto & pr : as_range(bounds))
        if (pr.second == id)
          {
            already_inserted = true;
            break;
          }
      if (already_inserted)
        continue;

      _boundary_node_id.emplace(node, id);
      _boundary_ids.insert(id);
      _node_boundary_ids.insert(id); // Also add this ID to the set of node boundary IDs
    }
}



void BoundaryInfo::clear_boundary_node_ids()
{
  _boundary_node_id.clear();
}

void BoundaryInfo::add_edge(const dof_id_type e,
                            const unsigned short int edge,
                            const boundary_id_type id)
{
  this->add_edge (_mesh->elem_ptr(e), edge, id);
}



void BoundaryInfo::add_edge(const Elem * elem,
                            const unsigned short int edge,
                            const boundary_id_type id)
{
  libmesh_assert(elem);

  // Only add BCs for level-0 elements.
  libmesh_assert_equal_to (elem->level(), 0);

  // Only add BCs for edges that exist.
  libmesh_assert_less (edge, elem->n_edges());

  libmesh_error_msg_if(id == invalid_id,
                       "ERROR: You may not set a boundary ID of "
                       << invalid_id
                       << "\n That is reserved for internal use.");

  // Don't add the same ID twice
  for (const auto & pr : as_range(_boundary_edge_id.equal_range(elem)))
    if (pr.second.first == edge &&
        pr.second.second == id)
      return;

  _boundary_edge_id.emplace(elem, std::make_pair(edge, id));
  _boundary_ids.insert(id);
  _edge_boundary_ids.insert(id); // Also add this ID to the set of edge boundary IDs
}



void BoundaryInfo::add_edge(const Elem * elem,
                            const unsigned short int edge,
                            const std::vector<boundary_id_type> & ids)
{
  if (ids.empty())
    return;

  libmesh_assert(elem);

  // Only add BCs for level-0 elements.
  libmesh_assert_equal_to (elem->level(), 0);

  // Only add BCs for edges that exist.
  libmesh_assert_less (edge, elem->n_edges());

  // Don't add the same ID twice
  auto bounds = _boundary_edge_id.equal_range(elem);

  // The entries in the ids vector may be non-unique.  If we expected
  // *lots* of ids, it might be fastest to construct a std::set from
  // the entries, but for a small number of entries, which is more
  // typical, it is probably faster to copy the vector and do sort+unique.
  // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1041620/whats-the-most-efficient-way-to-erase-duplicates-and-sort-a-vector
  std::vector<boundary_id_type> unique_ids(ids.begin(), ids.end());
  std::sort(unique_ids.begin(), unique_ids.end());
  std::vector<boundary_id_type>::iterator new_end =
    std::unique(unique_ids.begin(), unique_ids.end());

  for (auto & id : as_range(unique_ids.begin(), new_end))
    {
      libmesh_error_msg_if(id == invalid_id,
                           "ERROR: You may not set a boundary ID of "
                           << invalid_id
                           << "\n That is reserved for internal use.");

      bool already_inserted = false;
      for (const auto & pr : as_range(bounds))
        if (pr.second.first == edge &&
            pr.second.second == id)
          {
            already_inserted = true;
            break;
          }
      if (already_inserted)
        continue;

      _boundary_edge_id.emplace(elem, std::make_pair(edge, id));
      _boundary_ids.insert(id);
      _edge_boundary_ids.insert(id); // Also add this ID to the set of edge boundary IDs
    }
}



void BoundaryInfo::add_shellface(const dof_id_type e,
                                 const unsigned short int shellface,
                                 const boundary_id_type id)
{
  this->add_shellface (_mesh->elem_ptr(e), shellface, id);
}



void BoundaryInfo::add_shellface(const Elem * elem,
                                 const unsigned short int shellface,
                                 const boundary_id_type id)
{
  libmesh_assert(elem);

  // Only add BCs for level-0 elements.
  libmesh_assert_equal_to (elem->level(), 0);

  // Shells only have 2 faces
  libmesh_assert_less(shellface, 2);

  libmesh_error_msg_if(id == invalid_id,
                       "ERROR: You may not set a boundary ID of "
                       << invalid_id
                       << "\n That is reserved for internal use.");

  // Don't add the same ID twice
  for (const auto & pr : as_range(_boundary_shellface_id.equal_range(elem)))
    if (pr.second.first == shellface &&
        pr.second.second == id)
      return;

  _boundary_shellface_id.emplace(elem, std::make_pair(shellface, id));
  _boundary_ids.insert(id);
  _shellface_boundary_ids.insert(id); // Also add this ID to the set of shellface boundary IDs
}



void BoundaryInfo::add_shellface(const Elem * elem,
                                 const unsigned short int shellface,
                                 const std::vector<boundary_id_type> & ids)
{
  if (ids.empty())
    return;

  libmesh_assert(elem);

  // Only add BCs for level-0 elements.
  libmesh_assert_equal_to (elem->level(), 0);

  // Shells only have 2 faces
  libmesh_assert_less(shellface, 2);

  // Don't add the same ID twice
  auto bounds = _boundary_shellface_id.equal_range(elem);

  // The entries in the ids vector may be non-unique.  If we expected
  // *lots* of ids, it might be fastest to construct a std::set from
  // the entries, but for a small number of entries, which is more
  // typical, it is probably faster to copy the vector and do sort+unique.
  // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1041620/whats-the-most-efficient-way-to-erase-duplicates-and-sort-a-vector
  std::vector<boundary_id_type> unique_ids(ids.begin(), ids.end());
  std::sort(unique_ids.begin(), unique_ids.end());
  std::vector<boundary_id_type>::iterator new_end =
    std::unique(unique_ids.begin(), unique_ids.end());

  for (auto & id : as_range(unique_ids.begin(), new_end))
    {
      libmesh_error_msg_if(id == invalid_id,
                           "ERROR: You may not set a boundary ID of "
                           << invalid_id
                           << "\n That is reserved for internal use.");

      bool already_inserted = false;
      for (const auto & pr : as_range(bounds))
        if (pr.second.first == shellface &&
            pr.second.second == id)
          {
            already_inserted = true;
            break;
          }
      if (already_inserted)
        continue;

      _boundary_shellface_id.emplace(elem, std::make_pair(shellface, id));
      _boundary_ids.insert(id);
      _shellface_boundary_ids.insert(id); // Also add this ID to the set of shellface boundary IDs
    }
}


void BoundaryInfo::add_side(const dof_id_type e,
                            const unsigned short int side,
                            const boundary_id_type id)
{
  this->add_side (_mesh->elem_ptr(e), side, id);
}



void BoundaryInfo::add_side(const Elem * elem,
                            const unsigned short int side,
                            const boundary_id_type id)
{
  libmesh_assert(elem);

  // Only add BCs for sides that exist.
  libmesh_assert_less (side, elem->n_sides());

  libmesh_error_msg_if(id == invalid_id, "ERROR: You may not set a boundary ID of "
                       << invalid_id
                       << "\n That is reserved for internal use.");

  // Don't add the same ID twice
  for (const auto & pr : as_range(_boundary_side_id.equal_range(elem)))
    if (pr.second.first == side &&
        pr.second.second == id)
      return;

#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR
  // Users try to mark boundary on child elements
  // If this happens, we will allow users to remove
  // side from child elements as well
  if (elem->level())
  {
    _children_on_boundary = true;

    // Here we have to stop and check if we already have this boundary defined on the
    // parent (if yes, no need to add)
    std::vector<boundary_id_type> bd_ids;
    this->boundary_ids(elem,side,bd_ids);

    if(std::find(bd_ids.begin(), bd_ids.end(), id) != bd_ids.end())
      libmesh_not_implemented_msg("Trying to add boundary ID "
                                  + std::to_string(id)
                                  + " which already exists on the ancestors.");
  }
#endif

  _boundary_side_id.emplace(elem, std::make_pair(side, id));
  _boundary_ids.insert(id);
  _side_boundary_ids.insert(id); // Also add this ID to the set of side boundary IDs
}



void BoundaryInfo::add_side(const Elem * elem,
                            const unsigned short int side,
                            const std::vector<boundary_id_type> & ids)
{
  if (ids.empty())
    return;

  libmesh_assert(elem);

  // Only add BCs for sides that exist.
  libmesh_assert_less (side, elem->n_sides());

#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR
  // Users try to mark boundary on child elements
  // If this happens, we will allow users to remove
  // side from child elements as well
  if (elem->level())
  {
    _children_on_boundary = true;

    // Here we have to stop and check if we already have this boundary defined on the
    // parent (if yes, no need to add)
    std::vector<boundary_id_type> bd_ids;
    this->boundary_ids(elem,side,bd_ids);

    for (const auto id : ids)
      if(std::find(bd_ids.begin(), bd_ids.end(), id) != bd_ids.end())
        libmesh_not_implemented_msg("Trying to add boundary ID "
                                    + std::to_string(id)
                                    + " which already exists on the ancestors.");
  }
#endif

  // Don't add the same ID twice
  auto bounds = _boundary_side_id.equal_range(elem);

  // The entries in the ids vector may be non-unique.  If we expected
  // *lots* of ids, it might be fastest to construct a std::set from
  // the entries, but for a small number of entries, which is more
  // typical, it is probably faster to copy the vector and do sort+unique.
  // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1041620/whats-the-most-efficient-way-to-erase-duplicates-and-sort-a-vector
  std::vector<boundary_id_type> unique_ids(ids.begin(), ids.end());
  std::sort(unique_ids.begin(), unique_ids.end());
  std::vector<boundary_id_type>::iterator new_end =
    std::unique(unique_ids.begin(), unique_ids.end());

  for (auto & id : as_range(unique_ids.begin(), new_end))
    {
      libmesh_error_msg_if(id == invalid_id,
                           "ERROR: You may not set a boundary ID of "
                           << invalid_id
                           << "\n That is reserved for internal use.");

      bool already_inserted = false;
      for (const auto & pr : as_range(bounds))
        if (pr.second.first == side && pr.second.second == id)
          {
            already_inserted = true;
            break;
          }
      if (already_inserted)
        continue;

      _boundary_side_id.emplace(elem, std::make_pair(side, id));
      _boundary_ids.insert(id);
      _side_boundary_ids.insert(id); // Also add this ID to the set of side boundary IDs
    }
}



bool BoundaryInfo::has_boundary_id(const Node * const node,
                                   const boundary_id_type id) const
{
  for (const auto & pr : as_range(_boundary_node_id.equal_range(node)))
    if (pr.second == id)
      return true;

  return false;
}



void BoundaryInfo::boundary_ids (const Node * node,
                                 std::vector<boundary_id_type> & vec_to_fill) const
{
  // Clear out any previous contents
  vec_to_fill.clear();

  for (const auto & pr : as_range(_boundary_node_id.equal_range(node)))
    vec_to_fill.push_back(pr.second);
}



unsigned int BoundaryInfo::n_boundary_ids(const Node * node) const
{
  auto pos = _boundary_node_id.equal_range(node);
  return cast_int<unsigned int>(std::distance(pos.first, pos.second));
}



void BoundaryInfo::edge_boundary_ids (const Elem * const elem,
                                      const unsigned short int edge,
                                      std::vector<boundary_id_type> & vec_to_fill) const
{
  libmesh_assert(elem);

  // Clear out any previous contents
  vec_to_fill.clear();

  // Only query BCs for edges that exist.
  libmesh_assert_less (edge, elem->n_edges());

  // Only level-0 elements store BCs.  If this is not a level-0
  // element get its level-0 parent and infer the BCs.
  const Elem * searched_elem = elem;
#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR
  if (elem->level() != 0)
    {
      // Find all the sides that contain edge. If one of those is a boundary
      // side, then this must be a boundary edge. In that case, we just use the
      // top-level parent.
      bool found_boundary_edge = false;
      for (auto side : elem->side_index_range())
        {
          if (elem->is_edge_on_side(edge,side))
            {
              if (elem->neighbor_ptr(side) == nullptr)
                {
                  searched_elem = elem->top_parent ();
                  found_boundary_edge = true;
                  break;
                }
            }
        }

      if (!found_boundary_edge)
        {
          // Child element is not on external edge, but it may have internal
          // "boundary" IDs.  We will walk up the tree, at each level checking that
          // the current child is actually on the same edge of the parent that is
          // currently being searched for (i.e. that was passed in as "edge").
          while (searched_elem->parent() != nullptr)
            {
              const Elem * parent = searched_elem->parent();
              if (parent->is_child_on_edge(parent->which_child_am_i(searched_elem), edge) == false)
                return;
              searched_elem = parent;
            }
        }
    }
#endif

  // Check each element in the range to see if its edge matches the requested edge.
  for (const auto & pr : as_range(_boundary_edge_id.equal_range(searched_elem)))
    if (pr.second.first == edge)
      vec_to_fill.push_back(pr.second.second);
}



unsigned int BoundaryInfo::n_edge_boundary_ids (const Elem * const elem,
                                                const unsigned short int edge) const
{
  std::vector<boundary_id_type> ids;
  this->edge_boundary_ids(elem, edge, ids);
  return cast_int<unsigned int>(ids.size());
}



void BoundaryInfo::raw_edge_boundary_ids (const Elem * const elem,
                                          const unsigned short int edge,
                                          std::vector<boundary_id_type> & vec_to_fill) const
{
  libmesh_assert(elem);

  // Only query BCs for edges that exist.
  libmesh_assert_less (edge, elem->n_edges());

  // Clear out any previous contents
  vec_to_fill.clear();

  // Only level-0 elements store BCs.
  if (elem->parent())
    return;

  // Check each element in the range to see if its edge matches the requested edge.
  for (const auto & pr : as_range(_boundary_edge_id.equal_range(elem)))
    if (pr.second.first == edge)
      vec_to_fill.push_back(pr.second.second);
}



void BoundaryInfo::shellface_boundary_ids (const Elem * const elem,
                                           const unsigned short int shellface,
                                           std::vector<boundary_id_type> & vec_to_fill) const
{
  libmesh_assert(elem);

  // Shells only have 2 faces
  libmesh_assert_less(shellface, 2);

  // Clear out any previous contents
  vec_to_fill.clear();

  // Only level-0 elements store BCs.  If this is not a level-0
  // element get its level-0 parent and infer the BCs.
  const Elem * searched_elem = elem;
#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR
  if (elem->level() != 0)
    {
      while (searched_elem->parent() != nullptr)
        {
          const Elem * parent = searched_elem->parent();
          searched_elem = parent;
        }
    }
#endif

  // Check each element in the range to see if its shellface matches the requested shellface.
  for (const auto & pr : as_range(_boundary_shellface_id.equal_range(searched_elem)))
    if (pr.second.first == shellface)
      vec_to_fill.push_back(pr.second.second);
}



unsigned int BoundaryInfo::n_shellface_boundary_ids (const Elem * const elem,
                                                     const unsigned short int shellface) const
{
  std::vector<boundary_id_type> ids;
  this->shellface_boundary_ids(elem, shellface, ids);
  return cast_int<unsigned int>(ids.size());
}



void BoundaryInfo::raw_shellface_boundary_ids (const Elem * const elem,
                                               const unsigned short int shellface,
                                               std::vector<boundary_id_type> & vec_to_fill) const
{
  libmesh_assert(elem);

  // Shells only have 2 faces
  libmesh_assert_less(shellface, 2);

  // Clear out any previous contents
  vec_to_fill.clear();

  // Only level-0 elements store BCs.
  if (elem->parent())
    return;

  // Check each element in the range to see if its shellface matches the requested shellface.
  for (const auto & pr : as_range(_boundary_shellface_id.equal_range(elem)))
    if (pr.second.first == shellface)
      vec_to_fill.push_back(pr.second.second);
}



bool BoundaryInfo::has_boundary_id(const Elem * const elem,
                                   const unsigned short int side,
                                   const boundary_id_type id) const
{
  std::vector<boundary_id_type> ids;
  this->boundary_ids(elem, side, ids);
  return (std::find(ids.begin(), ids.end(), id) != ids.end());
}


void BoundaryInfo::side_boundary_ids (const Elem * const elem,
                                      std::vector<std::vector<boundary_id_type>> & vec_to_fill) const
{
  libmesh_assert(elem);

  // Clear out any previous contents
  vec_to_fill.clear();
  // We are going to gather boundary ids for each side
  vec_to_fill.resize(elem->n_sides());

  // In most cases only level-0 elements store BCs.
  // In certain applications (such as time-dependent domains), however, children
  // need to store BCs too. This case is covered with the _children_on_boundary
  // flag.
  const Elem * searched_elem = elem;

#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR
  if (elem->level() != 0)
  {
    // If we have children on the boundaries, we need to search for boundary IDs on the
    // child and its ancestors too if they share the side.
    if (_children_on_boundary)
    {
      // Loop over ancestors to check if they have boundary ids on the same side
      std::vector<bool> search_on_side(elem->n_sides(), true);
      bool keep_searching = true;
      while (searched_elem && keep_searching)
      {
        for (const auto & pr : as_range(_boundary_side_id.equal_range(searched_elem)))
        {
          for (const auto side : make_range(elem->n_sides()))
            // Here we need to check if the boundary id already exists
            if (search_on_side[side] && pr.second.first == side &&
                std::find(vec_to_fill[side].begin(), vec_to_fill[side].end(), pr.second.second) ==
                          vec_to_fill[side].end())
              vec_to_fill[side].push_back(pr.second.second);
        }

        const Elem * parent = searched_elem->parent();
        const auto child_index = parent ? parent->which_child_am_i(searched_elem) : libMesh::invalid_uint;
        for (const auto side : make_range(elem->n_sides()))
          // If the parent doesn't exist or if the child is not on the correct side of the
          // parent we are done checking the ancestors
          if (search_on_side[side] &&
                (!parent || parent->is_child_on_side(child_index, side) == false))
            search_on_side[side] = false;

        searched_elem = parent;
        // if found what we needed on all sides, exit
        keep_searching = *std::max_element(search_on_side.begin(), search_on_side.end());
      }

      return;
    }

    // Children not on boundaries case.
    // It could be that a children is interior to the parent (search_on_side = false will handle that)
    // However, since no children on boundaries, we know that it's either the top parent or nothing
    std::vector<bool> search_on_side(elem->n_sides(), true);
    for (const auto side : make_range(elem->n_sides()))
    {
      // If we don't have children on boundaries and we are on an external boundary,
      // we will just use the top parent. search_on_side[side] = true works
      if (elem->neighbor_ptr(side) == nullptr)
        continue;
      // Otherwise we loop over the ancestors and check if they have a different BC for us
      else
        while (searched_elem->parent() != nullptr)
        {
          const Elem * parent = searched_elem->parent();
          if (search_on_side[side] && parent->is_child_on_side(parent->which_child_am_i(searched_elem), side) == false)
            search_on_side[side] = false;
          searched_elem = parent;
        }
    }
    // Now search on the top parent, only if we need to (element is not deep inside the top parent)
    if (*std::max_element(search_on_side.begin(), search_on_side.end()))
      for (const auto & pr : as_range(_boundary_side_id.equal_range(elem->top_parent())))
        if (search_on_side[pr.second.first])
          vec_to_fill[pr.second.first].push_back(pr.second.second);
    return;
  }
#endif

  // Check each element in the range to see if its side matches the requested side.
  for (const auto & pr : as_range(_boundary_side_id.equal_range(searched_elem)))
    vec_to_fill[pr.second.first].push_back(pr.second.second);
}

void BoundaryInfo::boundary_ids (const Elem * const elem,
                                 const unsigned short int side,
                                 std::vector<boundary_id_type> & vec_to_fill) const
{
  libmesh_assert(elem);

  // Only query BCs for sides that exist.
  libmesh_assert_less (side, elem->n_sides());

  // Clear out any previous contents
  vec_to_fill.clear();

  // In most cases only level-0 elements store BCs.
  // In certain applications (such as time-dependent domains), however, children
  // need to store BCs too. This case is covered with the _children_on_boundary
  // flag.
  const Elem * searched_elem = elem;

#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR

  if (elem->level() != 0)
  {
    // If we have children on the boundaries, we need to search for boundary IDs on the
    // child and its ancestors too if they share the side.
    if (_children_on_boundary)
    {
      // Loop over ancestors to check if they have boundary ids on the same side
      while (searched_elem)
      {
        for (const auto & pr : as_range(_boundary_side_id.equal_range(searched_elem)))
          // Here we need to check if the boundary id already exists
          if (pr.second.first == side &&
              std::find(vec_to_fill.begin(), vec_to_fill.end(), pr.second.second) ==
              vec_to_fill.end())
            vec_to_fill.push_back(pr.second.second);


        const Elem * parent = searched_elem->parent();
        // If the parent doesn't exist or if the child is not on the correct side of the
        // parent we are done checking the ancestors
        if (!parent || parent->is_child_on_side(parent->which_child_am_i(searched_elem), side) == false)
          return;

        searched_elem = parent;
      }

      return;
    }

    // If we don't have children on boundaries and we are on an external boundary,
    // we just look for the top parent
    if (elem->neighbor_ptr(side) == nullptr)
      searched_elem = elem->top_parent();
    // Otherwise we loop over the ancestors and check if they have a different BC for us
    else
      while (searched_elem->parent() != nullptr)
      {
        const Elem * parent = searched_elem->parent();
        if (parent->is_child_on_side(parent->which_child_am_i(searched_elem), side) == false)
          return;

        searched_elem = parent;
      }
  }

#endif

  // Check each element in the range to see if its side matches the requested side.
  for (const auto & pr : as_range(_boundary_side_id.equal_range(searched_elem)))
    if (pr.second.first == side)
      vec_to_fill.push_back(pr.second.second);
}




unsigned int BoundaryInfo::n_boundary_ids (const Elem * const elem,
                                           const unsigned short int side) const
{
  std::vector<boundary_id_type> ids;
  this->boundary_ids(elem, side, ids);
  return cast_int<unsigned int>(ids.size());
}


unsigned int BoundaryInfo::n_raw_boundary_ids (const Elem * const elem,
                                               const unsigned short int side) const
{
  std::vector<boundary_id_type> ids;
  this->raw_boundary_ids(elem, side, ids);
  return cast_int<unsigned int>(ids.size());
}



void BoundaryInfo::raw_boundary_ids (const Elem * const elem,
                                     const unsigned short int side,
                                     std::vector<boundary_id_type> & vec_to_fill) const
{
  libmesh_assert(elem);

  // Only query BCs for sides that exist.
  libmesh_assert_less (side, elem->n_sides());

  // Clear out any previous contents
  vec_to_fill.clear();

  // Only level-0 elements store BCs.
  if (elem->parent() && !_children_on_boundary)
    return;

  // Check each element in the range to see if its side matches the requested side.
  for (const auto & pr : as_range(_boundary_side_id.equal_range(elem)))
    if (pr.second.first == side)
      vec_to_fill.push_back(pr.second.second);
}



void BoundaryInfo::copy_boundary_ids (const BoundaryInfo & old_boundary_info,
                                      const Elem * const old_elem,
                                      const Elem * const new_elem)
{
  libmesh_assert_equal_to (old_elem->n_sides(), new_elem->n_sides());
  libmesh_assert_equal_to (old_elem->n_edges(), new_elem->n_edges());

  std::vector<boundary_id_type> bndry_ids;

  for (auto s : old_elem->side_index_range())
    {
      old_boundary_info.raw_boundary_ids (old_elem, s, bndry_ids);
      this->add_side (new_elem, s, bndry_ids);
    }

  for (auto e : old_elem->edge_index_range())
    {
      old_boundary_info.raw_edge_boundary_ids (old_elem, e, bndry_ids);
      this->add_edge (new_elem, e, bndry_ids);
    }

  for (unsigned short sf=0; sf != 2; sf++)
    {
      old_boundary_info.raw_shellface_boundary_ids (old_elem, sf, bndry_ids);
      this->add_shellface (new_elem, sf, bndry_ids);
    }
}



void BoundaryInfo::remove (const Node * node)
{
  libmesh_assert(node);

  // Erase everything associated with node
  _boundary_node_id.erase (node);
}



void BoundaryInfo::remove_node (const Node * node,
                                const boundary_id_type id)
{
  libmesh_assert(node);

  // Erase (node, id) entry from map.
  erase_if(_boundary_node_id, node,
           [id](decltype(_boundary_node_id)::mapped_type & val)
           {return val == id;});
}



void BoundaryInfo::remove (const Elem * elem)
{
  libmesh_assert(elem);

  // Erase everything associated with elem
  _boundary_edge_id.erase (elem);
  _boundary_side_id.erase (elem);
  _boundary_shellface_id.erase (elem);
}



void BoundaryInfo::remove_edge (const Elem * elem,
                                const unsigned short int edge)
{
  libmesh_assert(elem);

  // Only touch BCs for edges that exist.
  libmesh_assert_less (edge, elem->n_edges());

  // Only level 0 elements are stored in BoundaryInfo.
  libmesh_assert_equal_to (elem->level(), 0);

  // Erase (elem, edge, *) entries from map.
  erase_if(_boundary_edge_id, elem,
           [edge](decltype(_boundary_edge_id)::mapped_type & pr)
           {return pr.first == edge;});
}



void BoundaryInfo::remove_edge (const Elem * elem,
                                const unsigned short int edge,
                                const boundary_id_type id)
{
  libmesh_assert(elem);

  // Only touch BCs for edges that exist.
  libmesh_assert_less (edge, elem->n_edges());

  // Only level 0 elements are stored in BoundaryInfo.
  libmesh_assert_equal_to (elem->level(), 0);

  // Erase (elem, edge, id) entries from map.
  erase_if(_boundary_edge_id, elem,
           [edge, id](decltype(_boundary_edge_id)::mapped_type & pr)
           {return pr.first == edge && pr.second == id;});
}


void BoundaryInfo::remove_shellface (const Elem * elem,
                                     const unsigned short int shellface)
{
  libmesh_assert(elem);

  // Only level 0 elements are stored in BoundaryInfo.
  libmesh_assert_equal_to (elem->level(), 0);

  // Shells only have 2 faces
  libmesh_assert_less(shellface, 2);

  // Erase (elem, shellface, *) entries from map.
  erase_if(_boundary_shellface_id, elem,
           [shellface](decltype(_boundary_shellface_id)::mapped_type & pr)
           {return pr.first == shellface;});
}



void BoundaryInfo::remove_shellface (const Elem * elem,
                                     const unsigned short int shellface,
                                     const boundary_id_type id)
{
  libmesh_assert(elem);

  // Only level 0 elements are stored in BoundaryInfo.
  libmesh_assert_equal_to (elem->level(), 0);

  // Shells only have 2 faces
  libmesh_assert_less(shellface, 2);

  // Erase (elem, shellface, id) entries from map.
  erase_if(_boundary_shellface_id, elem,
           [shellface, id](decltype(_boundary_shellface_id)::mapped_type & pr)
           {return pr.first == shellface && pr.second == id;});
}

void BoundaryInfo::remove_side (const Elem * elem,
                                const unsigned short int side)
{
  libmesh_assert(elem);

  // Only touch BCs for sides that exist.
  libmesh_assert_less (side, elem->n_sides());

  // Erase (elem, side, *) entries from map.
  erase_if(_boundary_side_id, elem,
           [side](decltype(_boundary_side_id)::mapped_type & pr)
           {return pr.first == side;});
}



void BoundaryInfo::remove_side (const Elem * elem,
                                const unsigned short int side,
                                const boundary_id_type id)
{
  libmesh_assert(elem);

  // Only touch BCs for sides that exist.
  libmesh_assert_less (side, elem->n_sides());

#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR
  // Here we have to stop and check if somebody tries to remove an ancestor's boundary ID
  // through a child
  if (elem->level())
  {
    std::vector<boundary_id_type> bd_ids;
    this->boundary_ids(elem,side,bd_ids);
    if(std::find(bd_ids.begin(), bd_ids.end(), id) != bd_ids.end())
    {
      std::vector<boundary_id_type> raw_bd_ids;
      this->raw_boundary_ids(elem, side, raw_bd_ids);
      if(std::find(raw_bd_ids.begin(), raw_bd_ids.end(), id) == raw_bd_ids.end())
        libmesh_not_implemented_msg("We cannot delete boundary ID "
                                    + std::to_string(id) +
                                    " using a child because it is inherited from an ancestor.");
    }
  }
#endif

  // Erase (elem, side, id) entries from map.
  erase_if(_boundary_side_id, elem,
           [side, id](decltype(_boundary_side_id)::mapped_type & pr)
           {return pr.first == side && pr.second == id;});
}



void BoundaryInfo::remove_id (boundary_id_type id, const bool global)
{
  // Pass global==false to the sub-methods here, so we can avoid
  // unnecessary communications
  this->remove_side_id(id, false);
  this->remove_edge_id(id, false);
  this->remove_shellface_id(id, false);
  this->remove_node_id(id, false);

  if (global)
    _global_boundary_ids.erase(id);
}



void BoundaryInfo::remove_side_id (boundary_id_type id, const bool global)
{
  // Erase id from ids containers
  _side_boundary_ids.erase(id);

  if (!_edge_boundary_ids.count(id) &&
      !_shellface_boundary_ids.count(id) &&
      !_node_boundary_ids.count(id))
    _boundary_ids.erase(id);

  _ss_id_to_name.erase(id);
  if (global)
    {
      bool someone_has_it = _boundary_ids.count(id);
      this->comm().max(someone_has_it);
      if (!someone_has_it)
        _global_boundary_ids.erase(id);
    }

  // Erase (*, *, id) entries from map.
  erase_if(_boundary_side_id,
           [id](decltype(_boundary_side_id)::mapped_type & pr)
           {return pr.second == id;});
}



void BoundaryInfo::remove_edge_id (boundary_id_type id, const bool global)
{
  // Erase id from ids containers
  _edge_boundary_ids.erase(id);

  if (!_side_boundary_ids.count(id) &&
      !_shellface_boundary_ids.count(id) &&
      !_node_boundary_ids.count(id))
    _boundary_ids.erase(id);

  _es_id_to_name.erase(id);
  if (global)
    {
      bool someone_has_it = _boundary_ids.count(id);
      this->comm().max(someone_has_it);
      if (!someone_has_it)
        _global_boundary_ids.erase(id);
    }

  // Erase (*, *, id) entries from map.
  erase_if(_boundary_edge_id,
           [id](decltype(_boundary_edge_id)::mapped_type & pr)
           {return pr.second == id;});
}



void BoundaryInfo::remove_shellface_id (boundary_id_type id, const bool global)
{
  // Erase id from ids containers
  _shellface_boundary_ids.erase(id);

  if (!_side_boundary_ids.count(id) &&
      !_edge_boundary_ids.count(id) &&
      !_node_boundary_ids.count(id))
    _boundary_ids.erase(id);

  if (global)
    {
      bool someone_has_it = _boundary_ids.count(id);
      this->comm().max(someone_has_it);
      if (!someone_has_it)
        _global_boundary_ids.erase(id);
    }

  // Erase (*, *, id) entries from map.
  erase_if(_boundary_shellface_id,
           [id](decltype(_boundary_shellface_id)::mapped_type & pr)
           {return pr.second == id;});
}



void BoundaryInfo::remove_node_id (boundary_id_type id, const bool global)
{
  // Erase id from ids containers
  _node_boundary_ids.erase(id);

  if (!_side_boundary_ids.count(id) &&
      !_edge_boundary_ids.count(id) &&
      !_shellface_boundary_ids.count(id))
    _boundary_ids.erase(id);

  if (global)
    {
      bool someone_has_it = _boundary_ids.count(id);
      this->comm().max(someone_has_it);
      if (!someone_has_it)
        _global_boundary_ids.erase(id);
    }

  // Erase (*, id) entries from map.
  erase_if(_boundary_node_id,
           [id](decltype(_boundary_node_id)::mapped_type & val)
           {return val == id;});
}



void BoundaryInfo::renumber_id (boundary_id_type old_id,
                                boundary_id_type new_id)
{
  if (old_id == new_id)
    {
      // If the IDs are the same, this is a no-op.
      return;
    }

  bool found_node = false;
  for (auto & p : _boundary_node_id)
    if (p.second == old_id)
      {
        // If we already have this id on this node, we don't want to
        // create a duplicate in our multimap
        this->remove_node(p.first, new_id);
        p.second = new_id;
        found_node = true;
      }
  if (found_node)
    {
      _node_boundary_ids.erase(old_id);
      _node_boundary_ids.insert(new_id);
    }

  bool found_edge = false;
  for (auto & p : _boundary_edge_id)
    if (p.second.second == old_id)
      {
        // If we already have this id on this edge, we don't want to
        // create a duplicate in our multimap
        this->remove_edge(p.first, p.second.first, new_id);
        p.second.second = new_id;
        found_edge = true;
      }
  if (found_edge)
    {
      _edge_boundary_ids.erase(old_id);
      _edge_boundary_ids.insert(new_id);
    }

  bool found_shellface = false;
  for (auto & p : _boundary_shellface_id)
    if (p.second.second == old_id)
      {
        // If we already have this id on this shellface, we don't want
        // to create a duplicate in our multimap
        this->remove_shellface(p.first, p.second.first, new_id);
        p.second.second = new_id;
        found_shellface = true;
      }
  if (found_shellface)
    {
      _shellface_boundary_ids.erase(old_id);
      _shellface_boundary_ids.insert(new_id);
    }

  bool found_side = false;
  for (auto & p : _boundary_side_id)
    if (p.second.second == old_id)
      {
        // If we already have this id on this side, we don't want to
        // create a duplicate in our multimap
        this->remove_side(p.first, p.second.first, new_id);
        p.second.second = new_id;
        found_side = true;
      }
  if (found_side)
    {
      _side_boundary_ids.erase(old_id);
      _side_boundary_ids.insert(new_id);
    }

  if (found_node || found_edge || found_shellface || found_side)
    {
      _boundary_ids.erase(old_id);
      _boundary_ids.insert(new_id);
    }

  renumber_name(_ss_id_to_name, old_id, new_id);
  renumber_name(_ns_id_to_name, old_id, new_id);
  renumber_name(_es_id_to_name, old_id, new_id);

  this->libmesh_assert_valid_multimaps();
}



void BoundaryInfo::renumber_side_id (boundary_id_type old_id,
                                     boundary_id_type new_id)
{
  // If the IDs are the same, this is a no-op.
  if (old_id == new_id)
    return;

  bool found_side = false;
  for (auto & p : _boundary_side_id)
    if (p.second.second == old_id)
      {
        // If we already have this id on this side, we don't want to
        // create a duplicate in our multimap
        this->remove_side(p.first, p.second.first, new_id);
        p.second.second = new_id;
        found_side = true;
      }
  _side_boundary_ids.erase(old_id);

  if (found_side)
    {
      _side_boundary_ids.insert(new_id);

      if (!_shellface_boundary_ids.count(old_id) &&
          !_edge_boundary_ids.count(old_id) &&
          !_node_boundary_ids.count(old_id))
        {
          _boundary_ids.erase(old_id);
        }
      _boundary_ids.insert(new_id);
    }

  renumber_name(_ss_id_to_name, old_id, new_id);

  this->libmesh_assert_valid_multimaps();
}



void BoundaryInfo::renumber_edge_id (boundary_id_type old_id,
                                     boundary_id_type new_id)
{
  // If the IDs are the same, this is a no-op.
  if (old_id == new_id)
    return;

  bool found_edge = false;
  for (auto & p : _boundary_edge_id)
    if (p.second.second == old_id)
      {
        // If we already have this id on this edge, we don't want to
        // create a duplicate in our multimap
        this->remove_edge(p.first, p.second.first, new_id);
        p.second.second = new_id;
        found_edge = true;
      }
  _edge_boundary_ids.erase(old_id);

  if (found_edge)
    {
      _edge_boundary_ids.insert(new_id);

      if (!_shellface_boundary_ids.count(old_id) &&
          !_side_boundary_ids.count(old_id) &&
          !_node_boundary_ids.count(old_id))
        {
          _boundary_ids.erase(old_id);
        }
      _boundary_ids.insert(new_id);
    }

  renumber_name(_es_id_to_name, old_id, new_id);

  this->libmesh_assert_valid_multimaps();
}



void BoundaryInfo::renumber_shellface_id (boundary_id_type old_id,
                                          boundary_id_type new_id)
{
  // If the IDs are the same, this is a no-op.
  if (old_id == new_id)
    return;

  bool found_shellface = false;
  for (auto & p : _boundary_shellface_id)
    if (p.second.second == old_id)
      {
        // If we already have this id on this shellface, we don't want
        // to create a duplicate in our multimap
        this->remove_shellface(p.first, p.second.first, new_id);
        p.second.second = new_id;
        found_shellface = true;
      }
  _shellface_boundary_ids.erase(old_id);

  if (found_shellface)
    {
      _shellface_boundary_ids.insert(new_id);

      if (!_edge_boundary_ids.count(old_id) &&
          !_side_boundary_ids.count(old_id) &&
          !_node_boundary_ids.count(old_id))
        {
          _boundary_ids.erase(old_id);
        }
      _boundary_ids.insert(new_id);
    }

  this->libmesh_assert_valid_multimaps();
}



void BoundaryInfo::renumber_node_id (boundary_id_type old_id,
                                     boundary_id_type new_id)
{
  // If the IDs are the same, this is a no-op.
  if (old_id == new_id)
    return;

  bool found_node = false;
  for (auto & p : _boundary_node_id)
    if (p.second == old_id)
      {
        // If we already have this id on this node, we don't want to
        // create a duplicate in our multimap
        this->remove_node(p.first, new_id);
        p.second = new_id;
        found_node = true;
      }
  _node_boundary_ids.erase(old_id);

  if (found_node)
    {
      _node_boundary_ids.insert(new_id);

      if (!_shellface_boundary_ids.count(old_id) &&
          !_side_boundary_ids.count(old_id) &&
          !_edge_boundary_ids.count(old_id))
        {
          _boundary_ids.erase(old_id);
        }
      _boundary_ids.insert(new_id);
    }

  renumber_name(_ns_id_to_name, old_id, new_id);

  this->libmesh_assert_valid_multimaps();
}



unsigned int BoundaryInfo::side_with_boundary_id(const Elem * const elem,
                                                 const boundary_id_type boundary_id_in) const
{
  const Elem * searched_elem = elem;

  // If we don't have a time-dependent domain, we can just go ahead and use the top parent
  // (since only those contain boundary conditions). Otherwise, we keep the element
  if (elem->level() != 0 && !_children_on_boundary)
      searched_elem = elem->top_parent();

  // elem may have zero or multiple occurrences
  for (const auto & pr : as_range(_boundary_side_id.equal_range(searched_elem)))
  {
      // if this is true we found the requested boundary_id
      // of the element and want to return the side
      if (pr.second.second == boundary_id_in)
      {
        unsigned int side = pr.second.first;

        // Here we branch out. If we don't allow time-dependent boundary domains,
        // we need to check if our parents are consistent.
        if (!_children_on_boundary)
        {
          // If we're on this external boundary then we share this
          // external boundary id
          if (elem->neighbor_ptr(side) == nullptr)
            return side;

          // If we're on an internal boundary then we need to be sure
          // it's the same internal boundary as our top_parent
          const Elem * p = elem;

#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR

          while (p != nullptr)
          {
            const Elem * parent = p->parent();
            if (parent && !parent->is_child_on_side(parent->which_child_am_i(p), side))
              break;
            p = parent;
          }
#endif
          // We're on that side of our top_parent; return it
          if (!p)
            return side;
        }
        // Otherwise we need to check if the child's ancestors have something on
        // the side of the child
        else
          return side;
      }
  }

#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR
  // We might have instances (especially with moving boundary domains) when we
  // query the paren't boundary ID on a child. We only do this till we find the
  // the first side, for multiple sides see above.
  if (_children_on_boundary && elem->level() != 0)
  {
    for (auto side : make_range(elem->n_sides()))
    {
      const Elem * p = elem;
      while (p->parent() != nullptr)
      {
        const Elem * parent = p->parent();

        // First we make sure the parent shares this side
        if (parent->is_child_on_side(parent->which_child_am_i(p), side))
        {
          // parent may have multiple boundary ids
          for (const auto & pr : as_range(_boundary_side_id.equal_range(parent)))
            // if this is true we found the requested boundary_id
            // of the element and want to return the side
            if (pr.second.first == side && pr.second.second == boundary_id_in)
              return side;

          p = parent;
        }
        // If the parent is not on the same side, other ancestors won't be on the same side either
        else
          break;
      }
    }
  }
#endif

  // if we get here, we found elem in the data structure but not
  // the requested boundary id, so return the default value
  return libMesh::invalid_uint;
}


std::vector<unsigned int>
BoundaryInfo::sides_with_boundary_id(const Elem * const elem,
                                     const boundary_id_type boundary_id_in) const
{
  std::vector<unsigned int> returnval;

  const Elem * searched_elem = elem;
  if (elem->level() != 0 && !_children_on_boundary)
    searched_elem = elem->top_parent();

  // elem may have zero or multiple occurrences
  for (const auto & pr : as_range(_boundary_side_id.equal_range(searched_elem)))
  {
      // if this is true we found the requested boundary_id
      // of the element and want to return the side
      if (pr.second.second == boundary_id_in)
      {
        unsigned int side = pr.second.first;

        // Here we branch out. If we don't allow time-dependent boundary domains,
        // we need to check if our parents are consistent.
        if (!_children_on_boundary)
        {
          // If we're on this external boundary then we share this
          // external boundary id
          if (elem->neighbor_ptr(side) == nullptr)
            {
              returnval.push_back(side);
              continue;
            }

          // If we're on an internal boundary then we need to be sure
          // it's the same internal boundary as our top_parent
          const Elem * p = elem;

#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR

          while (p != nullptr)
          {
            const Elem * parent = p->parent();
            if (parent && !parent->is_child_on_side(parent->which_child_am_i(p), side))
              break;
            p = parent;
          }
#endif
          // We're on that side of our top_parent; return it
          if (!p)
            returnval.push_back(side);
        }
        // Otherwise we trust what we got and return the side
        else
          returnval.push_back(side);
      }
  }

#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR
  // We might have instances (especially with moving boundary domains) when we
  // query the parent boundary ID on a child.
  if (_children_on_boundary && elem->level() != 0)
  {
    for (auto side : make_range(elem->n_sides()))
    {
      const Elem * p = elem;
      while (p->parent() != nullptr)
      {
        const Elem * parent = p->parent();
        // First we make sure the parent shares this side
        if (parent->is_child_on_side(parent->which_child_am_i(p), side))
        {
          // parent may have multiple boundary ids
          for (const auto & pr : as_range(_boundary_side_id.equal_range(parent)))
          {
            // if this is true we found the requested boundary_id
            // of the element and want to add the side to the vector. We
            // also need to check if the side is already in the vector. This might
            // happen if the child inherits the boundary from the parent.
            if (pr.second.first == side && pr.second.second == boundary_id_in &&
                std::find(returnval.begin(), returnval.end(), side) == returnval.end())
              returnval.push_back(side);
          }
        }
        // If the parent is not on the same side, other ancestors won't be on the same side either
        else
          break;
        p = parent;
      }
    }
  }
#endif

  return returnval;
}

void
BoundaryInfo::build_node_boundary_ids(std::vector<boundary_id_type> & b_ids) const
{
  b_ids.clear();

  for (const auto & pr : _boundary_node_id)
    {
      boundary_id_type id = pr.second;

      if (std::find(b_ids.begin(),b_ids.end(),id) == b_ids.end())
        b_ids.push_back(id);
    }
}

void
BoundaryInfo::build_side_boundary_ids(std::vector<boundary_id_type> & b_ids) const
{
  b_ids.clear();

  for (const auto & pr : _boundary_side_id)
    {
      boundary_id_type id = pr.second.second;

      if (std::find(b_ids.begin(),b_ids.end(),id) == b_ids.end())
        b_ids.push_back(id);
    }
}

void
BoundaryInfo::build_shellface_boundary_ids(std::vector<boundary_id_type> & b_ids) const
{
  b_ids.clear();

  for (const auto & pr :_boundary_shellface_id)
    {
      boundary_id_type id = pr.second.second;

      if (std::find(b_ids.begin(),b_ids.end(),id) == b_ids.end())
        b_ids.push_back(id);
    }
}

#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR
void
BoundaryInfo::transfer_boundary_ids_from_children(const Elem * const parent)
{
  // this is only needed when we allow boundary to be associated with children elements
  // also, we only transfer the parent's boundary ids when we are actually coarsen the child element
  if (!_children_on_boundary ||
      !(!parent->active() && parent->refinement_flag() == Elem::COARSEN_INACTIVE))
    return;

  // We assume that edges can be divided ito two pieces, while triangles and
  // quads can be divided into four smaller areas. This is double because we'll need
  // to convert the ratio of the children with given boundary id to a double.
  const double number_of_sides_on_children = std::pow(2, parent->dim()-1);

  // In this case the input argument elem is the parent element. We need to check all of its sides
  // to grab any potential boundary ids.
  for (unsigned int side_i = 0; side_i < parent->n_sides(); ++side_i)
  {
    // An temporary storage to count how many times the children's boundaries occur. the general
    // consensus is that if the boundary occurs more than once we propagate upon coarsening. Otherwise,
    // it will get deleted.
    std::map<unsigned short int, unsigned short int> boundary_counts;

    for (const auto & child_i : make_range(parent->n_children()))
    {
      // We only need to check the children which share the side
      if (parent->is_child_on_side(child_i, side_i))
      {
        // Fetching the boundary tags on the child's side
        for (const auto & pr : as_range(_boundary_side_id.equal_range(parent->child_ptr(child_i))))
        {
          // Making sure we are on the same boundary
          if (pr.second.first == side_i)
            ++boundary_counts[pr.second.second];
        }
      }
    }

    // This is where the decision is made. If 50% of the children have the tags,
    // we propagate them upwards upon coarsening. Otherwise, they are deleted.
    for (const auto & boundary : boundary_counts)
      if (boundary.second / number_of_sides_on_children > 0.5)
        this->add_side(parent, side_i, boundary.first);
  }

  for (const auto & child_i : make_range(parent->n_children()))
    this->remove(parent->child_ptr(child_i));
}
#endif

std::size_t BoundaryInfo::n_boundary_conds () const
{
  // in serial we know the number of bcs from the
  // size of the container
  if (_mesh->is_serial())
    return _boundary_side_id.size();

  // in parallel we need to sum the number of local bcs
  parallel_object_only();

  std::size_t nbcs=0;

  for (const auto & pr : _boundary_side_id)
    if (pr.first->processor_id() == this->processor_id())
      nbcs++;

  this->comm().sum (nbcs);

  return nbcs;
}

std::size_t BoundaryInfo::n_edge_conds () const
{
  // in serial we know the number of nodesets from the
  // size of the container
  if (_mesh->is_serial())
    return _boundary_edge_id.size();

  // in parallel we need to sum the number of local nodesets
  parallel_object_only();

  std::size_t n_edge_bcs=0;

  for (const auto & pr : _boundary_edge_id)
    if (pr.first->processor_id() == this->processor_id())
      n_edge_bcs++;

  this->comm().sum (n_edge_bcs);

  return n_edge_bcs;
}


std::size_t BoundaryInfo::n_shellface_conds () const
{
  // in serial we know the number of nodesets from the
  // size of the container
  if (_mesh->is_serial())
    return _boundary_shellface_id.size();

  // in parallel we need to sum the number of local nodesets
  parallel_object_only();

  std::size_t n_shellface_bcs=0;

  for (const auto & pr : _boundary_shellface_id)
    if (pr.first->processor_id() == this->processor_id())
      n_shellface_bcs++;

  this->comm().sum (n_shellface_bcs);

  return n_shellface_bcs;
}


std::size_t BoundaryInfo::n_nodeset_conds () const
{
  // in serial we know the number of nodesets from the
  // size of the container
  if (_mesh->is_serial())
    return _boundary_node_id.size();

  // in parallel we need to sum the number of local nodesets
  parallel_object_only();

  std::size_t n_nodesets=0;

  for (const auto & pr : _boundary_node_id)
    if (pr.first->processor_id() == this->processor_id())
      n_nodesets++;

  this->comm().sum (n_nodesets);

  return n_nodesets;
}



#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_DEPRECATED
void BoundaryInfo::build_node_list (std::vector<dof_id_type> & nl,
                                    std::vector<boundary_id_type> & il) const
{
  libmesh_deprecated();

  // Call the non-deprecated version of this function.
  auto bc_tuples = this->build_node_list();

  // Clear the input vectors, just in case they were used for
  // something else recently...
  nl.clear();
  il.clear();

  // Reserve the size, then use push_back
  nl.reserve (bc_tuples.size());
  il.reserve (bc_tuples.size());

  for (const auto & t : bc_tuples)
    {
      nl.push_back(std::get<0>(t));
      il.push_back(std::get<1>(t));
    }
}
#endif


std::vector<BoundaryInfo::NodeBCTuple>
BoundaryInfo::build_node_list(NodeBCTupleSortBy sort_by) const
{
  std::vector<NodeBCTuple> bc_tuples;
  bc_tuples.reserve(_boundary_node_id.size());

  for (const auto & [node, bid] : _boundary_node_id)
    bc_tuples.emplace_back(node->id(), bid);

  // This list is currently in memory address (arbitrary) order, so
  // sort, using the specified ordering, to make it consistent on all procs.
  if (sort_by == NodeBCTupleSortBy::NODE_ID)
    std::sort(bc_tuples.begin(), bc_tuples.end());
  else if (sort_by == NodeBCTupleSortBy::BOUNDARY_ID)
    std::sort(bc_tuples.begin(), bc_tuples.end(),
              [](const NodeBCTuple & left, const NodeBCTuple & right)
              {return std::get<1>(left) < std::get<1>(right);});

  return bc_tuples;
}


void
BoundaryInfo::build_node_list_from_side_list(const std::set<boundary_id_type> & sideset_list)
{
  // If we're on a distributed mesh, even the owner of a node is not
  // guaranteed to be able to properly assign its new boundary id(s)!
  // Nodal neighbors are not always ghosted, and a nodal neighbor
  // might have a boundary side.
  const bool mesh_is_serial = _mesh->is_serial();

  typedef std::set<std::pair<dof_id_type, boundary_id_type>> set_type;
  typedef std::vector<std::pair<dof_id_type, boundary_id_type>> vec_type;

  const processor_id_type my_proc_id = this->processor_id();
  std::unordered_map<processor_id_type, set_type> nodes_to_push;
  std::unordered_map<processor_id_type, vec_type> node_vecs_to_push;

  // For avoiding extraneous element side construction
  ElemSideBuilder side_builder;
  // Pull objects out of the loop to reduce heap operations
  const Elem * side;

  // Loop over the side list
  for (const auto & [elem, id_pair] : _boundary_side_id)
    {
      // Don't add remote sides
      if (elem->is_remote())
        continue;

      auto [sidenum, bcid] = id_pair;

      if (!sideset_list.empty() && !sideset_list.count(bcid))
        continue;

      // Need to loop over the sides of any possible children
      std::vector<const Elem *> family;
#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR
      elem->active_family_tree_by_side (family, sidenum);
#else
      family.push_back(elem);
#endif

      for (const auto & cur_elem : family)
        {
          side = &side_builder(*cur_elem, sidenum);

          // Add each node node on the side with the side's boundary id
          for (auto i : side->node_index_range())
            {
              this->add_node(side->node_ptr(i), bcid);
              if (!mesh_is_serial)
                {
                  const processor_id_type proc_id =
                    side->node_ptr(i)->processor_id();
                  if (proc_id != my_proc_id)
                    nodes_to_push[proc_id].emplace(side->node_id(i), bcid);
                }
            }
        }
    }

  // If we're on a serial mesh then we're done.
  if (mesh_is_serial)
    return;

  // Otherwise we need to push ghost node bcids to their owners, then
  // pull ghost node bcids from their owners.

  for (auto & [proc_id, s] : nodes_to_push)
    {
      node_vecs_to_push[proc_id].assign(s.begin(), s.end());
      s.clear();
    }

  auto nodes_action_functor =
    [this]
    (processor_id_type,
     const vec_type & received_nodes)
    {
      for (const auto & [dof_id, bndry_id] : received_nodes)
        this->add_node(_mesh->node_ptr(dof_id), bndry_id);
    };

  Parallel::push_parallel_vector_data
    (this->comm(), node_vecs_to_push, nodes_action_functor);

  // At this point we should know all the BCs for our own nodes; now
  // we need BCs for ghost nodes.
  std::unordered_map<processor_id_type, std::vector<dof_id_type>>
    node_ids_requested;

  // Determine what nodes we need to request
  for (const auto & node : _mesh->node_ptr_range())
    {
      const processor_id_type pid = node->processor_id();
      if (pid != my_proc_id)
        node_ids_requested[pid].push_back(node->id());
    }

  typedef std::vector<boundary_id_type> datum_type;

  auto node_bcid_gather_functor =
    [this]
    (processor_id_type,
     const std::vector<dof_id_type> & ids,
     std::vector<datum_type> & data)
    {
      const std::size_t query_size = ids.size();
      data.resize(query_size);

      for (std::size_t i=0; i != query_size; ++i)
        this->boundary_ids(_mesh->node_ptr(ids[i]), data[i]);
    };

  auto node_bcid_action_functor =
    [this]
    (processor_id_type,
     const std::vector<dof_id_type> & ids,
     const std::vector<datum_type> & data)
    {
      for (auto i : index_range(ids))
        this->add_node(_mesh->node_ptr(ids[i]), data[i]);
    };

  datum_type * datum_type_ex = nullptr;
  Parallel::pull_parallel_vector_data
    (this->comm(), node_ids_requested, node_bcid_gather_functor,
     node_bcid_action_functor, datum_type_ex);
}

void BoundaryInfo::parallel_sync_side_ids()
{
  // we need BCs for ghost elements.
  std::unordered_map<processor_id_type, std::vector<dof_id_type>>
    elem_ids_requested;

  // Determine what elements we need to request
  for (const auto & elem : _mesh->element_ptr_range())
  {
    const processor_id_type pid = elem->processor_id();
    if (pid != this->processor_id())
      elem_ids_requested[pid].push_back(elem->id());
  }

  typedef std::vector<std::pair<unsigned short int, boundary_id_type>> datum_type;

  // gather the element ID, side, and boundary_id_type for the ghost elements
  auto elem_id_gather_functor =
    [this]
    (processor_id_type,
     const std::vector<dof_id_type> & ids,
     std::vector<datum_type> & data)
  {
    data.resize(ids.size());
    for (auto i : index_range(ids))
    {
      Elem * elem = _mesh->elem_ptr(ids[i]);
      for (const auto & pr : as_range(_boundary_side_id.equal_range(elem)))
        data[i].push_back(std::make_pair(pr.second.first, pr.second.second));
    }
  };
  // update the _boundary_side_id on this processor
  auto elem_id_action_functor =
    [this]
    (processor_id_type,
     const std::vector<dof_id_type> & ids,
     std::vector<datum_type> & data)
  {
      for (auto i : index_range(ids))
      {
        Elem * elem = _mesh->elem_ptr(ids[i]);
        //clear boundary sides for this element
        _boundary_side_id.erase(elem);
        // update boundary sides for it
        for (const auto & [side_id, bndry_id] : data[i])
          _boundary_side_id.insert(std::make_pair(elem, std::make_pair(side_id, bndry_id)));
      }
  };


  datum_type * datum_type_ex = nullptr;
  Parallel::pull_parallel_vector_data
    (this->comm(), elem_ids_requested, elem_id_gather_functor,
     elem_id_action_functor, datum_type_ex);
}

void BoundaryInfo::parallel_sync_node_ids()
{
  // we need BCs for ghost nodes.
  std::unordered_map<processor_id_type, std::vector<dof_id_type>>
    node_ids_requested;

  // Determine what nodes we need to request
  for (const auto & node : _mesh->node_ptr_range())
  {
    const processor_id_type pid = node->processor_id();
    if (pid != this->processor_id())
      node_ids_requested[pid].push_back(node->id());
  }

  typedef std::vector<boundary_id_type> datum_type;

  // gather the node ID and boundary_id_type for the ghost nodes
  auto node_id_gather_functor =
  [this]
  (processor_id_type,
    const std::vector<dof_id_type> & ids,
    std::vector<datum_type> & data)
    {
      data.resize(ids.size());
      for (auto i : index_range(ids))
      {
        Node * node = _mesh->node_ptr(ids[i]);
        for (const auto & pr : as_range(_boundary_node_id.equal_range(node)))
        data[i].push_back(pr.second);
      }
    };

    // update the _boundary_node_id on this processor
    auto node_id_action_functor =
      [this]
      (processor_id_type,
       const std::vector<dof_id_type> & ids,
       std::vector<datum_type> & data)
    {
        for (auto i : index_range(ids))
        {
          Node * node = _mesh->node_ptr(ids[i]);
          //clear boundary node
          _boundary_node_id.erase(node);
          // update boundary node
          for (const auto & pr : data[i])
            _boundary_node_id.insert(std::make_pair(node, pr));
        }
    };


    datum_type * datum_type_ex = nullptr;
    Parallel::pull_parallel_vector_data
      (this->comm(), node_ids_requested, node_id_gather_functor,
       node_id_action_functor, datum_type_ex);
}

void BoundaryInfo::build_side_list_from_node_list(const std::set<boundary_id_type> & nodeset_list)
{
  // Check for early return
  if (_boundary_node_id.empty())
    {
      libMesh::out << "No boundary node IDs have been added: cannot build side list!" << std::endl;
      return;
    }

  // For avoiding extraneous element side construction
  ElemSideBuilder side_builder;
  // Pull objects out of the loop to reduce heap operations
  const Elem * side_elem;

  for (const auto & elem : _mesh->active_element_ptr_range())
    for (auto side : elem->side_index_range())
      {
        side_elem = &side_builder(*elem, side);

        // map from nodeset_id to count for that ID
        std::map<boundary_id_type, unsigned> nodesets_node_count;

        // For each nodeset that this node is a member of, increment the associated
        // nodeset ID count
        for (const auto & node : side_elem->node_ref_range())
          for (const auto & pr : as_range(_boundary_node_id.equal_range(&node)))
            if (nodeset_list.empty() || nodeset_list.count(pr.second))
              nodesets_node_count[pr.second]++;

        // Now check to see what nodeset_counts have the correct
        // number of nodes in them.  For any that do, add this side to
        // the sideset, making sure the sideset inherits the
        // nodeset's name, if there is one.
        for (const auto & pr : nodesets_node_count)
          if (pr.second == side_elem->n_nodes())
            {
              add_side(elem, side, pr.first);

              // Let the sideset inherit any non-empty name from the nodeset
              std::string & nset_name = nodeset_name(pr.first);

              if (nset_name != "")
                sideset_name(pr.first) = nset_name;
            }
      } // end for side
}




#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_DEPRECATED
void BoundaryInfo::build_side_list (std::vector<dof_id_type> & el,
                                    std::vector<unsigned short int> & sl,
                                    std::vector<boundary_id_type> & il) const
{
  libmesh_deprecated();

  // Call the non-deprecated version of this function.
  auto bc_tuples = this->build_side_list();

  // Clear the input vectors, just in case they were used for
  // something else recently...
  el.clear();
  sl.clear();
  il.clear();

  // Reserve the size, then use push_back
  el.reserve (bc_tuples.size());
  sl.reserve (bc_tuples.size());
  il.reserve (bc_tuples.size());

  for (const auto & t : bc_tuples)
    {
      el.push_back(std::get<0>(t));
      sl.push_back(std::get<1>(t));
      il.push_back(std::get<2>(t));
    }
}
#endif


std::vector<BoundaryInfo::BCTuple>
BoundaryInfo::build_side_list(BCTupleSortBy sort_by) const
{
  std::vector<BCTuple> bc_triples;
  bc_triples.reserve(_boundary_side_id.size());

  for (const auto & [elem, id_pair] : _boundary_side_id)
    bc_triples.emplace_back(elem->id(), id_pair.first, id_pair.second);

  // bc_triples is currently in whatever order the Elem pointers in
  // the _boundary_side_id multimap are in, and in particular might be
  // in different orders on different processors. To avoid this
  // inconsistency, we'll sort using the default operator< for tuples.
  if (sort_by == BCTupleSortBy::ELEM_ID)
    std::sort(bc_triples.begin(), bc_triples.end());
  else if (sort_by == BCTupleSortBy::SIDE_ID)
    std::sort(bc_triples.begin(), bc_triples.end(),
              [](const BCTuple & left, const BCTuple & right)
              {return std::get<1>(left) < std::get<1>(right);});
  else if (sort_by == BCTupleSortBy::BOUNDARY_ID)
    std::sort(bc_triples.begin(), bc_triples.end(),
              [](const BCTuple & left, const BCTuple & right)
              {return std::get<2>(left) < std::get<2>(right);});

  return bc_triples;
}



#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_DEPRECATED
void BoundaryInfo::build_active_side_list (std::vector<dof_id_type> & el,
                                           std::vector<unsigned short int> & sl,
                                           std::vector<boundary_id_type> & il) const
{
  libmesh_deprecated();

  // Call the non-deprecated version of this function.
  auto bc_tuples = this->build_active_side_list();

  // Clear the input vectors, just in case they were used for
  // something else recently...
  el.clear();
  sl.clear();
  il.clear();

  // Reserve the size, then use push_back
  el.reserve (bc_tuples.size());
  sl.reserve (bc_tuples.size());
  il.reserve (bc_tuples.size());

  for (const auto & t : bc_tuples)
    {
      el.push_back(std::get<0>(t));
      sl.push_back(std::get<1>(t));
      il.push_back(std::get<2>(t));
    }
}
#endif


std::vector<BoundaryInfo::BCTuple>
BoundaryInfo::build_active_side_list () const
{
  std::vector<BCTuple> bc_triples;
  bc_triples.reserve(_boundary_side_id.size());

  for (const auto & [elem, id_pair] : _boundary_side_id)
    {
      // Don't add remote sides
      if (elem->is_remote())
        continue;

      // Loop over the sides of possible children
      std::vector<const Elem *> family;
#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR
      elem->active_family_tree_by_side(family, id_pair.first);
#else
      family.push_back(elem);
#endif

      // Populate the list items
      for (const auto & f : family)
        bc_triples.emplace_back(f->id(), id_pair.first, id_pair.second);
    }

  // This list is currently in memory address (arbitrary) order, so
  // sort to make it consistent on all procs.
  std::sort(bc_triples.begin(), bc_triples.end());

  return bc_triples;
}


#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_DEPRECATED
void BoundaryInfo::build_edge_list (std::vector<dof_id_type> & el,
                                    std::vector<unsigned short int> & sl,
                                    std::vector<boundary_id_type> & il) const
{
  libmesh_deprecated();

  // Call the non-deprecated version of this function.
  auto bc_tuples = this->build_edge_list();

  // Clear the input vectors, just in case they were used for
  // something else recently...
  el.clear();
  sl.clear();
  il.clear();

  // Reserve the size, then use push_back
  el.reserve (bc_tuples.size());
  sl.reserve (bc_tuples.size());
  il.reserve (bc_tuples.size());

  for (const auto & t : bc_tuples)
    {
      el.push_back(std::get<0>(t));
      sl.push_back(std::get<1>(t));
      il.push_back(std::get<2>(t));
    }
}
#endif


std::vector<BoundaryInfo::BCTuple>
BoundaryInfo::build_edge_list() const
{
  std::vector<BCTuple> bc_triples;
  bc_triples.reserve(_boundary_edge_id.size());

  for (const auto & [elem, id_pair] : _boundary_edge_id)
    bc_triples.emplace_back(elem->id(), id_pair.first, id_pair.second);

  // This list is currently in memory address (arbitrary) order, so
  // sort to make it consistent on all procs.
  std::sort(bc_triples.begin(), bc_triples.end());

  return bc_triples;
}


#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_DEPRECATED
void BoundaryInfo::build_shellface_list (std::vector<dof_id_type> & el,
                                         std::vector<unsigned short int> & sl,
                                         std::vector<boundary_id_type> & il) const
{
  libmesh_deprecated();

  // Call the non-deprecated version of this function.
  auto bc_tuples = this->build_shellface_list();

  // Clear the input vectors, just in case they were used for
  // something else recently...
  el.clear();
  sl.clear();
  il.clear();

  // Reserve the size, then use push_back
  el.reserve (bc_tuples.size());
  sl.reserve (bc_tuples.size());
  il.reserve (bc_tuples.size());

  for (const auto & t : bc_tuples)
    {
      el.push_back(std::get<0>(t));
      sl.push_back(std::get<1>(t));
      il.push_back(std::get<2>(t));
    }
}
#endif


std::vector<BoundaryInfo::BCTuple>
BoundaryInfo::build_shellface_list() const
{
  std::vector<BCTuple> bc_triples;
  bc_triples.reserve(_boundary_shellface_id.size());

  for (const auto & [elem, id_pair] : _boundary_shellface_id)
    bc_triples.emplace_back(elem->id(), id_pair.first, id_pair.second);

  // This list is currently in memory address (arbitrary) order, so
  // sort to make it consistent on all procs.
  std::sort(bc_triples.begin(), bc_triples.end());

  return bc_triples;
}


void BoundaryInfo::print_info(std::ostream & out_stream) const
{
  // Print out the nodal BCs
  if (!_boundary_node_id.empty())
    {
      out_stream << "Nodal Boundary conditions:" << std::endl
                 << "--------------------------" << std::endl
                 << "  (Node No., ID)               " << std::endl;

      for (const auto & [node, bndry_id] : _boundary_node_id)
        out_stream << "  (" << node->id()
                   << ", "  << bndry_id
                   << ")"  << std::endl;
    }

  // Print out the element edge BCs
  if (!_boundary_edge_id.empty())
    {
      out_stream << std::endl
                 << "Edge Boundary conditions:" << std::endl
                 << "-------------------------" << std::endl
                 << "  (Elem No., Edge No., ID)      " << std::endl;

      for (const auto & [elem, id_pair] : _boundary_edge_id)
        out_stream << "  (" << elem->id()
                   << ", "  << id_pair.first
                   << ", "  << id_pair.second
                   << ")"   << std::endl;
    }

  // Print out the element shellface BCs
  if (!_boundary_shellface_id.empty())
    {
      out_stream << std::endl
                 << "Shell-face Boundary conditions:" << std::endl
                 << "-------------------------" << std::endl
                 << "  (Elem No., Shell-face No., ID)      " << std::endl;

      for (const auto & [elem, id_pair] : _boundary_shellface_id)
        out_stream << "  (" << elem->id()
                   << ", "  << id_pair.first
                   << ", "  << id_pair.second
                   << ")"   << std::endl;
    }

  // Print out the element side BCs
  if (!_boundary_side_id.empty())
    {
      out_stream << std::endl
                 << "Side Boundary conditions:" << std::endl
                 << "-------------------------" << std::endl
                 << "  (Elem No., Side No., ID)      " << std::endl;

      for (const auto & [elem, id_pair] : _boundary_side_id)
        out_stream << "  (" << elem->id()
                   << ", "  << id_pair.first
                   << ", "  << id_pair.second
                   << ")"   << std::endl;
    }
}



void BoundaryInfo::print_summary(std::ostream & out_stream) const
{
  // Print out the nodal BCs
  if (!_boundary_node_id.empty())
    {
      out_stream << "Nodal Boundary conditions:" << std::endl
                 << "--------------------------" << std::endl
                 << "  (ID, number of nodes)   " << std::endl;

      std::map<boundary_id_type, std::size_t> ID_counts;

      for (const auto & pr : _boundary_node_id)
        ID_counts[pr.second]++;

      for (const auto & [bndry_id, cnt] : ID_counts)
        out_stream << "  (" << bndry_id
                   << ", "  << cnt
                   << ")"  << std::endl;
    }

  // Print out the element edge BCs
  if (!_boundary_edge_id.empty())
    {
      out_stream << std::endl
                 << "Edge Boundary conditions:" << std::endl
                 << "-------------------------" << std::endl
                 << "  (ID, number of edges)   " << std::endl;

      std::map<boundary_id_type, std::size_t> ID_counts;

      for (const auto & pr : _boundary_edge_id)
        ID_counts[pr.second.second]++;

      for (const auto & [bndry_id, cnt] : ID_counts)
        out_stream << "  (" << bndry_id
                   << ", "  << cnt
                   << ")"  << std::endl;
    }


  // Print out the element edge BCs
  if (!_boundary_shellface_id.empty())
    {
      out_stream << std::endl
                 << "Shell-face Boundary conditions:" << std::endl
                 << "-------------------------" << std::endl
                 << "  (ID, number of shellfaces)   " << std::endl;

      std::map<boundary_id_type, std::size_t> ID_counts;

      for (const auto & pr : _boundary_shellface_id)
        ID_counts[pr.second.second]++;

      for (const auto & [bndry_id, cnt] : ID_counts)
        out_stream << "  (" << bndry_id
                   << ", "  << cnt
                   << ")"  << std::endl;
    }

  // Print out the element side BCs
  if (!_boundary_side_id.empty())
    {
      out_stream << std::endl
                 << "Side Boundary conditions:" << std::endl
                 << "-------------------------" << std::endl
                 << "  (ID, number of sides)   " << std::endl;

      std::map<boundary_id_type, std::size_t> ID_counts;

      for (const auto & pr : _boundary_side_id)
        ID_counts[pr.second.second]++;

      for (const auto & [bndry_id, cnt] : ID_counts)
        out_stream << "  (" << bndry_id
                   << ", "  << cnt
                   << ")"  << std::endl;
    }
}


const std::string & BoundaryInfo::get_sideset_name(boundary_id_type id) const
{
  static const std::string empty_string;
  if (const auto it = _ss_id_to_name.find(id);
      it == _ss_id_to_name.end())
    return empty_string;
  else
    return it->second;
}


std::string & BoundaryInfo::sideset_name(boundary_id_type id)
{
  return _ss_id_to_name[id];
}

const std::string & BoundaryInfo::get_nodeset_name(boundary_id_type id) const
{
  static const std::string empty_string;
  if (const auto it = _ns_id_to_name.find(id);
      it == _ns_id_to_name.end())
    return empty_string;
  else
    return it->second;
}

std::string & BoundaryInfo::nodeset_name(boundary_id_type id)
{
  return _ns_id_to_name[id];
}

const std::string & BoundaryInfo::get_edgeset_name(boundary_id_type id) const
{
  static const std::string empty_string;
  if (const auto it = _es_id_to_name.find(id);
      it == _es_id_to_name.end())
    return empty_string;
  else
    return it->second;
}


std::string & BoundaryInfo::edgeset_name(boundary_id_type id)
{
  return _es_id_to_name[id];
}

boundary_id_type BoundaryInfo::get_id_by_name(std::string_view name) const
{
  // Search sidesets
  for (const auto & [ss_id, ss_name] : _ss_id_to_name)
    if (ss_name == name)
      return ss_id;

  // Search nodesets
  for (const auto & [ns_id, ns_name] : _ns_id_to_name)
    if (ns_name == name)
      return ns_id;

  // Search edgesets
  for (const auto & [es_id, es_name] : _es_id_to_name)
    if (es_name == name)
      return es_id;

  // If we made it here without returning, we don't have a sideset,
  // nodeset, or edgeset by the requested name, so return invalid_id
  return invalid_id;
}



void BoundaryInfo::_find_id_maps(const std::set<boundary_id_type> & requested_boundary_ids,
                                 dof_id_type first_free_node_id,
                                 std::map<dof_id_type, dof_id_type> * node_id_map,
                                 dof_id_type first_free_elem_id,
                                 std::map<std::pair<dof_id_type, unsigned char>, dof_id_type> * side_id_map,
                                 const std::set<subdomain_id_type> & subdomains_relative_to)
{
  // We'll do the same modulus trick that DistributedMesh uses to avoid
  // id conflicts between different processors
  dof_id_type
    next_node_id = first_free_node_id + this->processor_id(),
    next_elem_id = first_free_elem_id + this->processor_id();

  // For avoiding extraneous element side construction
  ElemSideBuilder side_builder;
  // Pull objects out of the loop to reduce heap operations
  const Elem * side;

  // We'll pass through the mesh once first to build
  // the maps and count boundary nodes and elements.
  // To find local boundary nodes, we have to examine all elements
  // here rather than just local elements, because it's possible to
  // have a local boundary node that's not on a local boundary
  // element, e.g. at the tip of a triangle.

  // We'll loop through two different ranges here: first all elements,
  // looking for local nodes, and second through unpartitioned
  // elements, looking for all remaining nodes.
  const MeshBase::const_element_iterator end_el = _mesh->elements_end();
  bool hit_end_el = false;
  const MeshBase::const_element_iterator end_unpartitioned_el =
    _mesh->pid_elements_end(DofObject::invalid_processor_id);

  for (MeshBase::const_element_iterator el = _mesh->elements_begin();
       !hit_end_el || (el != end_unpartitioned_el); ++el)
    {
      if ((el == end_el) && !hit_end_el)
        {
          // Note that we're done with local nodes and just looking
          // for remaining unpartitioned nodes
          hit_end_el = true;

          // Join up the local results from other processors
          if (side_id_map)
            this->comm().set_union(*side_id_map);
          if (node_id_map)
            this->comm().set_union(*node_id_map);

          // Finally we'll pass through any unpartitioned elements to add them
          // to the maps and counts.
          next_node_id = first_free_node_id + this->n_processors();
          next_elem_id = first_free_elem_id + this->n_processors();

          el = _mesh->pid_elements_begin(DofObject::invalid_processor_id);
          if (el == end_unpartitioned_el)
            break;
        }

      const Elem * elem = *el;

      // If the subdomains_relative_to container has the
      // invalid_subdomain_id, we fall back on the "old" behavior of
      // adding sides regardless of this Elem's subdomain. Otherwise,
      // if the subdomains_relative_to container doesn't contain the
      // current Elem's subdomain_id(), we won't add any sides from
      // it.
      if (!subdomains_relative_to.count(Elem::invalid_subdomain_id) &&
          !subdomains_relative_to.count(elem->subdomain_id()))
        continue;

      for (auto s : elem->side_index_range())
        {
          bool add_this_side = false;

          // Find all the boundary side ids for this Elem side.
          std::vector<boundary_id_type> bcids;
          this->boundary_ids(elem, s, bcids);

          for (const boundary_id_type bcid : bcids)
            {
              // if the user wants this id, we want this side
              if (requested_boundary_ids.count(bcid))
                {
                  add_this_side = true;
                  break;
                }
            }

          // We may still want to add this side if the user called
          // sync() with no requested_boundary_ids. This corresponds
          // to the "old" style of calling sync() in which the entire
          // boundary was copied to the BoundaryMesh, and handles the
          // case where elements on the geometric boundary are not in
          // any sidesets.
          if (requested_boundary_ids.count(invalid_id) &&
              elem->neighbor_ptr(s) == nullptr)
            add_this_side = true;

          if (add_this_side)
            {
              // We only assign ids for our own and for
              // unpartitioned elements
              if (side_id_map &&
                  ((elem->processor_id() == this->processor_id()) ||
                   (elem->processor_id() ==
                    DofObject::invalid_processor_id)))
                {
                  std::pair<dof_id_type, unsigned char> side_pair(elem->id(), s);
                  libmesh_assert (!side_id_map->count(side_pair));
                  (*side_id_map)[side_pair] = next_elem_id;
                  next_elem_id += this->n_processors() + 1;
                }

              side = &side_builder(*elem, s);
              for (auto n : side->node_index_range())
                {
                  const Node & node = side->node_ref(n);

                  // In parallel we don't know enough to number
                  // others' nodes ourselves.
                  if (!hit_end_el &&
                      (node.processor_id() != this->processor_id()))
                    continue;

                  dof_id_type node_id = node.id();
                  if (node_id_map && !node_id_map->count(node_id))
                    {
                      (*node_id_map)[node_id] = next_node_id;
                      next_node_id += this->n_processors() + 1;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

  // FIXME: ought to renumber side/node_id_map image to be contiguous
  // to save memory, also ought to reserve memory
}

void BoundaryInfo::clear_stitched_boundary_side_ids (const boundary_id_type sideset_id,
                                                     const boundary_id_type other_sideset_id,
                                                     const bool clear_nodeset_data)
{
  auto end_it = _boundary_side_id.end();
  auto it = _boundary_side_id.begin();

  // This predicate checks to see whether the pred_pr triplet's boundary ID matches sideset_id
  // (other_sideset_id) *and* whether there is a boundary information triplet on the other side of
  // the face whose boundary ID matches the other_sideset_id (sideset_id). We return a pair where
  // first is a boolean indicating our condition is true or false, and second is an iterator to the
  // neighboring triplet if our condition is true
  auto predicate =
      [sideset_id, other_sideset_id](
          const std::pair<const Elem *, std::pair<unsigned short int, boundary_id_type>> & pred_pr,
          const std::multimap<const Elem *, std::pair<unsigned short int, boundary_id_type>> &
              pred_container) {
        const Elem & elem = *pred_pr.first;
        const auto elem_side = pred_pr.second.first;
        const Elem * const other_elem = elem.neighbor_ptr(elem_side);
        if (!other_elem)
          return std::make_pair(false, pred_container.end());

        const auto elem_side_bnd_id = pred_pr.second.second;
        auto other_elem_side_bnd_id = BoundaryInfo::invalid_id;
        if (elem_side_bnd_id == sideset_id)
          other_elem_side_bnd_id = other_sideset_id;
        else if (elem_side_bnd_id == other_sideset_id)
          other_elem_side_bnd_id = sideset_id;
        else
          return std::make_pair(false, pred_container.end());

        const auto other_elem_side = other_elem->which_neighbor_am_i(&elem);
        const typename std::decay<decltype(pred_container)>::type::value_type other_sideset_info(
            other_elem, std::make_pair(other_elem_side, other_elem_side_bnd_id));
        auto other_range = pred_container.equal_range(other_elem);
        libmesh_assert_msg(
            other_range.first != other_range.second,
            "No matching sideset information for other element in boundary information");
        auto other_it = std::find(other_range.first, other_range.second, other_sideset_info);
        libmesh_assert_msg(
            other_it != pred_container.end(),
            "No matching sideset information for other element in boundary information");
        return std::make_pair(true, other_it);
      };

  for (; it != end_it;)
  {
    auto pred_result = predicate(*it, _boundary_side_id);
    if (pred_result.first)
    {
      // First erase associated nodeset information.  Do it from both
      // sides, so we get any higher-order nodes if we're looking at
      // them from a lower-order side, and so we only remove the two
      // boundary ids used for stitching.
      if (clear_nodeset_data)
      {
        const Elem & elem = *it->first;
        const Elem & neigh = *pred_result.second->first;
        const auto elem_side = it->second.first;
        const boundary_id_type neigh_side = pred_result.second->second.first;
        const auto elem_bcid = it->second.second;
        const boundary_id_type neigh_bcid = pred_result.second->second.second;

        for (const auto local_node_num : elem.nodes_on_side(elem_side))
          this->remove_node(elem.node_ptr(local_node_num), elem_bcid);

        for (const auto local_node_num : neigh.nodes_on_side(neigh_side))
          this->remove_node(neigh.node_ptr(local_node_num), neigh_bcid);
      }

      // Now erase the sideset information for our element and its
      // neighbor, together.  This is safe since a multimap doesn't
      // invalidate iterators.
      _boundary_side_id.erase(pred_result.second);
      it = _boundary_side_id.erase(it);
    }
    else
      ++it;
  }

  // Removing stitched-away boundary ids might have removed an id
  // *entirely*, so we need to recompute boundary id sets to check
  // for that.
  this->regenerate_id_sets();
  this->libmesh_assert_valid_multimaps();
}

const std::set<boundary_id_type> &
BoundaryInfo::get_global_boundary_ids() const
{
  libmesh_assert(_mesh && _mesh->is_prepared());
  return _global_boundary_ids;
}

void
BoundaryInfo::libmesh_assert_valid_multimaps() const
{
#ifndef NDEBUG
  auto verify_multimap = [](const auto & themap) {
    for (const auto & [key, val] : themap)
      {
        auto range = themap.equal_range(key);

        int count = 0;
        for (auto it = range.first; it != range.second; ++it)
          if (it->second == val)
            ++count;

        libmesh_assert(count == 1);
      }
  };

  verify_multimap(this->_boundary_node_id);
  verify_multimap(this->_boundary_edge_id);
  verify_multimap(this->_boundary_shellface_id);
  verify_multimap(this->_boundary_side_id);
#else
  return;
#endif
}

} // namespace libMesh