TriSubChannel1PhaseProblem.C

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//* This file is part of the MOOSE framework
//* https://mooseframework.inl.gov
//*
//* All rights reserved, see COPYRIGHT for full restrictions
//* https://github.com/idaholab/moose/blob/master/COPYRIGHT
//*
//* Licensed under LGPL 2.1, please see LICENSE for details
//* https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-2.1.html

#include "TriSubChannel1PhaseProblem.h"
#include "AuxiliarySystem.h"
#include "TriSubChannelMesh.h"
#include "SCM.h"
#include <limits> // for std::numeric_limits
#include <cmath>  // for std::isnan

registerMooseObject("SubChannelApp", TriSubChannel1PhaseProblem);

InputParameters
TriSubChannel1PhaseProblem::validParams()
{
  InputParameters params = SubChannel1PhaseProblem::validParams();
  params.addClassDescription("Solver class for subchannels in a triangular lattice assembly and "
                             "bare/wire-wrapped fuel pins");
  return params;
}

TriSubChannel1PhaseProblem::TriSubChannel1PhaseProblem(const InputParameters & params)
  : SubChannel1PhaseProblem(params),
    _tri_sch_mesh(SCM::getMesh<TriSubChannelMesh>(_subchannel_mesh))
{
  // Initializing heat conduction system
  LibmeshPetscCall(createPetscMatrix(
      _hc_axial_heat_conduction_mat, _block_size * _n_channels, _block_size * _n_channels));
  LibmeshPetscCall(createPetscVector(_hc_axial_heat_conduction_rhs, _block_size * _n_channels));
  LibmeshPetscCall(createPetscMatrix(
      _hc_radial_heat_conduction_mat, _block_size * _n_channels, _block_size * _n_channels));
  LibmeshPetscCall(createPetscVector(_hc_radial_heat_conduction_rhs, _block_size * _n_channels));
  LibmeshPetscCall(createPetscMatrix(
      _hc_sweep_enthalpy_mat, _block_size * _n_channels, _block_size * _n_channels));
  LibmeshPetscCall(createPetscVector(_hc_sweep_enthalpy_rhs, _block_size * _n_channels));
}

TriSubChannel1PhaseProblem::~TriSubChannel1PhaseProblem()
{
  PetscErrorCode ierr = cleanUp();
  if (ierr)
    mooseError(name(), ": Error in memory cleanup");
}

PetscErrorCode
TriSubChannel1PhaseProblem::cleanUp()
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  // Clean up heat conduction system
  LibmeshPetscCall(MatDestroy(&_hc_axial_heat_conduction_mat));
  LibmeshPetscCall(VecDestroy(&_hc_axial_heat_conduction_rhs));
  LibmeshPetscCall(MatDestroy(&_hc_radial_heat_conduction_mat));
  LibmeshPetscCall(VecDestroy(&_hc_radial_heat_conduction_rhs));
  LibmeshPetscCall(MatDestroy(&_hc_sweep_enthalpy_mat));
  LibmeshPetscCall(VecDestroy(&_hc_sweep_enthalpy_rhs));
  PetscFunctionReturn(LIBMESH_PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

void
TriSubChannel1PhaseProblem::initializeSolution()
{
  if (_deformation)
  {
    // update surface area, wetted perimeter based on: Dpin, displacement
    Real standard_area, wire_area, additional_area, wetted_perimeter, displaced_area;
    auto flat_to_flat = _tri_sch_mesh.getFlatToFlat();
    auto n_rings = _tri_sch_mesh.getNumOfRings();
    auto pitch = _subchannel_mesh.getPitch();
    auto pin_diameter = _subchannel_mesh.getPinDiameter();
    auto wire_diameter = _tri_sch_mesh.getWireDiameter();
    auto wire_lead_length = _tri_sch_mesh.getWireLeadLength();
    auto gap = _tri_sch_mesh.getDuctToPinGap();
    auto z_blockage = _subchannel_mesh.getZBlockage();
    auto index_blockage = _subchannel_mesh.getIndexBlockage();
    auto reduction_blockage = _subchannel_mesh.getReductionBlockage();
    auto theta = std::acos(wire_lead_length /
                           std::sqrt(std::pow(wire_lead_length, 2) +
                                     std::pow(libMesh::pi * (pin_diameter + wire_diameter), 2)));
    for (unsigned int iz = 0; iz < _n_cells + 1; iz++)
    {
      for (unsigned int i_ch = 0; i_ch < _n_channels; i_ch++)
      {
        auto subch_type = _subchannel_mesh.getSubchannelType(i_ch);
        auto * node = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(i_ch, iz);
        auto Z = _z_grid[iz];
        Real rod_area = 0.0;
        Real rod_perimeter = 0.0;
        for (auto i_pin : _subchannel_mesh.getChannelPins(i_ch))
        {
          auto * pin_node = _subchannel_mesh.getPinNode(i_pin, iz);
          if (subch_type == EChannelType::CENTER || subch_type == EChannelType::CORNER)
          {
            rod_area +=
                (1.0 / 6.0) * 0.25 * M_PI * (*_Dpin_soln)(pin_node) * (*_Dpin_soln)(pin_node);
            rod_perimeter += (1.0 / 6.0) * M_PI * (*_Dpin_soln)(pin_node);
          }
          else
          {
            rod_area +=
                (1.0 / 4.0) * 0.25 * M_PI * (*_Dpin_soln)(pin_node) * (*_Dpin_soln)(pin_node);
            rod_perimeter += (1.0 / 4.0) * M_PI * (*_Dpin_soln)(pin_node);
          }
        }

        if (subch_type == EChannelType::CENTER)
        {
          standard_area = std::pow(pitch, 2.0) * std::sqrt(3.0) / 4.0;
          additional_area = 0.0;
          displaced_area = 0.0;
          wire_area = libMesh::pi * std::pow(wire_diameter, 2.0) / 8.0 / std::cos(theta);
          wetted_perimeter = rod_perimeter + 0.5 * libMesh::pi * wire_diameter / std::cos(theta);
        }
        else if (subch_type == EChannelType::EDGE)
        {
          standard_area = pitch * (pin_diameter / 2.0 + gap);
          additional_area = 0.0;
          displaced_area = (*_displacement_soln)(node)*pitch;
          wire_area = libMesh::pi * std::pow(wire_diameter, 2.0) / 8.0 / std::cos(theta);
          wetted_perimeter =
              rod_perimeter + 0.5 * libMesh::pi * wire_diameter / std::cos(theta) + pitch;
        }
        else
        {
          standard_area = 1.0 / std::sqrt(3.0) * std::pow((pin_diameter / 2.0 + gap), 2.0);
          additional_area = 0.0;
          displaced_area = 1.0 / std::sqrt(3.0) *
                           (pin_diameter + 2.0 * gap + (*_displacement_soln)(node)) *
                           (*_displacement_soln)(node);
          wire_area = libMesh::pi / 24.0 * std::pow(wire_diameter, 2.0) / std::cos(theta);
          wetted_perimeter =
              rod_perimeter + libMesh::pi * wire_diameter / std::cos(theta) / 6.0 +
              2.0 / std::sqrt(3.0) * (pin_diameter / 2.0 + gap + (*_displacement_soln)(node));
        }

        // Calculate subchannel area
        auto subchannel_area =
            standard_area + additional_area + displaced_area - rod_area - wire_area;

        // Correct subchannel area and wetted perimeter in case of overlapping pins
        auto overlapping_pin_area = 0.0;
        auto overlapping_wetted_perimeter = 0.0;
        for (auto i_gap : _subchannel_mesh.getChannelGaps(i_ch))
        {
          auto gap_pins = _subchannel_mesh.getGapPins(i_gap);
          auto pin_1 = gap_pins.first;
          auto pin_2 = gap_pins.second;
          auto * pin_node_1 = _subchannel_mesh.getPinNode(pin_1, iz);
          auto * pin_node_2 = _subchannel_mesh.getPinNode(pin_2, iz);
          auto Diameter1 = (*_Dpin_soln)(pin_node_1);
          auto Radius1 = Diameter1 / 2.0;
          auto Diameter2 = (*_Dpin_soln)(pin_node_2);
          auto Radius2 = Diameter2 / 2.0;
          auto pitch = _subchannel_mesh.getPitch();

          if (pitch < (Radius1 + Radius2)) // overlapping pins
          {
            mooseWarning(" The gap of index : '", i_gap, " at axial cell ", iz, " ' is blocked.");
            auto cos1 =
                (pitch * pitch + Radius1 * Radius1 - Radius2 * Radius2) / (2 * pitch * Radius1);
            auto cos2 =
                (pitch * pitch + Radius2 * Radius2 - Radius1 * Radius1) / (2 * pitch * Radius2);
            auto angle1 = 2.0 * acos(cos1);
            auto angle2 = 2.0 * acos(cos2);
            // half of the intersecting arc-length
            overlapping_wetted_perimeter += 0.5 * angle1 * Radius1 + 0.5 * angle2 * Radius2;
            // Half of the overlapping area
            overlapping_pin_area +=
                0.5 * Radius1 * Radius1 * acos(cos1) + 0.5 * Radius2 * Radius2 * acos(cos2) -
                0.25 * sqrt((-pitch + Radius1 + Radius2) * (pitch + Radius1 - Radius2) *
                            (pitch - Radius1 + Radius2) * (pitch + Radius1 + Radius2));
          }
        }
        subchannel_area += overlapping_pin_area;           // correct surface area
        wetted_perimeter += -overlapping_wetted_perimeter; // correct wetted perimeter

        // Apply area reduction on subchannels affected by blockage
        auto index = 0;
        for (const auto & i_blockage : index_blockage)
        {
          if (i_ch == i_blockage && (Z >= z_blockage.front() && Z <= z_blockage.back()))
          {
            subchannel_area *= reduction_blockage[index];
          }
          index++;
        }
        _S_flow_soln->set(node, subchannel_area);
        _w_perim_soln->set(node, wetted_perimeter);
      }
    }
    // update map of gap between pins (gij) based on: Dpin, displacement
    for (unsigned int iz = 0; iz < _n_cells + 1; iz++)
    {
      for (unsigned int i_gap = 0; i_gap < _n_gaps; i_gap++)
      {
        auto gap_pins = _subchannel_mesh.getGapPins(i_gap);
        auto pin_1 = gap_pins.first;
        auto pin_2 = gap_pins.second;
        auto * pin_node_1 = _subchannel_mesh.getPinNode(pin_1, iz);
        auto * pin_node_2 = _subchannel_mesh.getPinNode(pin_2, iz);

        if (pin_1 == pin_2) // Corner or edge gap
        {
          auto displacement = 0.0;
          auto counter = 0.0;
          for (auto i_ch : _subchannel_mesh.getPinChannels(pin_1))
          {
            auto subch_type = _subchannel_mesh.getSubchannelType(i_ch);
            auto * node = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(i_ch, iz);
            if (subch_type == EChannelType::EDGE || subch_type == EChannelType::CORNER)
            {
              displacement += (*_displacement_soln)(node);
              counter += 1.0;
            }
          }
          displacement = displacement / counter;
          _tri_sch_mesh._gij_map[iz][i_gap] =
              0.5 * (flat_to_flat - (n_rings - 1) * pitch * std::sqrt(3.0) -
                     (*_Dpin_soln)(pin_node_1)) +
              displacement;
        }
        else // center gap
        {
          _tri_sch_mesh._gij_map[iz][i_gap] =
              pitch - (*_Dpin_soln)(pin_node_1) / 2.0 - (*_Dpin_soln)(pin_node_2) / 2.0;
        }
        // if pins come in contact, the gap is zero
        if (_tri_sch_mesh._gij_map[iz][i_gap] <= 0.0)
          _tri_sch_mesh._gij_map[iz][i_gap] = 0.0;
      }
    }
  }

  for (unsigned int iz = 1; iz < _n_cells + 1; iz++)
  {
    for (unsigned int i_ch = 0; i_ch < _n_channels; i_ch++)
    {
      auto * node_out = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(i_ch, iz);
      auto * node_in = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(i_ch, iz - 1);
      _mdot_soln->set(node_out, (*_mdot_soln)(node_in));
    }
  }

  // We must do a global assembly to make sure data is parallel consistent before we do things
  // like compute L2 norms
  _aux->solution().close();
}

Real
TriSubChannel1PhaseProblem::computeFrictionFactor(FrictionStruct friction_args)
{
  // The upgraded Cheng and Todreas correlation for pressure drop in hexagonal wire-wrapped rod
  // bundles
  auto Re = friction_args.Re;
  auto i_ch = friction_args.i_ch;
  auto S = friction_args.S;
  auto w_perim = friction_args.w_perim;
  auto Dh_i = 4.0 * S / w_perim;
  Real aL, b1L, b2L, cL;
  Real aT, b1T, b2T, cT;
  const Real & pitch = _subchannel_mesh.getPitch();
  const Real & pin_diameter = _subchannel_mesh.getPinDiameter();
  const Real & wire_lead_length = _tri_sch_mesh.getWireLeadLength();
  const Real & wire_diameter = _tri_sch_mesh.getWireDiameter();
  auto p_over_d = pitch / pin_diameter;
  auto subch_type = _subchannel_mesh.getSubchannelType(i_ch);
  // This gap is a constant value for the whole assembly. Might want to make it
  // subchannel specific in the future if we have duct deformation.
  auto gap = _tri_sch_mesh.getDuctToPinGap();
  auto w_over_d = (pin_diameter + gap) / pin_diameter;
  auto ReL = std::pow(10, (p_over_d - 1)) * 320.0;
  auto ReT = std::pow(10, 0.7 * (p_over_d - 1)) * 1.0E+4;
  auto psi = std::log(Re / ReL) / std::log(ReT / ReL);
  const Real lambda = 7.0;
  auto theta = std::acos(wire_lead_length /
                         std::sqrt(std::pow(wire_lead_length, 2) +
                                   std::pow(libMesh::pi * (pin_diameter + wire_diameter), 2)));
  auto wd_t = (19.56 - 98.71 * (wire_diameter / pin_diameter) +
               303.47 * std::pow((wire_diameter / pin_diameter), 2.0)) *
              std::pow((wire_lead_length / pin_diameter), -0.541);
  auto wd_l = 1.4 * wd_t;
  auto ws_t = -11.0 * std::log(wire_lead_length / pin_diameter) + 19.0;
  auto ws_l = ws_t;
  Real pw_p = 0.0;
  Real ar = 0.0;
  Real a_p = 0.0;

  // Find the coefficients of bare Pin bundle friction factor
  // correlations for turbulent and laminar flow regimes. Todreas & Kazimi, Nuclear Systems
  // second edition, Volume 1, Chapter 9.6
  if (subch_type == EChannelType::CENTER)
  {
    if (p_over_d < 1.1)
    {
      aL = 26.0;
      b1L = 888.2;
      b2L = -3334.0;
      aT = 0.09378;
      b1T = 1.398;
      b2T = -8.664;
    }
    else
    {
      aL = 62.97;
      b1L = 216.9;
      b2L = -190.2;
      aT = 0.1458;
      b1T = 0.03632;
      b2T = -0.03333;
    }
    // laminar flow friction factor for bare Pin bundle - Center subchannel
    cL = aL + b1L * (p_over_d - 1) + b2L * std::pow((p_over_d - 1), 2.0);
    // turbulent flow friction factor for bare Pin bundle - Center subchannel
    cT = aT + b1T * (p_over_d - 1) + b2T * std::pow((p_over_d - 1), 2.0);
  }
  else if (subch_type == EChannelType::EDGE)
  {
    if (w_over_d < 1.1)
    {
      aL = 26.18;
      b1L = 554.5;
      b2L = -1480.0;
      aT = 0.09377;
      b1T = 0.8732;
      b2T = -3.341;
    }
    else
    {
      aL = 44.4;
      b1L = 256.7;
      b2L = -267.6;
      aT = 0.1430;
      b1T = 0.04199;
      b2T = -0.04428;
    }
    // laminar flow friction factor for bare Pin bundle - Edge subchannel
    cL = aL + b1L * (w_over_d - 1) + b2L * std::pow((w_over_d - 1), 2.0);
    // turbulent flow friction factor for bare Pin bundle - Edge subchannel
    cT = aT + b1T * (w_over_d - 1) + b2T * std::pow((w_over_d - 1), 2.0);
  }
  else
  {
    if (w_over_d < 1.1)
    {
      aL = 26.98;
      b1L = 1636.0;
      b2L = -10050.0;
      aT = 0.1004;
      b1T = 1.625;
      b2T = -11.85;
    }
    else
    {
      aL = 87.26;
      b1L = 38.59;
      b2L = -55.12;
      aT = 0.1499;
      b1T = 0.006706;
      b2T = -0.009567;
    }
    // laminar flow friction factor for bare Pin bundle - Corner subchannel
    cL = aL + b1L * (w_over_d - 1) + b2L * std::pow((w_over_d - 1), 2.0);
    // turbulent flow friction factor for bare Pin bundle - Corner subchannel
    cT = aT + b1T * (w_over_d - 1) + b2T * std::pow((w_over_d - 1), 2.0);
  }

  // Find the coefficients of wire-wrapped Pin bundle friction factor
  // correlations for turbulent and laminar flow regimes. Todreas & Kazimi, Nuclear Systems
  // Volume 1 Chapter 9-6 also Chen and Todreas (2018).
  if ((wire_diameter != 0.0) && (wire_lead_length != 0.0))
  {
    if (subch_type == EChannelType::CENTER)
    {
      // wetted perimeter for center subchannel and bare Pin bundle
      pw_p = libMesh::pi * pin_diameter / 2.0;
      // wire projected area - center subchannel wire-wrapped bundle
      ar = libMesh::pi * (pin_diameter + wire_diameter) * wire_diameter / 6.0;
      // bare Pin bundle center subchannel flow area (normal area + wire area)
      a_p = S + libMesh::pi * std::pow(wire_diameter, 2.0) / 8.0 / std::cos(theta);
      // turbulent friction factor equation constant - Center subchannel
      cT *= (pw_p / w_perim);
      cT += wd_t * (3.0 * ar / a_p) * (Dh_i / wire_lead_length) *
            std::pow((Dh_i / wire_diameter), 0.18);
      // laminar friction factor equation constant - Center subchannel
      cL *= (pw_p / w_perim);
      cL += wd_l * (3.0 * ar / a_p) * (Dh_i / wire_lead_length) * (Dh_i / wire_diameter);
    }
    else if (subch_type == EChannelType::EDGE)
    {
      // wire projected area - edge subchannel wire-wrapped bundle
      ar = libMesh::pi * (pin_diameter + wire_diameter) * wire_diameter / 4.0;
      // bare Pin bundle edge subchannel flow area (normal area + wire area)
      a_p = S + libMesh::pi * std::pow(wire_diameter, 2.0) / 8.0 / std::cos(theta);
      // turbulent friction factor equation constant - Edge subchannel
      cT *= std::pow((1 + ws_t * (ar / a_p) * std::pow(std::tan(theta), 2.0)), 1.41);
      // laminar friction factor equation constant - Edge subchannel
      cL *= (1 + ws_l * (ar / a_p) * std::pow(std::tan(theta), 2.0));
    }
    else
    {
      // wire projected area - corner subchannel wire-wrapped bundle
      ar = libMesh::pi * (pin_diameter + wire_diameter) * wire_diameter / 6.0;
      // bare Pin bundle corner subchannel flow area (normal area + wire area)
      a_p = S + libMesh::pi * std::pow(wire_diameter, 2.0) / 24.0 / std::cos(theta);
      // turbulent friction factor equation constant - Corner subchannel
      cT *= std::pow((1 + ws_t * (ar / a_p) * std::pow(std::tan(theta), 2.0)), 1.41);
      // laminar friction factor equation constant - Corner subchannel
      cL *= (1 + ws_l * (ar / a_p) * std::pow(std::tan(theta), 2.0));
    }
  }

  // laminar friction factor
  auto fL = cL / Re;
  // turbulent friction factor
  auto fT = cT / std::pow(Re, 0.18);

  if (Re < ReL)
  {
    // laminar flow
    return fL;
  }
  else if (Re > ReT)
  {
    // turbulent flow
    return fT;
  }
  else
  {
    // transient flow: psi definition uses a Bulk ReT/ReL number, same for all channels
    return fL * std::pow((1 - psi), 1.0 / 3.0) * (1 - std::pow(psi, lambda)) +
           fT * std::pow(psi, 1.0 / 3.0);
  }
}

Real
TriSubChannel1PhaseProblem::computeBeta(unsigned int i_gap, unsigned int iz, bool enthalpy)
{
  auto beta = std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
  const Real & pitch = _subchannel_mesh.getPitch();
  const Real & pin_diameter = _subchannel_mesh.getPinDiameter();
  const Real & wire_lead_length = _tri_sch_mesh.getWireLeadLength();
  const Real & wire_diameter = _tri_sch_mesh.getWireDiameter();
  auto chans = _subchannel_mesh.getGapChannels(i_gap);
  auto Nr = _tri_sch_mesh._n_rings;
  unsigned int i_ch = chans.first;
  unsigned int j_ch = chans.second;
  auto subch_type_i = _subchannel_mesh.getSubchannelType(i_ch);
  auto subch_type_j = _subchannel_mesh.getSubchannelType(j_ch);
  auto * node_in_i = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(i_ch, iz - 1);
  auto * node_out_i = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(i_ch, iz);
  auto * node_in_j = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(j_ch, iz - 1);
  auto * node_out_j = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(j_ch, iz);
  auto Si_in = (*_S_flow_soln)(node_in_i);
  auto Sj_in = (*_S_flow_soln)(node_in_j);
  auto Si_out = (*_S_flow_soln)(node_out_i);
  auto Sj_out = (*_S_flow_soln)(node_out_j);
  auto S_total = Si_in + Sj_in + Si_out + Sj_out;
  auto Si = 0.5 * (Si_in + Si_out);
  auto Sj = 0.5 * (Sj_in + Sj_out);
  auto w_perim_i = 0.5 * ((*_w_perim_soln)(node_in_i) + (*_w_perim_soln)(node_out_i));
  auto w_perim_j = 0.5 * ((*_w_perim_soln)(node_in_j) + (*_w_perim_soln)(node_out_j));
  auto avg_mu = (1 / S_total) * ((*_mu_soln)(node_out_i)*Si_out + (*_mu_soln)(node_in_i)*Si_in +
                                 (*_mu_soln)(node_out_j)*Sj_out + (*_mu_soln)(node_in_j)*Sj_in);
  auto avg_hD = 4.0 * (Si + Sj) / (w_perim_i + w_perim_j);
  auto avg_massflux =
      0.5 * (((*_mdot_soln)(node_in_i) + (*_mdot_soln)(node_in_j)) / (Si_in + Sj_in) +
             ((*_mdot_soln)(node_out_i) + (*_mdot_soln)(node_out_j)) / (Si_out + Sj_out));
  auto Re = avg_massflux * avg_hD / avg_mu;
  // crossflow area between channels i,j (dz*gap_width)
  auto gap = _subchannel_mesh.getGapWidth(iz, i_gap);
  // Calculation of flow regime
  auto ReL = 320.0 * std::pow(10.0, pitch / pin_diameter - 1);
  auto ReT = 10000.0 * std::pow(10.0, 0.7 * (pitch / pin_diameter - 1));
  // Calculation of Turbulent Crossflow for wire-wrapped triangular assemblies. Cheng &
  // Todreas (1986).
  // INNER SUBCHANNELS
  if ((subch_type_i == EChannelType::CENTER || subch_type_j == EChannelType::CENTER) &&
      (wire_lead_length != 0) && (wire_diameter != 0))
  {
    // Calculation of geometric parameters
    // wire angle
    auto theta = std::acos(wire_lead_length /
                           std::sqrt(std::pow(wire_lead_length, 2) +
                                     std::pow(libMesh::pi * (pin_diameter + wire_diameter), 2)));
    // projected area of wire on subchannel
    auto Ar1 = libMesh::pi * (pin_diameter + wire_diameter) * wire_diameter / 6.0;
    // bare subchannel flow area
    auto A1prime =
        (std::sqrt(3.0) / 4.0) * std::pow(pitch, 2) - libMesh::pi * std::pow(pin_diameter, 2) / 8.0;
    // wire-wrapped subchannel flow area
    auto A1 = A1prime - libMesh::pi * std::pow(wire_diameter, 2) / 8.0 / std::cos(theta);
    // empirical constant for mixing parameter
    auto Cm = 0.0;
    auto CmL_constant = 0.0;
    auto CmT_constant = 0.0;

    if (Nr == 1)
    {
      CmT_constant = 0.1;
      CmL_constant = 0.055;
    }
    else
    {
      CmT_constant = 0.14;
      CmL_constant = 0.077;
    }

    auto CmT = CmT_constant * std::pow((pitch - pin_diameter) / pin_diameter, -0.5);
    auto CmL = CmL_constant * std::pow((pitch - pin_diameter) / pin_diameter, -0.5);

    if (Re < ReL)
    {
      Cm = CmL;
    }
    else if (Re > ReT)
    {
      Cm = CmT;
    }
    else
    {
      auto psi = (std::log(Re) - std::log(ReL)) / (std::log(ReT) - std::log(ReL));
      auto gamma = 2.0 / 3.0;
      Cm = CmL + (CmT - CmL) * std::pow(psi, gamma);
    }
    // mixing parameter
    beta = Cm * std::pow(Ar1 / A1, 0.5) * std::tan(theta);
  }
  // EDGE OR CORNER SUBCHANNELS/ SWEEP FLOW
  else if ((subch_type_i == EChannelType::CORNER || subch_type_i == EChannelType::EDGE) &&
           (subch_type_j == EChannelType::CORNER || subch_type_j == EChannelType::EDGE) &&
           (wire_lead_length != 0) && (wire_diameter != 0))
  {
    auto theta = std::acos(wire_lead_length /
                           std::sqrt(std::pow(wire_lead_length, 2) +
                                     std::pow(libMesh::pi * (pin_diameter + wire_diameter), 2)));
    // Calculation of geometric parameters
    // distance from pin surface to duct
    auto dpgap = _tri_sch_mesh.getDuctToPinGap();
    // Edge pitch parameter defined as pin diameter plus distance to duct wall
    auto w = pin_diameter + dpgap;
    auto Ar2 = libMesh::pi * (pin_diameter + wire_diameter) * wire_diameter / 4.0;
    auto A2prime = pitch * (w - pin_diameter / 2.0) - libMesh::pi * std::pow(pin_diameter, 2) / 8.0;
    auto A2 = A2prime - libMesh::pi * std::pow(wire_diameter, 2) / 8.0 / std::cos(theta);
    // empirical constant for mixing parameter
    auto Cs = 0.0;
    auto CsL_constant = 0.0;
    auto CsT_constant = 0.0;
    if (Nr == 1)
    {
      CsT_constant = 0.6;
      CsL_constant = 0.33;
    }
    else
    {
      CsT_constant = 0.75;
      CsL_constant = 0.413;
    }
    auto CsL = CsL_constant * std::pow(wire_lead_length / pin_diameter, 0.3);
    auto CsT = CsT_constant * std::pow(wire_lead_length / pin_diameter, 0.3);

    if (Re < ReL)
    {
      Cs = CsL;
    }
    else if (Re > ReT)
    {
      Cs = CsT;
    }
    else
    {
      auto psi = (std::log(Re) - std::log(ReL)) / (std::log(ReT) - std::log(ReL));
      auto gamma = 2.0 / 3.0;
      Cs = CsL + (CsT - CsL) * std::pow(psi, gamma);
    }
    // Calculation of turbulent mixing parameter used for sweep flow only
    if (enthalpy)
      beta = Cs * std::pow(Ar2 / A2, 0.5) * std::tan(theta);
    else
      beta = 0.0;
  }
  // Calculation of Turbulent Crossflow for bare assemblies, from Kim and Chung (2001).
  else if ((wire_lead_length == 0) && (wire_diameter == 0))
  {
    Real gamma = 20.0;   // empirical constant
    Real sf = 2.0 / 3.0; // shape factor
    Real a = 0.18;
    Real b = 0.2;
    auto f = a * std::pow(Re, -b); // Rehme 1992 circular tube friction factor
    auto k = (1 / S_total) *
             (_fp->k_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_out_i) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_out_i)) * Si_out +
              _fp->k_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_in_i) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_in_i)) * Si_in +
              _fp->k_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_out_j) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_out_j)) * Sj_out +
              _fp->k_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_in_j) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_in_j)) * Sj_in);
    auto cp = (1 / S_total) *
              (_fp->cp_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_out_i) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_out_i)) * Si_out +
               _fp->cp_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_in_i) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_in_i)) * Si_in +
               _fp->cp_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_out_j) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_out_j)) * Sj_out +
               _fp->cp_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_in_j) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_in_j)) * Sj_in);
    auto Pr = avg_mu * cp / k;                          // Prandtl number
    auto Pr_t = Pr * (Re / gamma) * std::sqrt(f / 8.0); // Turbulent Prandtl number
    auto delta = pitch / std::sqrt(3.0);                // centroid to centroid distance
    auto L_x = sf * delta;  // axial length scale (gap is the lateral length scale)
    auto lamda = gap / L_x; // aspect ratio
    auto a_x = 1.0 - 2.0 * lamda * lamda / libMesh::pi; // velocity coefficient
    auto z_FP_over_D = (2.0 * L_x / pin_diameter) *
                       (1 + (-0.5 * std::log(lamda) + 0.5 * std::log(4.0) - 0.25) * lamda * lamda);
    auto Str = 1.0 / (0.822 * (gap / pin_diameter) + 0.144); // Strouhal number (Wu & Trupp 1994)
    auto freq_factor = 2.0 / std::pow(gamma, 2) * std::sqrt(a / 8.0) * (avg_hD / gap);
    auto rod_mixing = (1 / Pr_t) * lamda;
    auto axial_mixing = a_x * z_FP_over_D * Str;
    // Mixing Stanton number: Stg (eq 25,Kim and Chung (2001), eq 19 (Jeong et. al 2005)
    beta = freq_factor * (rod_mixing + axial_mixing) * std::pow(Re, -b / 2.0);
  }
  mooseAssert(beta >= 0, "beta should be positive or zero.");
  return beta;
}

Real
TriSubChannel1PhaseProblem::computeAddedHeatPin(unsigned int i_ch, unsigned int iz)
{
  // Compute axial location of nodes.
  auto z2 = _z_grid[iz];
  auto z1 = _z_grid[iz - 1];
  auto heated_length = _subchannel_mesh.getHeatedLength();
  auto unheated_length_entry = _subchannel_mesh.getHeatedLengthEntry();
  if (MooseUtils::absoluteFuzzyGreaterThan(z2, unheated_length_entry) &&
      MooseUtils::absoluteFuzzyLessThan(z1, unheated_length_entry + heated_length))
  {
    // Compute the height of this element.
    auto dz = z2 - z1;
    if (_pin_mesh_exist)
    {
      double factor;
      auto subch_type = _subchannel_mesh.getSubchannelType(i_ch);
      switch (subch_type)
      {
        case EChannelType::CENTER:
          factor = 1.0 / 6.0;
          break;
        case EChannelType::EDGE:
          factor = 1.0 / 4.0;
          break;
        case EChannelType::CORNER:
          factor = 1.0 / 6.0;
          break;
        default:
          return 0.0; // handle invalid subch_type if needed
      }
      double heat_rate_in = 0.0;
      double heat_rate_out = 0.0;
      for (auto i_pin : _subchannel_mesh.getChannelPins(i_ch))
      {
        auto * node_in = _subchannel_mesh.getPinNode(i_pin, iz - 1);
        auto * node_out = _subchannel_mesh.getPinNode(i_pin, iz);
        heat_rate_out += factor * (*_q_prime_soln)(node_out);
        heat_rate_in += factor * (*_q_prime_soln)(node_in);
      }
      return (heat_rate_in + heat_rate_out) * dz / 2.0;
    }
    else
    {
      auto * node_in = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(i_ch, iz - 1);
      auto * node_out = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(i_ch, iz);
      return ((*_q_prime_soln)(node_out) + (*_q_prime_soln)(node_in)) * dz / 2.0;
    }
  }
  else
    return 0.0;
}

Real
TriSubChannel1PhaseProblem::getSubChannelPeripheralDuctWidth(unsigned int i_ch)
{
  auto subch_type = _subchannel_mesh.getSubchannelType(i_ch);
  if (subch_type == EChannelType::EDGE || subch_type == EChannelType::CORNER)
  {
    auto width = _subchannel_mesh.getPitch();
    if (subch_type == EChannelType::CORNER)
      width = 2.0 / std::sqrt(3.0) *
              (_subchannel_mesh.getPinDiameter() / 2.0 + _tri_sch_mesh.getDuctToPinGap());
    return width;
  }
  else
    mooseError("Channel is not a perimetric subchannel ");
}

void
TriSubChannel1PhaseProblem::computeh(int iblock)
{
  unsigned int last_node = (iblock + 1) * _block_size;
  unsigned int first_node = iblock * _block_size + 1;
  const Real & wire_lead_length = _tri_sch_mesh.getWireLeadLength();
  const Real & wire_diameter = _tri_sch_mesh.getWireDiameter();
  const Real & pitch = _subchannel_mesh.getPitch();
  const Real & pin_diameter = _subchannel_mesh.getPinDiameter();

  if (iblock == 0)
  {
    for (unsigned int i_ch = 0; i_ch < _n_channels; i_ch++)
    {
      auto * node = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(i_ch, 0);
      auto h_out = _fp->h_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node));
      if (h_out < 0)
      {
        mooseError(
            name(), " : Calculation of negative Enthalpy h_out = : ", h_out, " Axial Level= : ", 0);
      }
      _h_soln->set(node, h_out);
    }
  }

  if (!_implicit_bool)
  {
    for (unsigned int iz = first_node; iz < last_node + 1; iz++)
    {
      auto z_grid = _subchannel_mesh.getZGrid();
      auto dz = z_grid[iz] - z_grid[iz - 1];
      // Calculation of average mass flux of all periphery subchannels
      Real edge_flux_ave = 0.0;
      Real mdot_sum = 0.0;
      Real si_sum = 0.0;
      for (unsigned int i_ch = 0; i_ch < _n_channels; i_ch++)
      {
        auto subch_type = _subchannel_mesh.getSubchannelType(i_ch);
        if (subch_type == EChannelType::EDGE || subch_type == EChannelType::CORNER)
        {
          auto * node_in = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(i_ch, iz - 1);
          auto Si = (*_S_flow_soln)(node_in);
          auto mdot_in = (*_mdot_soln)(node_in);
          mdot_sum = mdot_sum + mdot_in;
          si_sum = si_sum + Si;
        }
      }
      edge_flux_ave = mdot_sum / si_sum;

      for (unsigned int i_ch = 0; i_ch < _n_channels; i_ch++)
      {
        auto * node_in = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(i_ch, iz - 1);
        auto * node_out = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(i_ch, iz);
        auto mdot_in = (*_mdot_soln)(node_in);
        auto h_in = (*_h_soln)(node_in); // J/kg
        auto volume = dz * (*_S_flow_soln)(node_in);
        auto mdot_out = (*_mdot_soln)(node_out);
        auto h_out = 0.0;
        Real sumWijh = 0.0;
        Real sumWijPrimeDhij = 0.0;
        Real sweep_enthalpy = 0.0;
        Real e_cond = 0.0;

        // Calculate added enthalpy from heatflux (Pin, Duct)
        Real added_enthalpy = computeAddedHeatPin(i_ch, iz);
        added_enthalpy += computeAddedHeatDuct(i_ch, iz);

        // Calculate net sum of enthalpy into/out-of channel i from channels j around i
        // (Turbulent diffusion, Diversion Crossflow, Sweep flow Enthalpy, Radial heat conduction)
        unsigned int counter = 0;
        for (auto i_gap : _subchannel_mesh.getChannelGaps(i_ch))
        {
          auto chans = _subchannel_mesh.getGapChannels(i_gap);
          auto gap = _subchannel_mesh.getGapWidth(iz, i_gap);
          auto Sij = dz * gap;
          unsigned int ii_ch = chans.first;  // the first subchannel next to gap i_gap
          unsigned int jj_ch = chans.second; // the second subchannel next to gap i_gap
          auto * node_in_i = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(ii_ch, iz - 1);
          auto * node_in_j = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(jj_ch, iz - 1);
          auto subch_type_i = _subchannel_mesh.getSubchannelType(ii_ch);
          auto subch_type_j = _subchannel_mesh.getSubchannelType(jj_ch);
          // Define donor enthalpy
          auto h_star = 0.0;
          if (_Wij(i_gap, iz) > 0.0)
            h_star = (*_h_soln)(node_in_i);
          else if (_Wij(i_gap, iz) < 0.0)
            h_star = (*_h_soln)(node_in_j);
          // Diversion crossflow
          // take care of the sign by applying the map, use donor cell
          sumWijh += _subchannel_mesh.getCrossflowSign(i_ch, counter) * _Wij(i_gap, iz) * h_star;
          counter++;
          // SWEEP FLOW is calculated if i_gap is located in the periphery
          // and we have a wire-wrap (if i_gap is in the periphery then i_ch is in the periphery)
          // There are two gaps per periphery subchannel that this is true.
          if ((subch_type_i == EChannelType::CORNER || subch_type_i == EChannelType::EDGE) &&
              (subch_type_j == EChannelType::CORNER || subch_type_j == EChannelType::EDGE) &&
              (wire_lead_length != 0) && (wire_diameter != 0))
          {
            // donor subchannel and node of sweep flow. The donor subchannel is the subchannel next
            // to i_ch that sweep flow, flows from and into i_ch
            auto sweep_donor = _tri_sch_mesh.getSweepFlowChans(i_ch).first;
            auto * node_sweep_donor = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(sweep_donor, iz - 1);
            // if one of the neighbor subchannels of the periphery gap is the donor subchannel
            //(the other would be the i_ch) sweep enthalpy flows into i_ch
            if ((ii_ch == sweep_donor) || (jj_ch == sweep_donor))
            {
              sweep_enthalpy +=
                  computeBeta(i_gap, iz, true) * edge_flux_ave * Sij * (*_h_soln)(node_sweep_donor);
            }
            // else sweep enthalpy flows out of i_ch
            else
            {
              sweep_enthalpy -=
                  computeBeta(i_gap, iz, true) * edge_flux_ave * Sij * (*_h_soln)(node_in);
            }
          }
          // Inner gap
          // Turbulent Diffusion
          else
          {
            sumWijPrimeDhij +=
                _WijPrime(i_gap, iz) * (2 * h_in - (*_h_soln)(node_in_j) - (*_h_soln)(node_in_i));
          }

          // compute the radial heat conduction through the gaps
          Real dist_ij = pitch;

          if (subch_type_i == EChannelType::EDGE && subch_type_j == EChannelType::EDGE)
          {
            dist_ij = pitch;
          }
          else if ((subch_type_i == EChannelType::CORNER && subch_type_j == EChannelType::EDGE) ||
                   (subch_type_i == EChannelType::EDGE && subch_type_j == EChannelType::CORNER))
          {
            dist_ij = pitch;
          }
          else
          {
            dist_ij = pitch / std::sqrt(3);
          }

          auto thcon_i = _fp->k_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_in_i) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_in_i));
          auto thcon_j = _fp->k_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_in_j) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_in_j));
          auto shape_factor =
              0.66 * (pitch / pin_diameter) *
              std::pow((_subchannel_mesh.getGapWidth(iz, i_gap) / pin_diameter), -0.3);
          if (ii_ch == i_ch)
          {
            e_cond += 0.5 * (thcon_i + thcon_j) * Sij * shape_factor *
                      ((*_T_soln)(node_in_j) - (*_T_soln)(node_in_i)) / dist_ij;
          }
          else
          {
            e_cond += -0.5 * (thcon_i + thcon_j) * Sij * shape_factor *
                      ((*_T_soln)(node_in_j) - (*_T_soln)(node_in_i)) / dist_ij;
          }
        }

        // compute the axial heat conduction between current and lower axial node
        auto * node_in_i = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(i_ch, iz);
        auto * node_in_j = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(i_ch, iz - 1);
        auto thcon_i = _fp->k_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_in_i) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_in_i));
        auto thcon_j = _fp->k_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_in_j) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_in_j));
        auto Si = (*_S_flow_soln)(node_in_i);
        auto dist_ij = z_grid[iz] - z_grid[iz - 1];

        e_cond += 0.5 * (thcon_i + thcon_j) * Si * ((*_T_soln)(node_in_j) - (*_T_soln)(node_in_i)) /
                  dist_ij;

        unsigned int nz = _subchannel_mesh.getNumOfAxialCells();
        // compute the axial heat conduction between current and upper axial node
        if (iz < nz)
        {
          auto * node_in_i = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(i_ch, iz);
          auto * node_in_j = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(i_ch, iz + 1);
          auto thcon_i = _fp->k_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_in_i) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_in_i));
          auto thcon_j = _fp->k_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_in_j) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_in_j));
          auto Si = (*_S_flow_soln)(node_in_i);
          auto dist_ij = z_grid[iz + 1] - z_grid[iz];
          e_cond += 0.5 * (thcon_i + thcon_j) * Si *
                    ((*_T_soln)(node_in_j) - (*_T_soln)(node_in_i)) / dist_ij;
        }

        // end of radial heat conduction calc.
        h_out =
            (mdot_in * h_in - sumWijh - sumWijPrimeDhij + added_enthalpy + e_cond + sweep_enthalpy +
             _TR * _rho_soln->old(node_out) * _h_soln->old(node_out) * volume / _dt) /
            (mdot_out + _TR * (*_rho_soln)(node_out)*volume / _dt);
        if (h_out < 0)
        {
          mooseError(name(),
                     " : Calculation of negative Enthalpy h_out = : ",
                     h_out,
                     " Axial Level= : ",
                     iz);
        }
        _h_soln->set(node_out, h_out); // J/kg
      }
    }
  }
  else
  {
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatZeroEntries(_hc_time_derivative_mat));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatZeroEntries(_hc_advective_derivative_mat));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatZeroEntries(_hc_cross_derivative_mat));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatZeroEntries(_hc_axial_heat_conduction_mat));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatZeroEntries(_hc_radial_heat_conduction_mat));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatZeroEntries(_hc_sweep_enthalpy_mat));

    LibmeshPetscCall(VecZeroEntries(_hc_time_derivative_rhs));
    LibmeshPetscCall(VecZeroEntries(_hc_advective_derivative_rhs));
    LibmeshPetscCall(VecZeroEntries(_hc_cross_derivative_rhs));
    LibmeshPetscCall(VecZeroEntries(_hc_added_heat_rhs));
    LibmeshPetscCall(VecZeroEntries(_hc_axial_heat_conduction_rhs));
    LibmeshPetscCall(VecZeroEntries(_hc_radial_heat_conduction_rhs));
    LibmeshPetscCall(VecZeroEntries(_hc_sweep_enthalpy_rhs));

    LibmeshPetscCall(MatZeroEntries(_hc_sys_h_mat));
    LibmeshPetscCall(VecZeroEntries(_hc_sys_h_rhs));

    for (unsigned int iz = first_node; iz < last_node + 1; iz++)
    {
      auto dz = _z_grid[iz] - _z_grid[iz - 1];
      auto pitch = _subchannel_mesh.getPitch();
      auto pin_diameter = _subchannel_mesh.getPinDiameter();
      auto iz_ind = iz - first_node;

      for (unsigned int i_ch = 0; i_ch < _n_channels; i_ch++)
      {
        auto * node_in = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(i_ch, iz - 1);
        auto * node_out = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(i_ch, iz);
        auto S_in = (*_S_flow_soln)(node_in);
        auto S_out = (*_S_flow_soln)(node_out);
        auto S_interp = computeInterpolatedValue(S_out, S_in, 0.5);
        auto volume = dz * S_interp;

        PetscScalar Pe = 0.5;
        if (_interpolation_scheme == 3)
        {
          // Compute the Peclet number
          auto w_perim_in = (*_w_perim_soln)(node_in);
          auto w_perim_out = (*_w_perim_soln)(node_out);
          auto w_perim_interp = this->computeInterpolatedValue(w_perim_out, w_perim_in, 0.5);
          auto K_in = _fp->k_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_in) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_in));
          auto K_out = _fp->k_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_out) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_out));
          auto K = this->computeInterpolatedValue(K_out, K_in, 0.5);
          auto cp_in = _fp->cp_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_in) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_in));
          auto cp_out = _fp->cp_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_out) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_out));
          auto cp = this->computeInterpolatedValue(cp_out, cp_in, 0.5);
          auto mdot_loc =
              this->computeInterpolatedValue((*_mdot_soln)(node_out), (*_mdot_soln)(node_in), 0.5);
          // hydraulic diameter in the i direction
          auto Dh_i = 4.0 * S_interp / w_perim_interp;
          Pe = mdot_loc * Dh_i * cp / (K * S_interp) * (mdot_loc / std::abs(mdot_loc));
        }
        auto alpha = computeInterpolationCoefficients(Pe);

        // Time derivative term
        if (iz == first_node)
        {
          PetscScalar value_vec_tt =
              -1.0 * _TR * alpha * (*_rho_soln)(node_in) * (*_h_soln)(node_in)*volume / _dt;
          PetscInt row_vec_tt = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          LibmeshPetscCall(
              VecSetValues(_hc_time_derivative_rhs, 1, &row_vec_tt, &value_vec_tt, ADD_VALUES));
        }
        else
        {
          PetscInt row_tt = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          PetscInt col_tt = i_ch + _n_channels * (iz_ind - 1);
          PetscScalar value_tt = _TR * alpha * (*_rho_soln)(node_in)*volume / _dt;
          LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
              _hc_time_derivative_mat, 1, &row_tt, 1, &col_tt, &value_tt, INSERT_VALUES));
        }

        // Adding diagonal elements
        PetscInt row_tt = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
        PetscInt col_tt = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
        PetscScalar value_tt = _TR * (1.0 - alpha) * (*_rho_soln)(node_out)*volume / _dt;
        LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
            _hc_time_derivative_mat, 1, &row_tt, 1, &col_tt, &value_tt, INSERT_VALUES));

        // Adding RHS elements
        PetscScalar rho_old_interp =
            computeInterpolatedValue(_rho_soln->old(node_out), _rho_soln->old(node_in), Pe);
        PetscScalar h_old_interp =
            computeInterpolatedValue(_h_soln->old(node_out), _h_soln->old(node_in), Pe);
        PetscScalar value_vec_tt = _TR * rho_old_interp * h_old_interp * volume / _dt;
        PetscInt row_vec_tt = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
        LibmeshPetscCall(
            VecSetValues(_hc_time_derivative_rhs, 1, &row_vec_tt, &value_vec_tt, ADD_VALUES));

        // Advective derivative term
        if (iz == first_node)
        {
          PetscInt row_at = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          PetscScalar value_at = alpha * (*_mdot_soln)(node_in) * (*_h_soln)(node_in);
          LibmeshPetscCall(
              VecSetValues(_hc_advective_derivative_rhs, 1, &row_at, &value_at, ADD_VALUES));

          value_at = alpha * (*_mdot_soln)(node_out) - (1 - alpha) * (*_mdot_soln)(node_in);
          PetscInt col_at = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
              _hc_advective_derivative_mat, 1, &row_at, 1, &col_at, &value_at, ADD_VALUES));

          value_at = (1 - alpha) * (*_mdot_soln)(node_out);
          col_at = i_ch + _n_channels * (iz_ind + 1);
          LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
              _hc_advective_derivative_mat, 1, &row_at, 1, &col_at, &value_at, ADD_VALUES));
        }
        else if (iz == last_node)
        {
          PetscInt row_at = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          PetscScalar value_at = 1.0 * (*_mdot_soln)(node_out);
          PetscInt col_at = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
              _hc_advective_derivative_mat, 1, &row_at, 1, &col_at, &value_at, ADD_VALUES));

          value_at = -1.0 * (*_mdot_soln)(node_in);
          col_at = i_ch + _n_channels * (iz_ind - 1);
          LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
              _hc_advective_derivative_mat, 1, &row_at, 1, &col_at, &value_at, ADD_VALUES));
        }
        else
        {
          PetscInt row_at = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          PetscInt col_at;

          PetscScalar value_at = -alpha * (*_mdot_soln)(node_in);
          col_at = i_ch + _n_channels * (iz_ind - 1);
          LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
              _hc_advective_derivative_mat, 1, &row_at, 1, &col_at, &value_at, ADD_VALUES));

          value_at = alpha * (*_mdot_soln)(node_out) - (1 - alpha) * (*_mdot_soln)(node_in);
          col_at = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
              _hc_advective_derivative_mat, 1, &row_at, 1, &col_at, &value_at, ADD_VALUES));

          value_at = (1 - alpha) * (*_mdot_soln)(node_out);
          col_at = i_ch + _n_channels * (iz_ind + 1);
          LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
              _hc_advective_derivative_mat, 1, &row_at, 1, &col_at, &value_at, ADD_VALUES));
        }

        // Axial heat conduction
        auto * node_center = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(i_ch, iz);
        auto K_center = _fp->k_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_center) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_center));
        auto cp_center =
            _fp->cp_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_center) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_center));
        auto diff_center = K_center / (cp_center + 1e-15);

        if (iz == first_node)
        {
          auto * node_top = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(i_ch, iz + 1);
          auto * node_bottom = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(i_ch, iz - 1);
          auto K_bottom =
              _fp->k_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_bottom) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_bottom));
          auto K_top = _fp->k_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_top) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_top));
          auto cp_bottom =
              _fp->cp_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_bottom) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_bottom));
          auto cp_top = _fp->cp_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_top) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_top));
          auto diff_bottom = K_bottom / (cp_bottom + 1e-15);
          auto diff_top = K_top / (cp_top + 1e-15);

          auto dz_up = _z_grid[iz + 1] - _z_grid[iz];
          auto dz_down = _z_grid[iz] - _z_grid[iz - 1];
          auto S_up =
              computeInterpolatedValue((*_S_flow_soln)(node_top), (*_S_flow_soln)(node_center));
          auto S_down =
              computeInterpolatedValue((*_S_flow_soln)(node_center), (*_S_flow_soln)(node_bottom));
          auto diff_up = computeInterpolatedValue(diff_top, diff_center);
          auto diff_down = computeInterpolatedValue(diff_center, diff_bottom);

          // Diagonal  value
          PetscInt row_at = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          PetscInt col_at = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          PetscScalar value_at = diff_up * S_up / dz_up + diff_down * S_down / dz_down;
          LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
              _hc_axial_heat_conduction_mat, 1, &row_at, 1, &col_at, &value_at, INSERT_VALUES));

          // Bottom value
          value_at = 1.0 * diff_down * S_down / dz_down * (*_h_soln)(node_bottom);
          LibmeshPetscCall(
              VecSetValues(_hc_axial_heat_conduction_rhs, 1, &row_at, &value_at, ADD_VALUES));

          // Top value
          col_at = i_ch + _n_channels * (iz_ind + 1);
          value_at = -diff_up * S_up / dz_up;
          LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
              _hc_axial_heat_conduction_mat, 1, &row_at, 1, &col_at, &value_at, INSERT_VALUES));
        }
        else if (iz == last_node)
        {
          auto * node_bottom = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(i_ch, iz - 1);
          auto K_bottom =
              _fp->k_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_bottom) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_bottom));
          auto cp_bottom =
              _fp->cp_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_bottom) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_bottom));
          auto diff_bottom = K_bottom / (cp_bottom + 1e-15);

          auto dz_down = _z_grid[iz] - _z_grid[iz - 1];
          auto S_down = 0.5 * ((*_S_flow_soln)(node_center) + (*_S_flow_soln)(node_bottom));
          auto diff_down = 0.5 * (diff_center + diff_bottom);

          // Diagonal  value
          PetscInt row_at = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          PetscInt col_at = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          PetscScalar value_at = diff_down * S_down / dz_down;
          LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
              _hc_axial_heat_conduction_mat, 1, &row_at, 1, &col_at, &value_at, INSERT_VALUES));

          // Bottom value
          col_at = i_ch + _n_channels * (iz_ind - 1);
          value_at = -diff_down * S_down / dz_down;
          LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
              _hc_axial_heat_conduction_mat, 1, &row_at, 1, &col_at, &value_at, INSERT_VALUES));

          // Outflow derivative
          // value_at = -1.0 * (*_mdot_soln)(node_center) * (*_h_soln)(node_center);
          // VecSetValues(_hc_axial_heat_conduction_rhs, 1, &row_at, &value_at, ADD_VALUES);
        }
        else
        {
          auto * node_top = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(i_ch, iz + 1);
          auto * node_bottom = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(i_ch, iz - 1);
          auto K_bottom =
              _fp->k_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_bottom) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_bottom));
          auto K_top = _fp->k_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_top) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_top));
          auto cp_bottom =
              _fp->cp_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_bottom) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_bottom));
          auto cp_top = _fp->cp_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_top) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_top));
          auto diff_bottom = K_bottom / (cp_bottom + 1e-15);
          auto diff_top = K_top / (cp_top + 1e-15);

          auto dz_up = _z_grid[iz + 1] - _z_grid[iz];
          auto dz_down = _z_grid[iz] - _z_grid[iz - 1];
          auto S_up =
              computeInterpolatedValue((*_S_flow_soln)(node_top), (*_S_flow_soln)(node_center));
          auto S_down =
              computeInterpolatedValue((*_S_flow_soln)(node_center), (*_S_flow_soln)(node_bottom));
          auto diff_up = computeInterpolatedValue(diff_top, diff_center);
          auto diff_down = computeInterpolatedValue(diff_center, diff_bottom);

          // Diagonal value
          PetscInt row_at = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          PetscInt col_at = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          PetscScalar value_at = diff_up * S_up / dz_up + diff_down * S_down / dz_down;
          LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
              _hc_axial_heat_conduction_mat, 1, &row_at, 1, &col_at, &value_at, INSERT_VALUES));

          // Bottom value
          col_at = i_ch + _n_channels * (iz_ind - 1);
          value_at = -diff_down * S_down / dz_down;
          LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
              _hc_axial_heat_conduction_mat, 1, &row_at, 1, &col_at, &value_at, INSERT_VALUES));

          // Top value
          col_at = i_ch + _n_channels * (iz_ind + 1);
          value_at = -diff_up * S_up / dz_up;
          LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
              _hc_axial_heat_conduction_mat, 1, &row_at, 1, &col_at, &value_at, INSERT_VALUES));
        }

        // Radial Terms
        unsigned int counter = 0;
        unsigned int cross_index = iz;
        // Real radial_heat_conduction(0.0);
        for (auto i_gap : _subchannel_mesh.getChannelGaps(i_ch))
        {
          auto chans = _subchannel_mesh.getGapChannels(i_gap);
          unsigned int ii_ch = chans.first;
          unsigned int jj_ch = chans.second;
          auto * node_in_i = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(ii_ch, iz - 1);
          auto * node_in_j = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(jj_ch, iz - 1);
          PetscScalar h_star;
          // figure out donor axial velocity
          if (_Wij(i_gap, cross_index) > 0.0)
          {
            if (iz == first_node)
            {
              h_star = (*_h_soln)(node_in_i);
              PetscScalar value_vec_ct = -1.0 * alpha *
                                         _subchannel_mesh.getCrossflowSign(i_ch, counter) *
                                         _Wij(i_gap, cross_index) * h_star;
              PetscInt row_vec_ct = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
              LibmeshPetscCall(VecSetValues(
                  _hc_cross_derivative_rhs, 1, &row_vec_ct, &value_vec_ct, ADD_VALUES));
            }
            else
            {
              PetscScalar value_ct = alpha * _subchannel_mesh.getCrossflowSign(i_ch, counter) *
                                     _Wij(i_gap, cross_index);
              PetscInt row_ct = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
              PetscInt col_ct = ii_ch + _n_channels * (iz_ind - 1);
              LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
                  _hc_cross_derivative_mat, 1, &row_ct, 1, &col_ct, &value_ct, ADD_VALUES));
            }
            PetscScalar value_ct = (1.0 - alpha) *
                                   _subchannel_mesh.getCrossflowSign(i_ch, counter) *
                                   _Wij(i_gap, cross_index);
            PetscInt row_ct = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
            PetscInt col_ct = ii_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
            LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
                _hc_cross_derivative_mat, 1, &row_ct, 1, &col_ct, &value_ct, ADD_VALUES));
          }
          else if (_Wij(i_gap, cross_index) < 0.0) // _Wij=0 operations not necessary
          {
            if (iz == first_node)
            {
              h_star = (*_h_soln)(node_in_j);
              PetscScalar value_vec_ct = -1.0 * alpha *
                                         _subchannel_mesh.getCrossflowSign(i_ch, counter) *
                                         _Wij(i_gap, cross_index) * h_star;
              PetscInt row_vec_ct = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
              LibmeshPetscCall(VecSetValues(
                  _hc_cross_derivative_rhs, 1, &row_vec_ct, &value_vec_ct, ADD_VALUES));
            }
            else
            {
              PetscScalar value_ct = alpha * _subchannel_mesh.getCrossflowSign(i_ch, counter) *
                                     _Wij(i_gap, cross_index);
              PetscInt row_ct = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
              PetscInt col_ct = jj_ch + _n_channels * (iz_ind - 1);
              LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
                  _hc_cross_derivative_mat, 1, &row_ct, 1, &col_ct, &value_ct, ADD_VALUES));
            }
            PetscScalar value_ct = (1.0 - alpha) *
                                   _subchannel_mesh.getCrossflowSign(i_ch, counter) *
                                   _Wij(i_gap, cross_index);
            PetscInt row_ct = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
            PetscInt col_ct = jj_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
            LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
                _hc_cross_derivative_mat, 1, &row_ct, 1, &col_ct, &value_ct, ADD_VALUES));
          }

          // Turbulent cross flows
          if (iz == first_node)
          {
            PetscScalar value_vec_ct =
                -2.0 * alpha * (*_h_soln)(node_in)*_WijPrime(i_gap, cross_index);
            value_vec_ct += alpha * (*_h_soln)(node_in_j)*_WijPrime(i_gap, cross_index);
            value_vec_ct += alpha * (*_h_soln)(node_in_i)*_WijPrime(i_gap, cross_index);
            PetscInt row_vec_ct = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
            LibmeshPetscCall(
                VecSetValues(_hc_cross_derivative_rhs, 1, &row_vec_ct, &value_vec_ct, ADD_VALUES));
          }
          else
          {
            PetscScalar value_center_ct = 2.0 * alpha * _WijPrime(i_gap, cross_index);
            PetscInt row_ct = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
            PetscInt col_ct = i_ch + _n_channels * (iz_ind - 1);
            LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
                _hc_cross_derivative_mat, 1, &row_ct, 1, &col_ct, &value_center_ct, ADD_VALUES));

            PetscScalar value_left_ct = -1.0 * alpha * _WijPrime(i_gap, cross_index);
            row_ct = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
            col_ct = jj_ch + _n_channels * (iz_ind - 1);
            LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
                _hc_cross_derivative_mat, 1, &row_ct, 1, &col_ct, &value_left_ct, ADD_VALUES));

            PetscScalar value_right_ct = -1.0 * alpha * _WijPrime(i_gap, cross_index);
            row_ct = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
            col_ct = ii_ch + _n_channels * (iz_ind - 1);
            LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
                _hc_cross_derivative_mat, 1, &row_ct, 1, &col_ct, &value_right_ct, ADD_VALUES));
          }
          PetscScalar value_center_ct = 2.0 * (1.0 - alpha) * _WijPrime(i_gap, cross_index);
          PetscInt row_ct = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          PetscInt col_ct = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
              _hc_cross_derivative_mat, 1, &row_ct, 1, &col_ct, &value_center_ct, ADD_VALUES));

          PetscScalar value_left_ct = -1.0 * (1.0 - alpha) * _WijPrime(i_gap, cross_index);
          row_ct = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          col_ct = jj_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
              _hc_cross_derivative_mat, 1, &row_ct, 1, &col_ct, &value_left_ct, ADD_VALUES));

          PetscScalar value_right_ct = -1.0 * (1.0 - alpha) * _WijPrime(i_gap, cross_index);
          row_ct = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          col_ct = ii_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
              _hc_cross_derivative_mat, 1, &row_ct, 1, &col_ct, &value_right_ct, ADD_VALUES));

          // Radial heat conduction
          auto subch_type_i = _subchannel_mesh.getSubchannelType(ii_ch);
          auto subch_type_j = _subchannel_mesh.getSubchannelType(jj_ch);
          Real dist_ij = pitch;

          if (subch_type_i == EChannelType::EDGE && subch_type_j == EChannelType::EDGE)
          {
            dist_ij = pitch;
          }
          else if ((subch_type_i == EChannelType::CORNER && subch_type_j == EChannelType::EDGE) ||
                   (subch_type_i == EChannelType::EDGE && subch_type_j == EChannelType::CORNER))
          {
            dist_ij = pitch;
          }
          else
          {
            dist_ij = pitch / std::sqrt(3);
          }

          auto Sij = dz * _subchannel_mesh.getGapWidth(iz, i_gap);
          auto K_i = _fp->k_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_in_i) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_in_i));
          auto K_j = _fp->k_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_in_j) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_in_j));
          auto cp_i = _fp->cp_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_in_i) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_in_i));
          auto cp_j = _fp->cp_from_p_T((*_P_soln)(node_in_j) + _P_out, (*_T_soln)(node_in_j));
          auto A_i = K_i / cp_i;
          auto A_j = K_j / cp_j;
          auto harm_A = 2.0 * A_i * A_j / (A_i + A_j);
          auto shape_factor =
              0.66 * (pitch / pin_diameter) *
              std::pow((_subchannel_mesh.getGapWidth(iz, i_gap) / pin_diameter), -0.3);
          // auto base_value =  0.5 * (A_i + A_j) * Sij * shape_factor / dist_ij;
          auto base_value = harm_A * shape_factor * Sij / dist_ij;
          auto neg_base_value = -1.0 * base_value;

          row_ct = ii_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          col_ct = ii_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
              _hc_radial_heat_conduction_mat, 1, &row_ct, 1, &col_ct, &base_value, ADD_VALUES));

          row_ct = jj_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          col_ct = jj_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
              _hc_radial_heat_conduction_mat, 1, &row_ct, 1, &col_ct, &base_value, ADD_VALUES));

          row_ct = ii_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          col_ct = jj_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
              _hc_radial_heat_conduction_mat, 1, &row_ct, 1, &col_ct, &neg_base_value, ADD_VALUES));

          row_ct = jj_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          col_ct = ii_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
          LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
              _hc_radial_heat_conduction_mat, 1, &row_ct, 1, &col_ct, &neg_base_value, ADD_VALUES));
          counter++;
        }

        // Compute the sweep flow enthalpy change
        // Calculation of average mass flux of all periphery subchannels
        Real edge_flux_ave = 0.0;
        Real mdot_sum = 0.0;
        Real si_sum = 0.0;
        for (unsigned int i_ch = 0; i_ch < _n_channels; i_ch++)
        {
          auto subch_type = _subchannel_mesh.getSubchannelType(i_ch);
          if (subch_type == EChannelType::EDGE || subch_type == EChannelType::CORNER)
          {
            auto * node_in = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(i_ch, iz - 1);
            auto Si = (*_S_flow_soln)(node_in);
            auto mdot_in = (*_mdot_soln)(node_in);
            mdot_sum = mdot_sum + mdot_in;
            si_sum = si_sum + Si;
          }
        }
        edge_flux_ave = mdot_sum / si_sum;
        auto subch_type = _subchannel_mesh.getSubchannelType(i_ch);
        PetscScalar sweep_enthalpy = 0.0;
        if ((subch_type == EChannelType::EDGE || subch_type == EChannelType::CORNER) &&
            (wire_diameter != 0.0) && (wire_lead_length != 0.0))
        {
          auto beta_in = std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
          auto beta_out = std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
          // donor sweep channel for i_ch
          auto sweep_donor = _tri_sch_mesh.getSweepFlowChans(i_ch).first;
          auto * node_sweep_donor = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(sweep_donor, iz - 1);
          // Calculation of turbulent mixing parameter
          for (auto i_gap : _subchannel_mesh.getChannelGaps(i_ch))
          {
            auto chans = _subchannel_mesh.getGapChannels(i_gap);
            unsigned int ii_ch = chans.first;
            unsigned int jj_ch = chans.second;
            auto subch_type_i = _subchannel_mesh.getSubchannelType(ii_ch);
            auto subch_type_j = _subchannel_mesh.getSubchannelType(jj_ch);
            if ((subch_type_i == EChannelType::CORNER || subch_type_i == EChannelType::EDGE) &&
                (subch_type_j == EChannelType::CORNER || subch_type_j == EChannelType::EDGE))
            {
              if ((ii_ch == sweep_donor) || (jj_ch == sweep_donor))
              {
                beta_in = computeBeta(i_gap, iz, true);
              }
              else
              {
                beta_out = computeBeta(i_gap, iz, true);
              }
            }
          }
          // Abort execution if required values are unset
          mooseAssert(!std::isnan(beta_in),
                      "beta_in was not set. Check gap logic for i_ch = " + std::to_string(i_ch) +
                          ", iz = " + std::to_string(iz));
          mooseAssert(!std::isnan(beta_out),
                      "beta_out was not set. Check gap logic for i_ch = " + std::to_string(i_ch) +
                          ", iz = " + std::to_string(iz));

          auto gap = _tri_sch_mesh.getDuctToPinGap();
          auto Sij = dz * gap;
          auto wsweep_in = edge_flux_ave * beta_in * Sij;
          auto wsweep_out = edge_flux_ave * beta_out * Sij;
          auto sweep_hin = (*_h_soln)(node_sweep_donor);
          auto sweep_hout = (*_h_soln)(node_in);
          sweep_enthalpy = (wsweep_in * sweep_hin - wsweep_out * sweep_hout);

          if (iz == first_node)
          {
            PetscInt row_sh = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
            PetscScalar value_hs = -sweep_enthalpy;
            LibmeshPetscCall(
                VecSetValues(_hc_sweep_enthalpy_rhs, 1, &row_sh, &value_hs, ADD_VALUES));
          }
          else
          {
            // coefficient of sweep_hin
            PetscInt row_sh = i_ch + _n_channels * (iz_ind - 1);
            PetscInt col_sh = i_ch + _n_channels * (iz_ind - 1);
            LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
                _hc_sweep_enthalpy_mat, 1, &row_sh, 1, &col_sh, &wsweep_out, ADD_VALUES));
            PetscInt col_sh_l = sweep_donor + _n_channels * (iz_ind - 1);
            PetscScalar neg_sweep_in = -1.0 * wsweep_in;
            // coefficient of sweep_hout
            LibmeshPetscCall(MatSetValues(
                _hc_sweep_enthalpy_mat, 1, &row_sh, 1, &col_sh_l, &(neg_sweep_in), ADD_VALUES));
          }
        }

        // Add heat enthalpy from pin and/or duct
        PetscScalar added_enthalpy = computeAddedHeatPin(i_ch, iz);
        added_enthalpy += computeAddedHeatDuct(i_ch, iz);
        PetscInt row_vec_ht = i_ch + _n_channels * iz_ind;
        LibmeshPetscCall(
            VecSetValues(_hc_added_heat_rhs, 1, &row_vec_ht, &added_enthalpy, ADD_VALUES));
      }
    }
    // Assembling system
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(_hc_time_derivative_mat, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(_hc_time_derivative_mat, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(_hc_advective_derivative_mat, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(_hc_advective_derivative_mat, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(_hc_cross_derivative_mat, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(_hc_cross_derivative_mat, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(_hc_axial_heat_conduction_mat, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(_hc_axial_heat_conduction_mat, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(_hc_radial_heat_conduction_mat, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(_hc_radial_heat_conduction_mat, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(_hc_sweep_enthalpy_mat, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(_hc_sweep_enthalpy_mat, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(_hc_sys_h_mat, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(_hc_sys_h_mat, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    // Add all matrices together
    LibmeshPetscCall(
        MatAXPY(_hc_sys_h_mat, 1.0, _hc_time_derivative_mat, DIFFERENT_NONZERO_PATTERN));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(_hc_sys_h_mat, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(_hc_sys_h_mat, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    LibmeshPetscCall(
        MatAXPY(_hc_sys_h_mat, 1.0, _hc_advective_derivative_mat, DIFFERENT_NONZERO_PATTERN));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(_hc_sys_h_mat, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(_hc_sys_h_mat, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    LibmeshPetscCall(
        MatAXPY(_hc_sys_h_mat, 1.0, _hc_cross_derivative_mat, DIFFERENT_NONZERO_PATTERN));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(_hc_sys_h_mat, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(_hc_sys_h_mat, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    LibmeshPetscCall(
        MatAXPY(_hc_sys_h_mat, 1.0, _hc_axial_heat_conduction_mat, DIFFERENT_NONZERO_PATTERN));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(_hc_sys_h_mat, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(_hc_sys_h_mat, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    LibmeshPetscCall(
        MatAXPY(_hc_sys_h_mat, 1.0, _hc_radial_heat_conduction_mat, DIFFERENT_NONZERO_PATTERN));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(_hc_sys_h_mat, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(_hc_sys_h_mat, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    LibmeshPetscCall(
        MatAXPY(_hc_sys_h_mat, 1.0, _hc_sweep_enthalpy_mat, DIFFERENT_NONZERO_PATTERN));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(_hc_sys_h_mat, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    LibmeshPetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(_hc_sys_h_mat, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    if (_verbose_subchannel)
      _console << "Block: " << iblock << " - Enthalpy conservation matrix assembled" << std::endl;
    // RHS
    LibmeshPetscCall(VecAXPY(_hc_sys_h_rhs, 1.0, _hc_time_derivative_rhs));
    LibmeshPetscCall(VecAXPY(_hc_sys_h_rhs, 1.0, _hc_advective_derivative_rhs));
    LibmeshPetscCall(VecAXPY(_hc_sys_h_rhs, 1.0, _hc_cross_derivative_rhs));
    LibmeshPetscCall(VecAXPY(_hc_sys_h_rhs, 1.0, _hc_added_heat_rhs));
    LibmeshPetscCall(VecAXPY(_hc_sys_h_rhs, 1.0, _hc_axial_heat_conduction_rhs));
    LibmeshPetscCall(VecAXPY(_hc_sys_h_rhs, 1.0, _hc_radial_heat_conduction_rhs));
    LibmeshPetscCall(VecAXPY(_hc_sys_h_rhs, 1.0, _hc_sweep_enthalpy_rhs));

    if (_segregated_bool || (!_monolithic_thermal_bool))
    {
      // Assembly the matrix system
      KSP ksploc;
      PC pc;
      Vec sol;
      LibmeshPetscCall(VecDuplicate(_hc_sys_h_rhs, &sol));
      LibmeshPetscCall(KSPCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, &ksploc));
      LibmeshPetscCall(KSPSetOperators(ksploc, _hc_sys_h_mat, _hc_sys_h_mat));
      LibmeshPetscCall(KSPGetPC(ksploc, &pc));
      LibmeshPetscCall(PCSetType(pc, PCJACOBI));
      LibmeshPetscCall(KSPSetTolerances(ksploc, _rtol, _atol, _dtol, _maxit));
      LibmeshPetscCall(KSPSetOptionsPrefix(ksploc, "h_sys_"));
      LibmeshPetscCall(KSPSetFromOptions(ksploc));
      LibmeshPetscCall(KSPSolve(ksploc, _hc_sys_h_rhs, sol));
      // VecView(sol, PETSC_VIEWER_STDOUT_WORLD);
      PetscScalar * xx;
      LibmeshPetscCall(VecGetArray(sol, &xx));
      for (unsigned int iz = first_node; iz < last_node + 1; iz++)
      {
        auto iz_ind = iz - first_node;
        for (unsigned int i_ch = 0; i_ch < _n_channels; i_ch++)
        {
          auto * node_out = _subchannel_mesh.getChannelNode(i_ch, iz);
          auto h_out = xx[iz_ind * _n_channels + i_ch];
          if (h_out < 0)
          {
            mooseError(name(),
                       " : Calculation of negative Enthalpy h_out = : ",
                       h_out,
                       " Axial Level= : ",
                       iz);
          }
          _h_soln->set(node_out, h_out);
        }
      }
      LibmeshPetscCall(KSPDestroy(&ksploc));
      LibmeshPetscCall(VecDestroy(&sol));
    }
  }
}