mesh_communication.C

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// The libMesh Finite Element Library.
// Copyright (C) 2002-2025 Benjamin S. Kirk, John W. Peterson, Roy H. Stogner

// This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
// modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
// License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
// version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
// Lesser General Public License for more details.

// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
// License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
// Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA



// Local Includes
#include "libmesh/boundary_info.h"
#include "libmesh/distributed_mesh.h"
#include "libmesh/elem.h"
#include "libmesh/ghosting_functor.h"
#include "libmesh/libmesh_config.h"
#include "libmesh/libmesh_common.h"
#include "libmesh/libmesh_logging.h"
#include "libmesh/mesh_base.h"
#include "libmesh/mesh_communication.h"
#include "libmesh/null_output_iterator.h"
#include "libmesh/mesh_tools.h"
#include "libmesh/parallel.h"
#include "libmesh/parallel_elem.h"
#include "libmesh/parallel_node.h"
#include "libmesh/parallel_ghost_sync.h"
#include "libmesh/utility.h"
#include "libmesh/remote_elem.h"
#include "libmesh/int_range.h"
#include "libmesh/elem_side_builder.h"

// C++ Includes
#include <numeric>
#include <set>
#include <unordered_set>
#include <unordered_map>



//-----------------------------------------------
// anonymous namespace for implementation details
namespace {

using namespace libMesh;

struct SyncNeighbors
{
  typedef std::vector<dof_id_type> datum;

  SyncNeighbors(MeshBase & _mesh) :
    mesh(_mesh) {}

  MeshBase & mesh;

  // Find the neighbor ids for each requested element
  void gather_data (const std::vector<dof_id_type> & ids,
                    std::vector<datum> & neighbors) const
  {
    neighbors.resize(ids.size());

    for (auto i : index_range(ids))
      {
        // Look for this element in the mesh
        // We'd better find every element we're asked for
        const Elem & elem = mesh.elem_ref(ids[i]);

        // Return the element's neighbors
        const unsigned int n_neigh = elem.n_neighbors();
        neighbors[i].resize(n_neigh);
        for (unsigned int n = 0; n != n_neigh; ++n)
          {
            const Elem * neigh = elem.neighbor_ptr(n);
            if (neigh)
              {
                libmesh_assert_not_equal_to(neigh, remote_elem);
                neighbors[i][n] = neigh->id();
              }
            else
              neighbors[i][n] = DofObject::invalid_id;
          }
      }
  }

  void act_on_data (const std::vector<dof_id_type> & ids,
                    const std::vector<datum> & neighbors) const
  {
    for (auto i : index_range(ids))
      {
        Elem & elem = mesh.elem_ref(ids[i]);

        const datum & new_neigh = neighbors[i];

        const unsigned int n_neigh = elem.n_neighbors();
        libmesh_assert_equal_to (n_neigh, new_neigh.size());

        for (unsigned int n = 0; n != n_neigh; ++n)
          {
            const dof_id_type new_neigh_id = new_neigh[n];
            const Elem * old_neigh = elem.neighbor_ptr(n);
            if (old_neigh && old_neigh != remote_elem)
              {
                libmesh_assert_equal_to(old_neigh->id(), new_neigh_id);
              }
            else if (new_neigh_id == DofObject::invalid_id)
              {
                libmesh_assert (!old_neigh);
              }
            else
              {
                Elem * neigh = mesh.query_elem_ptr(new_neigh_id);
                if (neigh)
                  elem.set_neighbor(n, neigh);
                else
                  elem.set_neighbor(n, const_cast<RemoteElem *>(remote_elem));
              }
          }
      }
  }
};


void
connect_element_families(const connected_elem_set_type & connected_elements,
                         const connected_elem_set_type & new_connected_elements,
                         connected_elem_set_type & newer_connected_elements,
                         const MeshBase * mesh)
{
  // mesh was an optional parameter for API backwards compatibility
  if (mesh && !mesh->get_constraint_rows().empty())
    {
      // We start with the constraint connections, not ancestors,
      // because we don't need constraining nodes of elements'
      // ancestors' constrained nodes.
      const auto & constraint_rows = mesh->get_constraint_rows();

      std::unordered_set<const Elem *> constraining_nodes_elems;
      for (const Elem * elem : connected_elements)
        {
          for (const Node & node : elem->node_ref_range())
            {
              // Retain all elements containing constraining nodes
              if (const auto it = constraint_rows.find(&node);
                  it != constraint_rows.end())
                for (auto & p : it->second)
                  {
                    const Elem * constraining_elem = p.first.first;
                    libmesh_assert(constraining_elem ==
                                   mesh->elem_ptr(constraining_elem->id()));
                    if (!connected_elements.count(constraining_elem) &&
                        !new_connected_elements.count(constraining_elem))
                      constraining_nodes_elems.insert(constraining_elem);
                  }
            }
        }

      newer_connected_elements.insert(constraining_nodes_elems.begin(),
                                      constraining_nodes_elems.end());
    }

#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR

  // Because our set is sorted by ascending level, we can traverse it
  // in reverse order, adding parents as we go, and end up with all
  // ancestors added.  This is safe for std::set where insert doesn't
  // invalidate iterators.
  //
  // This only works because we do *not* cache
  // connected_elements.rend(), whose value can change when we insert
  // elements which are sorted before the original rend.
  //
  // We're also going to get subactive descendents here, when any
  // exist.  We're iterating in the wrong direction to do that
  // non-recursively, so we'll cop out and rely on total_family_tree.
  // Iterating backwards does mean that we won't be querying the newly
  // inserted subactive elements redundantly.

  connected_elem_set_type::reverse_iterator
    elem_rit  = new_connected_elements.rbegin();

  for (; elem_rit != new_connected_elements.rend(); ++elem_rit)
    {
      const Elem * elem = *elem_rit;
      libmesh_assert(elem);

      // We let ghosting functors worry about only active elements,
      // but the remote processor needs all its semilocal elements'
      // ancestors and active semilocal elements' descendants too.
      for (const Elem * parent = elem->parent(); parent;
           parent = parent->parent())
        if (!connected_elements.count(parent) &&
            !new_connected_elements.count(parent))
          newer_connected_elements.insert (parent);

      auto total_family_insert =
        [&connected_elements, &new_connected_elements,
         &newer_connected_elements]
        (const Elem * e)
        {
          if (e->active() && e->has_children())
            {
              std::vector<const Elem *> subactive_family;
              e->total_family_tree(subactive_family);
              for (const auto & f : subactive_family)
                {
                  libmesh_assert(f != remote_elem);
                  if (!connected_elements.count(f) &&
                      !new_connected_elements.count(f))
                    newer_connected_elements.insert(f);
                }
            }
        };

      total_family_insert(elem);

      // We also need any interior parents on this mesh, which will
      // then need their own ancestors and descendants.
      const Elem * interior_parent = elem->interior_parent();

      // Don't try to grab interior parents from other meshes, e.g. if
      // this was a BoundaryMesh associated with a separate Mesh.

      // We can't test this if someone's using the pre-mesh-ptr API
      libmesh_assert(!interior_parent || mesh);

      if (interior_parent &&
          interior_parent == mesh->query_elem_ptr(interior_parent->id()) &&
          !connected_elements.count(interior_parent) &&
          !new_connected_elements.count(interior_parent))
        {
          newer_connected_elements.insert (interior_parent);
          total_family_insert(interior_parent);
        }
    }

#  ifdef DEBUG
  // Let's be paranoid and make sure that all our ancestors
  // really did get inserted.  I screwed this up the first time
  // by caching rend, and I can easily imagine screwing it up in
  // the future by changing containers.
  auto check_elem =
    [&connected_elements,
     &new_connected_elements,
     &newer_connected_elements]
    (const Elem * elem)
    {
      libmesh_assert(elem);
      const Elem * parent = elem->parent();
      if (parent)
        libmesh_assert(connected_elements.count(parent) ||
                       new_connected_elements.count(parent) ||
                       newer_connected_elements.count(parent));
    };

  for (const auto & elem : connected_elements)
    check_elem(elem);
  for (const auto & elem : new_connected_elements)
    check_elem(elem);
  for (const auto & elem : newer_connected_elements)
    check_elem(elem);
#  endif // DEBUG

#endif // LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR
}



void connect_nodes (const connected_elem_set_type & new_connected_elements,
                    const connected_node_set_type & connected_nodes,
                    const connected_node_set_type & new_connected_nodes,
                    connected_node_set_type & newer_connected_nodes)
{
  for (const auto & elem : new_connected_elements)
    for (auto & n : elem->node_ref_range())
      if (!connected_nodes.count(&n) &&
          !new_connected_nodes.count(&n))
        newer_connected_nodes.insert(&n);
}


} // anonymous namespace



namespace libMesh
{


void query_ghosting_functors(const MeshBase & mesh,
                             processor_id_type pid,
                             MeshBase::const_element_iterator elem_it,
                             MeshBase::const_element_iterator elem_end,
                             connected_elem_set_type & connected_elements)
{
  for (auto & gf :
         as_range(mesh.ghosting_functors_begin(),
                  mesh.ghosting_functors_end()))
    {
      GhostingFunctor::map_type elements_to_ghost;
      libmesh_assert(gf);
      (*gf)(elem_it, elem_end, pid, elements_to_ghost);

      // We can ignore the CouplingMatrix in ->second, but we
      // need to ghost all the elements in ->first.
      for (auto & pr : elements_to_ghost)
        {
          const Elem * elem = pr.first;
          libmesh_assert(elem != remote_elem);
          libmesh_assert(mesh.elem_ptr(elem->id()) == elem);
          connected_elements.insert(elem);
        }
    }

  // The GhostingFunctors won't be telling us about the elements from
  // pid; we need to add those ourselves.
  for (; elem_it != elem_end; ++elem_it)
    connected_elements.insert(*elem_it);
}


void connect_children(const MeshBase & mesh,
                      MeshBase::const_element_iterator elem_it,
                      MeshBase::const_element_iterator elem_end,
                      connected_elem_set_type & connected_elements)
{
  // None of these parameters are used when !LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR.
  libmesh_ignore(mesh, elem_it, elem_end, connected_elements);

#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR
  // Our XdrIO output needs inactive local elements to not have any
  // remote_elem children.  Let's make sure that doesn't happen.
  //
  for (const auto & elem : as_range(elem_it, elem_end))
    {
      if (elem->has_children())
        for (auto & child : elem->child_ref_range())
          if (&child != remote_elem)
            connected_elements.insert(&child);
    }
#endif // LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR
}


#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_DEPRECATED
void connect_families(connected_elem_set_type & connected_elements,
                      const MeshBase * mesh)
{
  // This old API won't be sufficient in cases (IGA meshes with
  // non-NodeElem nodes acting as the unconstrained DoFs) that require
  // recursion.
  libmesh_deprecated();

  // Just do everything in one fell swoop; this is adequate for most
  // meshes.
  connect_element_families(connected_elements, connected_elements,
                           connected_elements, mesh);
}
#endif // LIBMESH_ENABLE_DEPRECATED



void reconnect_nodes (connected_elem_set_type & connected_elements,
                      connected_node_set_type & connected_nodes)
{
  // We're done using the nodes list for element decisions; now
  // let's reuse it for nodes of the elements we've decided on.
  connected_nodes.clear();

  // Use the newer API
  connect_nodes(connected_elements, connected_nodes, connected_nodes,
                connected_nodes);
}


void connect_element_dependencies(const MeshBase & mesh,
                                  connected_elem_set_type & connected_elements,
                                  connected_node_set_type & connected_nodes)
{
  // We haven't examined any of these inputs for dependencies yet, so
  // let's mark them all as to be examined now.
  connected_elem_set_type new_connected_elements;
  connected_node_set_type new_connected_nodes;
  new_connected_elements.swap(connected_elements);
  new_connected_nodes.swap(connected_nodes);

  while (!new_connected_elements.empty() ||
         !new_connected_nodes.empty())
    {
      auto [newer_connected_elements,
            newer_connected_nodes] =
        connect_element_dependencies
          (mesh, connected_elements, connected_nodes,
           new_connected_elements, new_connected_nodes);

      // These have now been examined
      connected_elements.merge(new_connected_elements);
      connected_nodes.merge(new_connected_nodes);

      // merge() doesn't guarantee empty() unless there are no
      // duplicates, which there shouldn't be
      libmesh_assert(new_connected_elements.empty());
      libmesh_assert(new_connected_nodes.empty());

      // These now need to be examined
      new_connected_elements.swap(newer_connected_elements);
      new_connected_nodes.swap(newer_connected_nodes);
    }
}


std::pair<connected_elem_set_type, connected_node_set_type>
connect_element_dependencies(const MeshBase & mesh,
                             const connected_elem_set_type & connected_elements,
                             const connected_node_set_type & connected_nodes,
                             const connected_elem_set_type & new_connected_elements,
                             const connected_node_set_type & new_connected_nodes)
{
  std::pair<connected_elem_set_type, connected_node_set_type> returnval;
  auto & [newer_connected_elements, newer_connected_nodes] = returnval;
  connect_element_families(connected_elements, new_connected_elements,
                           newer_connected_elements, &mesh);

  connect_nodes(new_connected_elements, connected_nodes,
                new_connected_nodes, newer_connected_nodes);

  return returnval;
}




// ------------------------------------------------------------
// MeshCommunication class members
void MeshCommunication::clear ()
{
  //  _neighboring_processors.clear();
}



#ifndef LIBMESH_HAVE_MPI // avoid spurious gcc warnings
// ------------------------------------------------------------
void MeshCommunication::redistribute (DistributedMesh &, bool) const
{
  // no MPI == one processor, no redistribution
  return;
}

#else
// ------------------------------------------------------------
void MeshCommunication::redistribute (DistributedMesh & mesh,
                                      bool newly_coarsened_only) const
{
  // This method will be called after a new partitioning has been
  // assigned to the elements.  This partitioning was defined in
  // terms of the active elements, and "trickled down" to the
  // parents and nodes as to be consistent.
  //
  // The point is that the entire concept of local elements is
  // kinda shaky in this method.  Elements which were previously
  // local may now be assigned to other processors, so we need to
  // send those off.  Similarly, we need to accept elements from
  // other processors.

  // This method is also useful in the more limited case of
  // post-coarsening redistribution: if elements are only ghosting
  // neighbors of their active elements, but adaptive coarsening
  // causes an inactive element to become active, then we may need a
  // copy of that inactive element's neighbors.

  // The approach is as follows:
  // (1) send all relevant elements we have stored to their proper homes
  // (2) receive elements from all processors, watching for duplicates
  // (3) deleting all nonlocal elements elements
  // (4) obtaining required ghost elements from neighboring processors
  libmesh_parallel_only(mesh.comm());
  libmesh_assert (!mesh.is_serial());
  libmesh_assert (MeshTools::n_elem(mesh.unpartitioned_elements_begin(),
                                    mesh.unpartitioned_elements_end()) == 0);

  LOG_SCOPE("redistribute()", "MeshCommunication");

  // Be compatible with both deprecated and corrected MeshBase iterator types
  typedef std::remove_const<MeshBase::const_element_iterator::value_type>::type nc_v_t;

  // We're going to sort elements-to-send by pid in one pass, to avoid
  // sending predicated iterators through the whole mesh N_p times
  std::unordered_map<processor_id_type, std::vector<nc_v_t>> send_to_pid;

  const MeshBase::const_element_iterator send_elems_begin =
#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR
    newly_coarsened_only ?
      mesh.flagged_elements_begin(Elem::JUST_COARSENED) :
#endif
      mesh.active_elements_begin();

  const MeshBase::const_element_iterator send_elems_end =
#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR
    newly_coarsened_only ?
      mesh.flagged_elements_end(Elem::JUST_COARSENED) :
#endif
      mesh.active_elements_end();

  // See what should get sent where.  We don't send to ourselves.
  for (auto & elem : as_range(send_elems_begin, send_elems_end))
    if (elem->processor_id() != mesh.processor_id())
      send_to_pid[elem->processor_id()].push_back(elem);

  std::map<processor_id_type, std::vector<const Node *>> all_nodes_to_send;
  std::map<processor_id_type, std::vector<const Elem *>> all_elems_to_send;

  // We may need to send constraint rows too.
  auto & constraint_rows = mesh.get_constraint_rows();
  bool have_constraint_rows = !constraint_rows.empty();
  mesh.comm().broadcast(have_constraint_rows);

#ifdef DEBUG
  const dof_id_type n_constraint_rows =
    have_constraint_rows ? mesh.n_constraint_rows() : 0;
#endif

  typedef std::vector<std::pair<std::pair<dof_id_type, unsigned int>, Real>>
    serialized_row_type;
  std::unordered_map<processor_id_type,
                     std::vector<std::pair<dof_id_type, serialized_row_type>>>
    all_constraint_rows_to_send;

  // If we don't have any just-coarsened elements to send to a
  // pid, then there won't be any nodes or any elements pulled
  // in by ghosting either, and we're done with this pid.
  for (const auto & [pid, p_elements] : send_to_pid)
    {
      // Build up a list of nodes and elements to send to processor pid.
      // We will certainly send all the elements assigned to this processor,
      // but we will also ship off any elements which are required
      // to be ghosted and any nodes which are used by any of the
      // above.

      libmesh_assert(!p_elements.empty());

      // Be compatible with both deprecated and
      // corrected MeshBase iterator types
      typedef MeshBase::const_element_iterator::value_type v_t;

      v_t * elempp = p_elements.data();
      v_t * elemend = elempp + p_elements.size();

#ifndef LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR
      // This parameter is not used when !LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR.
      libmesh_ignore(newly_coarsened_only);
      libmesh_assert(!newly_coarsened_only);
#endif

      MeshBase::const_element_iterator elem_it =
        MeshBase::const_element_iterator
          (elempp, elemend, Predicates::NotNull<v_t *>());

      const MeshBase::const_element_iterator elem_end =
        MeshBase::const_element_iterator
          (elemend, elemend, Predicates::NotNull<v_t *>());

      connected_elem_set_type elements_to_send;

      // See which to-be-ghosted elements we need to send
      query_ghosting_functors (mesh, pid, elem_it, elem_end,
                               elements_to_send);

      // The inactive elements we need to send should have their
      // immediate children present.
      connect_children(mesh, mesh.pid_elements_begin(pid),
                       mesh.pid_elements_end(pid),
                       elements_to_send);

      // Now see which other elements and nodes they depend on
      connected_node_set_type connected_nodes;
      connect_element_dependencies(mesh, elements_to_send,
                                   connected_nodes);

      all_nodes_to_send[pid].assign(connected_nodes.begin(),
                                    connected_nodes.end());

      all_elems_to_send[pid].assign(elements_to_send.begin(),
                                    elements_to_send.end());

      for (auto & [node, row] : constraint_rows)
        {
          if (!connected_nodes.count(node))
            continue;

          serialized_row_type serialized_row;
          for (auto [elem_and_node, coef] : row)
            serialized_row.emplace_back(std::make_pair(elem_and_node.first->id(),
                                                       elem_and_node.second),
                                        coef);

          all_constraint_rows_to_send[pid].emplace_back
            (node->id(), std::move(serialized_row));
        }
    }

  // Elem/Node unpack() automatically adds them to the given mesh
  auto null_node_action = [](processor_id_type, const std::vector<const Node*>&){};
  auto null_elem_action = [](processor_id_type, const std::vector<const Elem*>&){};

  // Communicate nodes first since elements will need to attach to them
  TIMPI::push_parallel_packed_range(mesh.comm(), all_nodes_to_send, &mesh,
                                    null_node_action);

  TIMPI::push_parallel_packed_range(mesh.comm(), all_elems_to_send, &mesh,
                                    null_elem_action);

  // At this point we have all the nodes and elems we need, so we can
  // communicate any constraint rows that our targets will need.
  if (have_constraint_rows)
    {
      auto constraint_row_action =
        [&mesh, &constraint_rows]
        (processor_id_type /* src_pid */,
         const std::vector<std::pair<dof_id_type, serialized_row_type>> rows)
        {
          for (auto & [node_id, serialized_row] : rows)
            {
              MeshBase::constraint_rows_mapped_type row;
              for (auto [elem_and_node, coef] : serialized_row)
                row.emplace_back(std::make_pair(mesh.elem_ptr(elem_and_node.first),
                                                elem_and_node.second),
                                 coef);

              constraint_rows[mesh.node_ptr(node_id)] = row;
            }
        };

      TIMPI::push_parallel_vector_data(mesh.comm(),
                                       all_constraint_rows_to_send,
                                       constraint_row_action);

    }

  // Check on the redistribution consistency
#ifdef DEBUG
  MeshTools::libmesh_assert_equal_n_systems(mesh);

  MeshTools::libmesh_assert_valid_refinement_tree(mesh);

  const dof_id_type new_n_constraint_rows =
    have_constraint_rows ? mesh.n_constraint_rows() : 0;

  libmesh_assert_equal_to(n_constraint_rows, new_n_constraint_rows);

  MeshTools::libmesh_assert_valid_constraint_rows(mesh);
#endif

  // If we had a point locator, it's invalid now that there are new
  // elements it can't locate.
  mesh.clear_point_locator();

  // Let the mesh handle any other post-redistribute() tasks, like
  // notifying GhostingFunctors.  Be sure we're just calling the base
  // class method so we don't recurse back into ourselves here.
  mesh.MeshBase::redistribute();
}
#endif // LIBMESH_HAVE_MPI



#ifndef LIBMESH_HAVE_MPI // avoid spurious gcc warnings
// ------------------------------------------------------------
void MeshCommunication::gather_neighboring_elements (DistributedMesh &) const
{
  // no MPI == one processor, no need for this method...
  return;
}
#else
// ------------------------------------------------------------
void MeshCommunication::gather_neighboring_elements (DistributedMesh & mesh) const
{
  // Don't need to do anything if there is
  // only one processor.
  if (mesh.n_processors() == 1)
    return;

  // This function must be run on all processors at once
  libmesh_parallel_only(mesh.comm());

  LOG_SCOPE("gather_neighboring_elements()", "MeshCommunication");

  //------------------------------------------------------------------
  // The purpose of this function is to provide neighbor data structure
  // consistency for a parallel, distributed mesh.  In libMesh we require
  // that each local element have access to a full set of valid face
  // neighbors.  In some cases this requires us to store "ghost elements" -
  // elements that belong to other processors but we store to provide
  // data structure consistency.  Also, it is assumed that any element
  // with a nullptr neighbor resides on a physical domain boundary.  So,
  // even our "ghost elements" must have non-nullptr neighbors.  To handle
  // this the concept of "RemoteElem" is used - a special construct which
  // is used to denote that an element has a face neighbor, but we do
  // not actually store detailed information about that neighbor.  This
  // is required to prevent data structure explosion.
  //
  // So when this method is called we should have only local elements.
  // These local elements will then find neighbors among the local
  // element set.  After this is completed, any element with a nullptr
  // neighbor has either (i) a face on the physical boundary of the mesh,
  // or (ii) a neighboring element which lives on a remote processor.
  // To handle case (ii), we communicate the global node indices connected
  // to all such faces to our neighboring processors.  They then send us
  // all their elements with a nullptr neighbor that are connected to any
  // of the nodes in our list.
  //------------------------------------------------------------------

  // Let's begin with finding consistent neighbor data information
  // for all the elements we currently have.  We'll use a clean
  // slate here - clear any existing information, including RemoteElem's.
  mesh.find_neighbors (/* reset_remote_elements = */ true,
                       /* reset_current_list    = */ true);

  // Get a unique message tag to use in communications
  Parallel::MessageTag
    element_neighbors_tag = mesh.comm().get_unique_tag();

  // Now any element with a nullptr neighbor either
  // (i) lives on the physical domain boundary, or
  // (ii) lives on an inter-processor boundary.
  // We will now gather all the elements from adjacent processors
  // which are of the same state, which should address all the type (ii)
  // elements.

  // A list of all the processors which *may* contain neighboring elements.
  // (for development simplicity, just make this the identity map)
  std::vector<processor_id_type> adjacent_processors;
  for (auto pid : make_range(mesh.n_processors()))
    if (pid != mesh.processor_id())
      adjacent_processors.push_back (pid);


  const processor_id_type n_adjacent_processors =
    cast_int<processor_id_type>(adjacent_processors.size());

  //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Let's build a list of all nodes which live on nullptr-neighbor sides.
  // For simplicity, we will use a set to build the list, then transfer
  // it to a vector for communication.
  std::vector<dof_id_type> my_interface_node_list;
  std::vector<const Elem *>  my_interface_elements;
  {
    std::set<dof_id_type> my_interface_node_set;

    // For avoiding extraneous element side construction
    ElemSideBuilder side_builder;

    // since parent nodes are a subset of children nodes, this should be sufficient
    for (const auto & elem : mesh.active_local_element_ptr_range())
      {
        libmesh_assert(elem);

        if (elem->on_boundary()) // denotes *any* side has a nullptr neighbor
          {
            my_interface_elements.push_back(elem); // add the element, but only once, even
            // if there are multiple nullptr neighbors
            for (auto s : elem->side_index_range())
              if (elem->neighbor_ptr(s) == nullptr)
                {
                  const Elem & side = side_builder(*elem, s);

                  for (auto n : make_range(side.n_vertices()))
                    my_interface_node_set.insert (side.node_id(n));
                }
          }
      }

    my_interface_node_list.reserve (my_interface_node_set.size());
    my_interface_node_list.insert  (my_interface_node_list.end(),
                                    my_interface_node_set.begin(),
                                    my_interface_node_set.end());
  }

  // we will now send my_interface_node_list to all of the adjacent processors.
  // note that for the time being we will copy the list to a unique buffer for
  // each processor so that we can use a nonblocking send and not access the
  // buffer again until the send completes.  it is my understanding that the
  // MPI 2.1 standard seeks to remove this restriction as unnecessary, so in
  // the future we should change this to send the same buffer to each of the
  // adjacent processors. - BSK 11/17/2008
  std::vector<std::vector<dof_id_type>>
    my_interface_node_xfer_buffers (n_adjacent_processors, my_interface_node_list);
  std::map<processor_id_type, unsigned char> n_comm_steps;

  std::vector<Parallel::Request> send_requests (3*n_adjacent_processors);
  unsigned int current_request = 0;

  for (unsigned int comm_step=0; comm_step<n_adjacent_processors; comm_step++)
    {
      n_comm_steps[adjacent_processors[comm_step]]=1;
      mesh.comm().send (adjacent_processors[comm_step],
                        my_interface_node_xfer_buffers[comm_step],
                        send_requests[current_request++],
                        element_neighbors_tag);
    }

  //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // processor pairings are symmetric - I expect to receive an interface node
  // list from each processor in adjacent_processors as well!
  // now we will catch an incoming node list for each of our adjacent processors.
  //
  // we are done with the adjacent_processors list - note that it is in general
  // a superset of the processors we truly share elements with.  so let's
  // clear the superset list, and we will fill it with the true list.
  adjacent_processors.clear();

  std::vector<dof_id_type> common_interface_node_list;

  // we expect two classes of messages -
  // (1) incoming interface node lists, to which we will reply with our elements
  //     touching nodes in the list, and
  // (2) replies from the requests we sent off previously.
  //  (2.a) - nodes
  //  (2.b) - elements
  // so we expect 3 communications from each adjacent processor.
  // by structuring the communication in this way we hopefully impose no
  // order on the handling of the arriving messages.  in particular, we
  // should be able to handle the case where we receive a request and
  // all replies from processor A before even receiving a request from
  // processor B.

  for (unsigned int comm_step=0; comm_step<3*n_adjacent_processors; comm_step++)
    {
      //------------------------------------------------------------------
      // catch incoming node list
      Parallel::Status
        status(mesh.comm().probe (Parallel::any_source,
                                  element_neighbors_tag));
      const processor_id_type
        source_pid_idx = cast_int<processor_id_type>(status.source()),
        dest_pid_idx   = source_pid_idx;

      //------------------------------------------------------------------
      // first time - incoming request
      if (n_comm_steps[source_pid_idx] == 1)
        {
          n_comm_steps[source_pid_idx]++;

          mesh.comm().receive (source_pid_idx,
                               common_interface_node_list,
                               element_neighbors_tag);

          // const std::size_t
          //   their_interface_node_list_size = common_interface_node_list.size();

          // we now have the interface node list from processor source_pid_idx.
          // now we can find all of our elements which touch any of these nodes
          // and send copies back to this processor.  however, we can make our
          // search more efficient by first excluding all the nodes in
          // their list which are not also contained in
          // my_interface_node_list.  we can do this in place as a set
          // intersection.
          common_interface_node_list.erase
            (std::set_intersection (my_interface_node_list.begin(),
                                    my_interface_node_list.end(),
                                    common_interface_node_list.begin(),
                                    common_interface_node_list.end(),
                                    common_interface_node_list.begin()),
             common_interface_node_list.end());

          // if (false)
          //   libMesh::out << "[" << mesh.processor_id() << "] "
          //                << "my_interface_node_list.size()="       << my_interface_node_list.size()
          //                << ", [" << source_pid_idx << "] "
          //                << "their_interface_node_list.size()="    << their_interface_node_list_size
          //                << ", common_interface_node_list.size()=" << common_interface_node_list.size()
          //                << std::endl;

          // Now we need to see which of our elements touch the nodes in the list.
          // We will certainly send all the active elements which intersect source_pid_idx,
          // but we will also ship off the other elements in the same family tree
          // as the active ones for data structure consistency.
          //
          // FIXME - shipping full family trees is unnecessary and inefficient.
          //
          // We also ship any nodes connected to these elements.  Note
          // some of these nodes and elements may be replicated from
          // other processors, but that is OK.
          connected_elem_set_type elements_to_send;

          // Technically we're not doing reconnect_nodes on this, but
          // we might as well use the same data structure since the
          // performance questions ought to be similar
          connected_node_set_type connected_nodes;

          // Check for quick return?
          if (common_interface_node_list.empty())
            {
              // let's try to be smart here - if we have no nodes in common,
              // we cannot share elements.  so post the messages expected
              // from us here and go on about our business.
              // note that even though these are nonblocking sends
              // they should complete essentially instantly, because
              // in all cases the send buffers are empty
              mesh.comm().send_packed_range (dest_pid_idx,
                                             &mesh,
                                             connected_nodes.begin(),
                                             connected_nodes.end(),
                                             send_requests[current_request++],
                                             element_neighbors_tag);

              mesh.comm().send_packed_range (dest_pid_idx,
                                             &mesh,
                                             elements_to_send.begin(),
                                             elements_to_send.end(),
                                             send_requests[current_request++],
                                             element_neighbors_tag);

              continue;
            }
          // otherwise, this really *is* an adjacent processor.
          adjacent_processors.push_back(source_pid_idx);

          std::vector<const Elem *> family_tree;

          for (auto & elem : my_interface_elements)
            {
              std::size_t n_shared_nodes = 0;

              for (auto n : make_range(elem->n_vertices()))
                if (std::binary_search (common_interface_node_list.begin(),
                                        common_interface_node_list.end(),
                                        elem->node_id(n)))
                  {
                    n_shared_nodes++;

                    // TBD - how many nodes do we need to share
                    // before we care?  certainly 2, but 1?  not
                    // sure, so let's play it safe...
                    if (n_shared_nodes > 0) break;
                  }

              if (n_shared_nodes) // share at least one node?
                {
                  elem = elem->top_parent();

                  // avoid a lot of duplicated effort -- if we already have elem
                  // in the set its entire family tree is already in the set.
                  if (!elements_to_send.count(elem))
                    {
#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR
                      elem->family_tree(family_tree);
#else
                      family_tree.clear();
                      family_tree.push_back(elem);
#endif
                      for (const auto & f : family_tree)
                        {
                          elem = f;
                          elements_to_send.insert (elem);

                          for (auto & n : elem->node_ref_range())
                            connected_nodes.insert (&n);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

          // The elements_to_send and connected_nodes sets now contain all
          // the elements and nodes we need to send to this processor.
          // All that remains is to pack up the objects (along with
          // any boundary conditions) and send the messages off.
          {
            libmesh_assert (connected_nodes.empty() || !elements_to_send.empty());
            libmesh_assert (!connected_nodes.empty() || elements_to_send.empty());

            // send the nodes off to the destination processor
            mesh.comm().send_packed_range (dest_pid_idx,
                                           &mesh,
                                           connected_nodes.begin(),
                                           connected_nodes.end(),
                                           send_requests[current_request++],
                                           element_neighbors_tag);

            // send the elements off to the destination processor
            mesh.comm().send_packed_range (dest_pid_idx,
                                           &mesh,
                                           elements_to_send.begin(),
                                           elements_to_send.end(),
                                           send_requests[current_request++],
                                           element_neighbors_tag);
          }
        }
      //------------------------------------------------------------------
      // second time - reply of nodes
      else if (n_comm_steps[source_pid_idx] == 2)
        {
          n_comm_steps[source_pid_idx]++;

          mesh.comm().receive_packed_range (source_pid_idx,
                                            &mesh,
                                            null_output_iterator<Node>(),
                                            (Node**)nullptr,
                                            element_neighbors_tag);
        }
      //------------------------------------------------------------------
      // third time - reply of elements
      else if (n_comm_steps[source_pid_idx] == 3)
        {
          n_comm_steps[source_pid_idx]++;

          mesh.comm().receive_packed_range (source_pid_idx,
                                            &mesh,
                                            null_output_iterator<Elem>(),
                                            (Elem**)nullptr,
                                            element_neighbors_tag);
        }
      //------------------------------------------------------------------
      // fourth time - shouldn't happen
      else
        {
          libMesh::err << "ERROR:  unexpected number of replies: "
                       << n_comm_steps[source_pid_idx]
                       << std::endl;
        }
    } // done catching & processing replies associated with tag ~ 100,000pi

  // allow any pending requests to complete
  Parallel::wait (send_requests);

  // If we had a point locator, it's invalid now that there are new
  // elements it can't locate.
  mesh.clear_point_locator();

  // We can now find neighbor information for the interfaces between
  // local elements and ghost elements.
  mesh.find_neighbors (/* reset_remote_elements = */ true,
                       /* reset_current_list    = */ false);

  // Ghost elements may not have correct remote_elem neighbor links,
  // and we may not be able to locally infer correct neighbor links to
  // remote elements.  So we synchronize ghost element neighbor links.
  SyncNeighbors nsync(mesh);

  Parallel::sync_dofobject_data_by_id
    (mesh.comm(), mesh.elements_begin(), mesh.elements_end(), nsync);
}
#endif // LIBMESH_HAVE_MPI


#ifndef LIBMESH_HAVE_MPI // avoid spurious gcc warnings
// ------------------------------------------------------------
void MeshCommunication::send_coarse_ghosts(MeshBase &) const
{
  // no MPI == one processor, no need for this method...
  return;
}
#else
void MeshCommunication::send_coarse_ghosts(MeshBase & mesh) const
{

  // Don't need to do anything if all processors already ghost all non-local
  // elements.
  if (mesh.is_serial())
    return;

  // This algorithm uses the MeshBase::flagged_pid_elements_begin/end iterators
  // which are only available when AMR is enabled.
#ifndef LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR
  libmesh_error_msg("Calling MeshCommunication::send_coarse_ghosts() requires AMR to be enabled. "
                    "Please configure libmesh with --enable-amr.");
#else
  // When we coarsen elements on a DistributedMesh, we make their
  // parents active.  This may increase the ghosting requirements on
  // the processor which owns the newly-activated parent element.  To
  // ensure ghosting requirements are satisfied, processors which
  // coarsen an element will send all the associated ghosted elements
  // to all processors which own any of the coarsened-away-element's
  // siblings.
  typedef std::unordered_map<processor_id_type, std::vector<Elem *>> ghost_map;
  ghost_map coarsening_elements_to_ghost;

  const processor_id_type proc_id = mesh.processor_id();
  // Look for just-coarsened elements
  for (auto elem : as_range(mesh.flagged_pid_elements_begin(Elem::COARSEN, proc_id),
                            mesh.flagged_pid_elements_end(Elem::COARSEN, proc_id)))
    {
      // If it's flagged for coarsening it had better have a parent
      libmesh_assert(elem->parent());

      // On a distributed mesh:
      // If we don't own this element's parent but we do own it, then
      // there is a chance that we are aware of ghost elements which
      // the parent's owner needs us to send them.
      const processor_id_type their_proc_id = elem->parent()->processor_id();
      if (their_proc_id != proc_id)
        coarsening_elements_to_ghost[their_proc_id].push_back(elem);
    }

  std::map<processor_id_type, std::vector<const Node *>> all_nodes_to_send;
  std::map<processor_id_type, std::vector<const Elem *>> all_elems_to_send;

  const processor_id_type n_proc = mesh.n_processors();

  for (processor_id_type p=0; p != n_proc; ++p)
    {
      if (p == proc_id)
        continue;

      connected_elem_set_type elements_to_send;
      std::set<const Node *> nodes_to_send;

      if (const auto it = std::as_const(coarsening_elements_to_ghost).find(p);
          it != coarsening_elements_to_ghost.end())
        {
          const std::vector<Elem *> & elems = it->second;
          libmesh_assert(elems.size());

          // Make some fake element iterators defining this vector of
          // elements
          Elem * const * elempp = const_cast<Elem * const *>(elems.data());
          Elem * const * elemend = elempp+elems.size();
          const MeshBase::const_element_iterator elem_it =
            MeshBase::const_element_iterator(elempp, elemend, Predicates::NotNull<Elem * const *>());
          const MeshBase::const_element_iterator elem_end =
            MeshBase::const_element_iterator(elemend, elemend, Predicates::NotNull<Elem * const *>());

          for (auto & gf : as_range(mesh.ghosting_functors_begin(),
                                    mesh.ghosting_functors_end()))
            {
              GhostingFunctor::map_type elements_to_ghost;
              libmesh_assert(gf);
              (*gf)(elem_it, elem_end, p, elements_to_ghost);

              // We can ignore the CouplingMatrix in ->second, but we
              // need to ghost all the elements in ->first.
              for (auto & pr : elements_to_ghost)
                {
                  const Elem * elem = pr.first;
                  libmesh_assert(elem);
                  while (elem)
                    {
                      libmesh_assert(elem != remote_elem);
                      elements_to_send.insert(elem);
                      for (auto & n : elem->node_ref_range())
                        nodes_to_send.insert(&n);
                      elem = elem->parent();
                    }
                }
            }

          all_nodes_to_send[p].assign(nodes_to_send.begin(), nodes_to_send.end());
          all_elems_to_send[p].assign(elements_to_send.begin(), elements_to_send.end());
        }
    }

  // Elem/Node unpack() automatically adds them to the given mesh
  auto null_node_action = [](processor_id_type, const std::vector<const Node*>&){};
  auto null_elem_action = [](processor_id_type, const std::vector<const Elem*>&){};

  // Communicate nodes first since elements will need to attach to them
  TIMPI::push_parallel_packed_range(mesh.comm(), all_nodes_to_send, &mesh,
                                    null_node_action);

  TIMPI::push_parallel_packed_range(mesh.comm(), all_elems_to_send, &mesh,
                                    null_elem_action);

#endif // LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR
}

#endif // LIBMESH_HAVE_MPI

#ifndef LIBMESH_HAVE_MPI // avoid spurious gcc warnings
// ------------------------------------------------------------
void MeshCommunication::broadcast (MeshBase &) const
{
  // no MPI == one processor, no need for this method...
  return;
}
#else
// ------------------------------------------------------------
void MeshCommunication::broadcast (MeshBase & mesh) const
{
  // Don't need to do anything if there is
  // only one processor.
  if (mesh.n_processors() == 1)
    return;

  // This function must be run on all processors at once
  libmesh_parallel_only(mesh.comm());

  LOG_SCOPE("broadcast()", "MeshCommunication");

  // Explicitly clear the mesh on all but processor 0.
  if (mesh.processor_id() != 0)
    mesh.clear();

  // We may have set extra data only on processor 0 in a read()
  mesh.comm().broadcast(mesh._node_integer_names);
  mesh.comm().broadcast(mesh._node_integer_default_values);
  mesh.comm().broadcast(mesh._elem_integer_names);
  mesh.comm().broadcast(mesh._elem_integer_default_values);

  // We may have set mapping data only on processor 0 in a read()
  unsigned char map_type = mesh.default_mapping_type();
  unsigned char map_data = mesh.default_mapping_data();
  mesh.comm().broadcast(map_type);
  mesh.comm().broadcast(map_data);
  mesh.set_default_mapping_type(ElemMappingType(map_type));
  mesh.set_default_mapping_data(map_data);

  // Broadcast nodes
  mesh.comm().broadcast_packed_range(&mesh,
                                     mesh.nodes_begin(),
                                     mesh.nodes_end(),
                                     &mesh,
                                     null_output_iterator<Node>());

  // Broadcast elements from coarsest to finest, so that child
  // elements will see their parents already in place.
  //
  // When restarting from a checkpoint, we may have elements which are
  // assigned to a processor but which have not yet been sent to that
  // processor, so we need to use a paranoid n_levels() count and not
  // the usual fast algorithm.
  const unsigned int n_levels = MeshTools::paranoid_n_levels(mesh);

  for (unsigned int l=0; l != n_levels; ++l)
    mesh.comm().broadcast_packed_range(&mesh,
                                       mesh.level_elements_begin(l),
                                       mesh.level_elements_end(l),
                                       &mesh,
                                       null_output_iterator<Elem>());

  // Make sure mesh_dimension and elem_dimensions are consistent.
  mesh.cache_elem_data();

  // Make sure mesh id counts are consistent.
  mesh.update_parallel_id_counts();

  // We may have constraint rows on IsoGeometric Analysis meshes.  We
  // don't want to send these along with constrained nodes (like we
  // send boundary info for those nodes) because the associated rows'
  // elements may not exist at that point.
  auto & constraint_rows = mesh.get_constraint_rows();
  bool have_constraint_rows = !constraint_rows.empty();
  mesh.comm().broadcast(have_constraint_rows);
  if (have_constraint_rows)
    {
      std::map<dof_id_type,
               std::vector<std::tuple<dof_id_type, unsigned int, Real>>>
        serialized_rows;

      for (auto & row : constraint_rows)
        {
          const Node * node = row.first;
          const dof_id_type rowid = node->id();
          libmesh_assert(node == mesh.node_ptr(rowid));

          std::vector<std::tuple<dof_id_type, unsigned int, Real>>
            serialized_row;
          for (auto & entry : row.second)
            serialized_row.push_back
              (std::make_tuple(entry.first.first->id(),
                               entry.first.second, entry.second));

          serialized_rows.emplace(rowid, std::move(serialized_row));
        }

      mesh.comm().broadcast(serialized_rows);
      if (mesh.processor_id() != 0)
        {
          constraint_rows.clear();

          for (auto & row : serialized_rows)
            {
              const dof_id_type rowid = row.first;
              const Node * node = mesh.node_ptr(rowid);

              std::vector<std::pair<std::pair<const Elem *, unsigned int>, Real>>
                deserialized_row;
              for (auto & entry : row.second)
                deserialized_row.push_back
                  (std::make_pair(std::make_pair(mesh.elem_ptr(std::get<0>(entry)),
                                                 std::get<1>(entry)),
                                                 std::get<2>(entry)));

              constraint_rows.emplace(node, deserialized_row);
            }
        }
    }

  // Broadcast all of the named entity information
  mesh.comm().broadcast(mesh.set_subdomain_name_map());
  mesh.comm().broadcast(mesh.get_boundary_info().set_sideset_name_map());
  mesh.comm().broadcast(mesh.get_boundary_info().set_nodeset_name_map());

  // If we had a point locator, it's invalid now that there are new
  // elements it can't locate.
  mesh.clear_point_locator();

  libmesh_assert (mesh.comm().verify(mesh.n_elem()));
  libmesh_assert (mesh.comm().verify(mesh.n_nodes()));

#ifdef DEBUG
  MeshTools::libmesh_assert_valid_procids<Elem>(mesh);
  MeshTools::libmesh_assert_valid_procids<Node>(mesh);
#endif
}
#endif // LIBMESH_HAVE_MPI



#ifndef LIBMESH_HAVE_MPI // avoid spurious gcc warnings
// ------------------------------------------------------------
void MeshCommunication::gather (const processor_id_type, MeshBase &) const
{
  // no MPI == one processor, no need for this method...
  return;
}
#else
// ------------------------------------------------------------
void MeshCommunication::gather (const processor_id_type root_id, MeshBase & mesh) const
{
  // Check for quick return
  if (mesh.n_processors() == 1)
    return;

  // This function must be run on all processors at once
  libmesh_parallel_only(mesh.comm());

  LOG_SCOPE("(all)gather()", "MeshCommunication");

  // Ensure we don't build too big a buffer at once
  static const std::size_t approx_total_buffer_size = 1e8;
  const std::size_t approx_each_buffer_size =
    approx_total_buffer_size / mesh.comm().size();

  (root_id == DofObject::invalid_processor_id) ?

    mesh.comm().allgather_packed_range (&mesh,
                                        mesh.nodes_begin(),
                                        mesh.nodes_end(),
                                        null_output_iterator<Node>(),
                                        approx_each_buffer_size) :

    mesh.comm().gather_packed_range (root_id,
                                     &mesh,
                                     mesh.nodes_begin(),
                                     mesh.nodes_end(),
                                     null_output_iterator<Node>(),
                                     approx_each_buffer_size);

  // Gather elements from coarsest to finest, so that child
  // elements will see their parents already in place.
  const unsigned int n_levels = MeshTools::n_levels(mesh);

  for (unsigned int l=0; l != n_levels; ++l)
    (root_id == DofObject::invalid_processor_id) ?

      mesh.comm().allgather_packed_range (&mesh,
                                          mesh.level_elements_begin(l),
                                          mesh.level_elements_end(l),
                                          null_output_iterator<Elem>(),
                                          approx_each_buffer_size) :

      mesh.comm().gather_packed_range (root_id,
                                       &mesh,
                                       mesh.level_elements_begin(l),
                                       mesh.level_elements_end(l),
                                       null_output_iterator<Elem>(),
                                       approx_each_buffer_size);

  // If we had a point locator, it's invalid now that there are new
  // elements it can't locate.
  mesh.clear_point_locator();

  // We may have constraint rows on IsoGeometric Analysis meshes.  We
  // don't want to send these along with constrained nodes (like we
  // send boundary info for those nodes) because the associated rows'
  // elements may not exist at that point.
  auto & constraint_rows = mesh.get_constraint_rows();
  bool have_constraint_rows = !constraint_rows.empty();
  mesh.comm().max(have_constraint_rows);
  if (have_constraint_rows)
    {
      std::map<dof_id_type,
               std::vector<std::tuple<dof_id_type, unsigned int, Real>>>
        serialized_rows;

      for (auto & row : constraint_rows)
        {
          const Node * node = row.first;
          const dof_id_type rowid = node->id();
          libmesh_assert(node == mesh.node_ptr(rowid));

          std::vector<std::tuple<dof_id_type, unsigned int, Real>>
            serialized_row;
          for (auto & entry : row.second)
            serialized_row.push_back
              (std::make_tuple(entry.first.first->id(),
                               entry.first.second, entry.second));

          serialized_rows.emplace(rowid, std::move(serialized_row));
        }

      if (root_id == DofObject::invalid_processor_id)
        mesh.comm().set_union(serialized_rows);
      else
        mesh.comm().set_union(serialized_rows, root_id);

      if (root_id == DofObject::invalid_processor_id ||
          root_id == mesh.processor_id())
        {
          for (auto & row : serialized_rows)
            {
              const dof_id_type rowid = row.first;
              const Node * node = mesh.node_ptr(rowid);

              std::vector<std::pair<std::pair<const Elem *, unsigned int>, Real>>
                deserialized_row;
              for (auto & entry : row.second)
                deserialized_row.push_back
                  (std::make_pair(std::make_pair(mesh.elem_ptr(std::get<0>(entry)),
                                                 std::get<1>(entry)),
                                                 std::get<2>(entry)));

              constraint_rows.emplace(node, deserialized_row);
            }
        }
#ifdef DEBUG
      MeshTools::libmesh_assert_valid_constraint_rows(mesh);
#endif
    }


  // If we are doing an allgather(), perform sanity check on the result.
  if (root_id == DofObject::invalid_processor_id)
    {
      libmesh_assert (mesh.comm().verify(mesh.n_elem()));
      libmesh_assert (mesh.comm().verify(mesh.n_nodes()));
    }

  // Inform new elements of their neighbors,
  // while resetting all remote_elem links on
  // the ranks which did the gather.
  if (mesh.allow_find_neighbors())
    mesh.find_neighbors(root_id == DofObject::invalid_processor_id ||
                        root_id == mesh.processor_id());

  // All done, but let's make sure it's done correctly

#ifdef DEBUG
  MeshTools::libmesh_assert_valid_boundary_ids(mesh);
#endif
}
#endif // LIBMESH_HAVE_MPI



// Functor for make_elems_parallel_consistent and
// make_node_ids_parallel_consistent
namespace {

struct SyncIds
{
  typedef dof_id_type datum;
  typedef void (MeshBase::*renumber_obj)(dof_id_type, dof_id_type);

  SyncIds(MeshBase & _mesh, renumber_obj _renumberer) :
    mesh(_mesh),
    renumber(_renumberer) {}

  MeshBase & mesh;
  renumber_obj renumber;
  // renumber_obj & renumber;

  // Find the id of each requested DofObject -
  // Parallel::sync_* already did the work for us
  void gather_data (const std::vector<dof_id_type> & ids,
                    std::vector<datum> & ids_out) const
  {
    ids_out = ids;
  }

  void act_on_data (const std::vector<dof_id_type> & old_ids,
                    const std::vector<datum> & new_ids) const
  {
    for (auto i : index_range(old_ids))
      if (old_ids[i] != new_ids[i])
        (mesh.*renumber)(old_ids[i], new_ids[i]);
  }
};


struct SyncNodeIds
{
  typedef dof_id_type datum;

  SyncNodeIds(MeshBase & _mesh) :
    mesh(_mesh) {}

  MeshBase & mesh;

  // We only know a Node id() is definitive if we own the Node or if
  // we're told it's definitive.  We keep track of the latter cases by
  // putting definitively id'd ghost nodes into this set.
  typedef std::unordered_set<const Node *> uset_type;
  uset_type definitive_ids;

  // We should never be told two different definitive ids for the same
  // node, but let's check on that in debug mode.
#ifdef DEBUG
  typedef std::unordered_map<dof_id_type, dof_id_type> umap_type;
  umap_type definitive_renumbering;
#endif

  // Find the id of each requested DofObject -
  // Parallel::sync_* already tried to do the work for us, but we can
  // only say the result is definitive if we own the DofObject or if
  // we were given the definitive result from another processor.
  void gather_data (const std::vector<dof_id_type> & ids,
                    std::vector<datum> & ids_out) const
  {
    ids_out.clear();
    ids_out.resize(ids.size(), DofObject::invalid_id);

    for (auto i : index_range(ids))
      {
        const dof_id_type id = ids[i];
        const Node * node = mesh.query_node_ptr(id);
        if (node && (node->processor_id() == mesh.processor_id() ||
                     definitive_ids.count(node)))
          ids_out[i] = id;
      }
  }

  bool act_on_data (const std::vector<dof_id_type> & old_ids,
                    const std::vector<datum> & new_ids)
  {
    bool data_changed = false;
    for (auto i : index_range(old_ids))
      {
        const dof_id_type new_id = new_ids[i];

        const dof_id_type old_id = old_ids[i];

        Node * node = mesh.query_node_ptr(old_id);

        // If we can't find the node we were asking about, another
        // processor must have already given us the definitive id
        // for it
        if (!node)
          {
            // But let's check anyway in debug mode
#ifdef DEBUG
            libmesh_assert
              (definitive_renumbering.count(old_id));
            libmesh_assert_equal_to
              (new_id, definitive_renumbering[old_id]);
#endif
            continue;
          }

        // If we asked for an id but there's no definitive id ready
        // for us yet, then we can't quit trying to sync yet.
        if (new_id == DofObject::invalid_id)
          {
            // But we might have gotten a definitive id from a
            // different request
            if (!definitive_ids.count(mesh.node_ptr(old_id)))
              data_changed = true;
          }
        else
          {
            if (node->processor_id() != mesh.processor_id())
              definitive_ids.insert(node);
            if (old_id != new_id)
              {
#ifdef DEBUG
                libmesh_assert
                  (!definitive_renumbering.count(old_id));
                definitive_renumbering[old_id] = new_id;
#endif
                mesh.renumber_node(old_id, new_id);
                data_changed = true;
              }
          }
      }
    return data_changed;
  }
};


#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR
struct SyncPLevels
{
  typedef std::pair<unsigned char,unsigned char> datum;

  SyncPLevels(MeshBase & _mesh) :
    mesh(_mesh) {}

  MeshBase & mesh;

  // Find the p_level of each requested Elem
  void gather_data (const std::vector<dof_id_type> & ids,
                    std::vector<datum> & ids_out) const
  {
    ids_out.reserve(ids.size());

    for (const auto & id : ids)
      {
        Elem & elem = mesh.elem_ref(id);
        ids_out.push_back
          (std::make_pair(cast_int<unsigned char>(elem.p_level()),
                          static_cast<unsigned char>(elem.p_refinement_flag())));
      }
  }

  void act_on_data (const std::vector<dof_id_type> & old_ids,
                    const std::vector<datum> & new_p_levels) const
  {
    for (auto i : index_range(old_ids))
      {
        Elem & elem = mesh.elem_ref(old_ids[i]);
        // Make sure these are consistent
        elem.hack_p_level_and_refinement_flag
          (new_p_levels[i].first,
           static_cast<Elem::RefinementState>(new_p_levels[i].second));
        // Make sure parents' levels are consistent
        elem.set_p_level(new_p_levels[i].first);
      }
  }
};
#endif // LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR


#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_UNIQUE_ID
template <typename DofObjSubclass>
struct SyncUniqueIds
{
  typedef unique_id_type datum;
  typedef DofObjSubclass* (MeshBase::*query_obj)(const dof_id_type);

  SyncUniqueIds(MeshBase &_mesh, query_obj _querier) :
    mesh(_mesh),
    query(_querier) {}

  MeshBase & mesh;
  query_obj query;

  // Find the id of each requested DofObject -
  // Parallel::sync_* already did the work for us
  void gather_data (const std::vector<dof_id_type> & ids,
                    std::vector<datum> & ids_out) const
  {
    ids_out.reserve(ids.size());

    for (const auto & id : ids)
      {
        DofObjSubclass * d = (mesh.*query)(id);
        libmesh_assert(d);
        ids_out.push_back(d->unique_id());
      }
  }

  void act_on_data (const std::vector<dof_id_type> & ids,
                    const std::vector<datum> & unique_ids) const
  {
    for (auto i : index_range(ids))
      {
        DofObjSubclass * d = (mesh.*query)(ids[i]);
        libmesh_assert(d);
        d->set_unique_id(unique_ids[i]);
      }
  }
};
#endif // LIBMESH_ENABLE_UNIQUE_ID

template <typename DofObjSubclass>
struct SyncBCIds
{
  typedef std::vector<boundary_id_type> datum;

  SyncBCIds(MeshBase &_mesh) :
    mesh(_mesh) {}

  MeshBase & mesh;

  // Find the id of each requested DofObject -
  // Parallel::sync_* already did the work for us
  void gather_data (const std::vector<dof_id_type> & ids,
                    std::vector<datum> & ids_out) const
  {
    ids_out.reserve(ids.size());

    const BoundaryInfo & boundary_info = mesh.get_boundary_info();

    for (const auto & id : ids)
      {
        Node * n = mesh.query_node_ptr(id);
        libmesh_assert(n);
        std::vector<boundary_id_type> bcids;
        boundary_info.boundary_ids(n, bcids);
        ids_out.push_back(std::move(bcids));
      }
  }

  void act_on_data (const std::vector<dof_id_type> & ids,
                    const std::vector<datum> & bcids) const
  {
    BoundaryInfo & boundary_info = mesh.get_boundary_info();

    for (auto i : index_range(ids))
      {
        Node * n = mesh.query_node_ptr(ids[i]);
        libmesh_assert(n);
        boundary_info.add_node(n, bcids[i]);
      }
  }
};

}



// ------------------------------------------------------------
void MeshCommunication::make_node_ids_parallel_consistent (MeshBase & mesh)
{
  // This function must be run on all processors at once
  libmesh_parallel_only(mesh.comm());

  // We need to agree on which processor owns every node, but we can't
  // easily assert that here because we don't currently agree on which
  // id every node has, and some of our temporary ids on unrelated
  // nodes will "overlap".
//#ifdef DEBUG
//  MeshTools::libmesh_assert_parallel_consistent_procids<Node> (mesh);
//#endif // DEBUG

  LOG_SCOPE ("make_node_ids_parallel_consistent()", "MeshCommunication");

  SyncNodeIds syncids(mesh);
  Parallel::sync_node_data_by_element_id
    (mesh, mesh.elements_begin(), mesh.elements_end(),
     Parallel::SyncEverything(), Parallel::SyncEverything(), syncids);

  // At this point, with both ids and processor ids synced, we can
  // finally check for topological consistency of node processor ids.
#ifdef DEBUG
  MeshTools::libmesh_assert_topology_consistent_procids<Node> (mesh);
#endif
}



void MeshCommunication::make_node_unique_ids_parallel_consistent (MeshBase & mesh)
{
  // Avoid unused variable warnings if unique ids aren't enabled.
  libmesh_ignore(mesh);

  // This function must be run on all processors at once
  libmesh_parallel_only(mesh.comm());

#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_UNIQUE_ID
  LOG_SCOPE ("make_node_unique_ids_parallel_consistent()", "MeshCommunication");

  SyncUniqueIds<Node> syncuniqueids(mesh, &MeshBase::query_node_ptr);
  Parallel::sync_dofobject_data_by_id(mesh.comm(),
                                      mesh.nodes_begin(),
                                      mesh.nodes_end(),
                                      syncuniqueids);

#endif
}


void MeshCommunication::make_node_bcids_parallel_consistent (MeshBase & mesh)
{
  // Avoid unused variable warnings if unique ids aren't enabled.
  libmesh_ignore(mesh);

  // This function must be run on all processors at once
  libmesh_parallel_only(mesh.comm());

  LOG_SCOPE ("make_node_bcids_parallel_consistent()", "MeshCommunication");

  SyncBCIds<Node> syncbcids(mesh);
  Parallel::sync_dofobject_data_by_id(mesh.comm(),
                                      mesh.nodes_begin(),
                                      mesh.nodes_end(),
                                      syncbcids);
}





// ------------------------------------------------------------
void MeshCommunication::make_elems_parallel_consistent(MeshBase & mesh)
{
  // This function must be run on all processors at once
  libmesh_parallel_only(mesh.comm());

  LOG_SCOPE ("make_elems_parallel_consistent()", "MeshCommunication");

  SyncIds syncids(mesh, &MeshBase::renumber_elem);
  Parallel::sync_element_data_by_parent_id
    (mesh, mesh.active_elements_begin(),
     mesh.active_elements_end(), syncids);

#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_UNIQUE_ID
  SyncUniqueIds<Elem> syncuniqueids(mesh, &MeshBase::query_elem_ptr);
  Parallel::sync_dofobject_data_by_id
    (mesh.comm(), mesh.active_elements_begin(),
     mesh.active_elements_end(), syncuniqueids);
#endif
}



// ------------------------------------------------------------
#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR
void MeshCommunication::make_p_levels_parallel_consistent(MeshBase & mesh)
{
  // This function must be run on all processors at once
  libmesh_parallel_only(mesh.comm());

  LOG_SCOPE ("make_p_levels_parallel_consistent()", "MeshCommunication");

  SyncPLevels syncplevels(mesh);
  Parallel::sync_dofobject_data_by_id
    (mesh.comm(), mesh.elements_begin(), mesh.elements_end(),
     syncplevels);
}
#endif // LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR



// Functors for make_node_proc_ids_parallel_consistent
namespace {

struct SyncProcIds
{
  typedef processor_id_type datum;

  SyncProcIds(MeshBase & _mesh) : mesh(_mesh) {}

  MeshBase & mesh;

  // ------------------------------------------------------------
  void gather_data (const std::vector<dof_id_type> & ids,
                    std::vector<datum> & data)
  {
    // Find the processor id of each requested node
    data.resize(ids.size());

    for (auto i : index_range(ids))
      {
        // Look for this point in the mesh
        if (ids[i] != DofObject::invalid_id)
          {
            Node & node = mesh.node_ref(ids[i]);

            // Return the node's correct processor id,
            data[i] = node.processor_id();
          }
        else
          data[i] = DofObject::invalid_processor_id;
      }
  }

  // ------------------------------------------------------------
  bool act_on_data (const std::vector<dof_id_type> & ids,
                    const std::vector<datum> proc_ids)
  {
    bool data_changed = false;

    // Set the ghost node processor ids we've now been informed of
    for (auto i : index_range(ids))
      {
        Node & node = mesh.node_ref(ids[i]);

        // We may not have ids synched when this synchronization is done, so we
        // *can't* use id to load-balance processor id properly; we have to use
        // the old heuristic of choosing the smallest valid processor id.
        //
        // If someone tells us our node processor id is too low, then
        // they're wrong.  If they tell us our node processor id is
        // too high, then we're wrong.
        if (node.processor_id() > proc_ids[i])
          {
            data_changed = true;
            node.processor_id() = proc_ids[i];
          }
      }

    return data_changed;
  }
};


struct ElemNodesMaybeNew
{
  ElemNodesMaybeNew() {}

  bool operator() (const Elem * elem) const
  {
    // If this element was just refined then it may have new nodes we
    // need to work on
#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR
    if (elem->refinement_flag() == Elem::JUST_REFINED)
      return true;
#endif

    // If this element has remote_elem neighbors then there may have
    // been refinement of those neighbors that affect its nodes'
    // processor_id()
    for (auto neigh : elem->neighbor_ptr_range())
      if (neigh == remote_elem)
        return true;
    return false;
  }
};


struct NodeWasNew
{
  NodeWasNew(const MeshBase & mesh)
  {
    for (const auto & node : mesh.node_ptr_range())
      if (node->processor_id() == DofObject::invalid_processor_id)
        was_new.insert(node);
  }

  bool operator() (const Elem * elem, unsigned int local_node_num) const
  {
    if (was_new.count(elem->node_ptr(local_node_num)))
      return true;
    return false;
  }

  std::unordered_set<const Node *> was_new;
};

}



// ------------------------------------------------------------
void MeshCommunication::make_node_proc_ids_parallel_consistent(MeshBase & mesh)
{
  LOG_SCOPE ("make_node_proc_ids_parallel_consistent()", "MeshCommunication");

  // This function must be run on all processors at once
  libmesh_parallel_only(mesh.comm());

  // When this function is called, each section of a parallelized mesh
  // should be in the following state:
  //
  // All nodes should have the exact same physical location on every
  // processor where they exist.
  //
  // Local nodes should have unique authoritative ids,
  // and processor ids consistent with all processors which own
  // an element touching them.
  //
  // Ghost nodes touching local elements should have processor ids
  // consistent with all processors which own an element touching
  // them.
  SyncProcIds sync(mesh);
  Parallel::sync_node_data_by_element_id
    (mesh, mesh.elements_begin(), mesh.elements_end(),
     Parallel::SyncEverything(), Parallel::SyncEverything(), sync);
}



// ------------------------------------------------------------
void MeshCommunication::make_new_node_proc_ids_parallel_consistent(MeshBase & mesh)
{
  LOG_SCOPE ("make_new_node_proc_ids_parallel_consistent()", "MeshCommunication");

  // This function must be run on all processors at once
  libmesh_parallel_only(mesh.comm());

  // When this function is called, each section of a parallelized mesh
  // should be in the following state:
  //
  // Local nodes should have unique authoritative ids,
  // and new nodes should be unpartitioned.
  //
  // New ghost nodes touching local elements should be unpartitioned.

  // We may not have consistent processor ids for new nodes (because a
  // node may be old and partitioned on one processor but new and
  // unpartitioned on another) when we start
#ifdef DEBUG
  MeshTools::libmesh_assert_parallel_consistent_procids<Node>(mesh);
  // MeshTools::libmesh_assert_parallel_consistent_new_node_procids(mesh);
#endif

  // We have two kinds of new nodes.  *NEW* nodes are unpartitioned on
  // all processors: we need to use a id-independent (i.e. dumb)
  // heuristic to partition them.  But "new" nodes are newly created
  // on some processors (when ghost elements are refined) yet
  // correspond to existing nodes on other processors: we need to use
  // the existing processor id for them.
  //
  // A node which is "new" on one processor will be associated with at
  // least one ghost element, and we can just query that ghost
  // element's owner to find out the correct processor id.

  auto node_unpartitioned =
    [](const Elem * elem, unsigned int local_node_num)
    { return elem->node_ref(local_node_num).processor_id() ==
        DofObject::invalid_processor_id; };

  SyncProcIds sync(mesh);

  sync_node_data_by_element_id_once
    (mesh, mesh.not_local_elements_begin(),
     mesh.not_local_elements_end(), Parallel::SyncEverything(),
     node_unpartitioned, sync);

  // Nodes should now be unpartitioned iff they are truly new; those
  // are the *only* nodes we will touch.
#ifdef DEBUG
  MeshTools::libmesh_assert_parallel_consistent_new_node_procids(mesh);
#endif

  NodeWasNew node_was_new(mesh);

  // Set the lowest processor id we can on truly new nodes
  for (auto & elem : mesh.element_ptr_range())
    for (auto & node : elem->node_ref_range())
      if (node_was_new.was_new.count(&node))
        {
          processor_id_type & pid = node.processor_id();
          pid = std::min(pid, elem->processor_id());
        }

  // Then finally see if other processors have a lower option
  Parallel::sync_node_data_by_element_id
    (mesh, mesh.elements_begin(), mesh.elements_end(),
     ElemNodesMaybeNew(), node_was_new, sync);

  // We should have consistent processor ids when we're done.
#ifdef DEBUG
  MeshTools::libmesh_assert_parallel_consistent_procids<Node>(mesh);
  MeshTools::libmesh_assert_parallel_consistent_new_node_procids(mesh);
#endif
}



// ------------------------------------------------------------
void MeshCommunication::make_nodes_parallel_consistent (MeshBase & mesh)
{
  // This function must be run on all processors at once
  libmesh_parallel_only(mesh.comm());

  // When this function is called, each section of a parallelized mesh
  // should be in the following state:
  //
  // Element ids and locations should be consistent on every processor
  // where they exist.
  //
  // All nodes should have the exact same physical location on every
  // processor where they exist.
  //
  // Local nodes should have unique authoritative ids,
  // and processor ids consistent with all processors which own
  // an element touching them.
  //
  // Ghost nodes touching local elements should have processor ids
  // consistent with all processors which own an element touching
  // them.
  //
  // Ghost nodes should have ids which are either already correct
  // or which are in the "unpartitioned" id space.

  // First, let's sync up processor ids.  Some of these processor ids
  // may be "wrong" from coarsening, but they're right in the sense
  // that they'll tell us who has the authoritative dofobject ids for
  // each node.

  this->make_node_proc_ids_parallel_consistent(mesh);

  // Second, sync up dofobject ids.
  this->make_node_ids_parallel_consistent(mesh);

  // Third, sync up dofobject unique_ids if applicable.
  this->make_node_unique_ids_parallel_consistent(mesh);

  // Finally, correct the processor ids to make DofMap happy
  MeshTools::correct_node_proc_ids(mesh);
}



// ------------------------------------------------------------
void MeshCommunication::make_new_nodes_parallel_consistent (MeshBase & mesh)
{
  // This function must be run on all processors at once
  libmesh_parallel_only(mesh.comm());

  // When this function is called, each section of a parallelized mesh
  // should be in the following state:
  //
  // All nodes should have the exact same physical location on every
  // processor where they exist.
  //
  // Local nodes should have unique authoritative ids,
  // and new nodes should be unpartitioned.
  //
  // New ghost nodes touching local elements should be unpartitioned.
  //
  // New ghost nodes should have ids which are either already correct
  // or which are in the "unpartitioned" id space.
  //
  // Non-new nodes should have correct ids and processor ids already.

  // First, let's sync up new nodes' processor ids.

  this->make_new_node_proc_ids_parallel_consistent(mesh);

  // Second, sync up dofobject ids.
  this->make_node_ids_parallel_consistent(mesh);

  // Third, sync up dofobject unique_ids if applicable.
  this->make_node_unique_ids_parallel_consistent(mesh);

  // Fourth, sync up any nodal boundary conditions
  this->make_node_bcids_parallel_consistent(mesh);

  // Finally, correct the processor ids to make DofMap happy
  MeshTools::correct_node_proc_ids(mesh);
}



// ------------------------------------------------------------
void
MeshCommunication::delete_remote_elements (DistributedMesh & mesh,
                                           const std::set<Elem *> & extra_ghost_elem_ids) const
{
  // The mesh should know it's about to be parallelized
  libmesh_assert (!mesh.is_serial());

  LOG_SCOPE("delete_remote_elements()", "MeshCommunication");

#ifdef DEBUG
  // We expect maximum ids to be in sync so we can use them to size
  // vectors
  libmesh_assert(mesh.comm().verify(mesh.max_node_id()));
  libmesh_assert(mesh.comm().verify(mesh.max_elem_id()));
  const dof_id_type par_max_node_id = mesh.parallel_max_node_id();
  const dof_id_type par_max_elem_id = mesh.parallel_max_elem_id();
  libmesh_assert_equal_to (par_max_node_id, mesh.max_node_id());
  libmesh_assert_equal_to (par_max_elem_id, mesh.max_elem_id());
  const dof_id_type n_constraint_rows = mesh.n_constraint_rows();
#endif

  connected_elem_set_type elements_to_keep;

  // Don't delete elements that we were explicitly told not to
  for (const auto & elem : extra_ghost_elem_ids)
    {
      std::vector<const Elem *> active_family;
#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_AMR
      if (!elem->subactive())
        elem->active_family_tree(active_family);
      else
#endif
        active_family.push_back(elem);

      for (const auto & f : active_family)
        elements_to_keep.insert(f);
    }

  // See which elements we still need to keep ghosted, given that
  // we're keeping local and unpartitioned elements.
  query_ghosting_functors
    (mesh, mesh.processor_id(),
     mesh.active_pid_elements_begin(mesh.processor_id()),
     mesh.active_pid_elements_end(mesh.processor_id()),
     elements_to_keep);
  query_ghosting_functors
    (mesh, DofObject::invalid_processor_id,
     mesh.active_pid_elements_begin(DofObject::invalid_processor_id),
     mesh.active_pid_elements_end(DofObject::invalid_processor_id),
     elements_to_keep);

  // The inactive elements we need to send should have their
  // immediate children present.
  connect_children(mesh, mesh.pid_elements_begin(mesh.processor_id()),
                   mesh.pid_elements_end(mesh.processor_id()),
                   elements_to_keep);
  connect_children(mesh,
                   mesh.pid_elements_begin(DofObject::invalid_processor_id),
                   mesh.pid_elements_end(DofObject::invalid_processor_id),
                   elements_to_keep);

  // And see which elements and nodes they depend on
  connected_node_set_type connected_nodes;
  connect_element_dependencies(mesh, elements_to_keep, connected_nodes);

  // Delete all the elements we have no reason to save,
  // starting with the most refined so that the mesh
  // is valid at all intermediate steps
  unsigned int n_levels = MeshTools::n_levels(mesh);

  for (int l = n_levels - 1; l >= 0; --l)
    for (auto & elem : as_range(mesh.level_elements_begin(l),
                                mesh.level_elements_end(l)))
      {
        libmesh_assert (elem);
        // Make sure we don't leave any invalid pointers
        const bool keep_me = elements_to_keep.count(elem);

        if (!keep_me)
          elem->make_links_to_me_remote();

        // delete_elem doesn't currently invalidate element
        // iterators... that had better not change
        if (!keep_me)
          mesh.delete_elem(elem);
      }

  // Delete all the nodes we have no reason to save
  for (auto & node : mesh.node_ptr_range())
    {
      libmesh_assert(node);
      if (!connected_nodes.count(node))
        {
          libmesh_assert_not_equal_to(node->processor_id(),
                                      mesh.processor_id());
          mesh.delete_node(node);
        }
    }

  // If we had a point locator, it's invalid now that some of the
  // elements it pointed to have been deleted.
  mesh.clear_point_locator();

  // We now have all remote elements and nodes deleted; our ghosting
  // functors should be ready to delete any now-redundant cached data
  // they use too.
  for (auto & gf : as_range(mesh.ghosting_functors_begin(), mesh.ghosting_functors_end()))
    gf->delete_remote_elements();

#ifdef DEBUG
  const dof_id_type n_new_constraint_rows = mesh.n_constraint_rows();
  libmesh_assert_equal_to(n_constraint_rows, n_new_constraint_rows);

  MeshTools::libmesh_assert_valid_refinement_tree(mesh);
  MeshTools::libmesh_assert_valid_constraint_rows(mesh);
#endif
}

} // namespace libMesh