mesh_function.C

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// The libMesh Finite Element Library.
// Copyright (C) 2002-2026 Benjamin S. Kirk, John W. Peterson, Roy H. Stogner

// This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
// modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
// License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
// version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
// Lesser General Public License for more details.

// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
// License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
// Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA



// Local Includes
#include "libmesh/mesh_function.h"
#include "libmesh/dense_vector.h"
#include "libmesh/equation_systems.h"
#include "libmesh/numeric_vector.h"
#include "libmesh/dof_map.h"
#include "libmesh/point_locator_tree.h"
#include "libmesh/fe_base.h"
#include "libmesh/fe_interface.h"
#include "libmesh/fe_compute_data.h"
#include "libmesh/mesh_base.h"
#include "libmesh/point.h"
#include "libmesh/elem.h"
#include "libmesh/int_range.h"
#include "libmesh/fe_map.h"

namespace libMesh
{


//------------------------------------------------------------------
// MeshFunction methods
MeshFunction::MeshFunction (const EquationSystems & eqn_systems,
                            const NumericVector<Number> & vec,
                            const DofMap & dof_map,
                            std::vector<unsigned int> vars,
                            const FunctionBase<Number> * master) :
  FunctionBase<Number> (master),
  ParallelObject       (eqn_systems),
  _eqn_systems         (eqn_systems),
  _vector              (vec),
  _dof_map             (dof_map),
  _system_vars         (std::move(vars)),
  _out_of_mesh_mode    (false)
{
}



MeshFunction::MeshFunction (const EquationSystems & eqn_systems,
                            const NumericVector<Number> & vec,
                            const DofMap & dof_map,
                            const unsigned int var,
                            const FunctionBase<Number> * master) :
  FunctionBase<Number> (master),
  ParallelObject       (eqn_systems),
  _eqn_systems         (eqn_systems),
  _vector              (vec),
  _dof_map             (dof_map),
  _system_vars         (1,var),
  _out_of_mesh_mode    (false)
{
}

MeshFunction::MeshFunction (const MeshFunction & mf):
  FunctionBase<Number> (mf._master),
  ParallelObject       (mf._eqn_systems),
  _eqn_systems         (mf._eqn_systems),
  _vector              (mf._vector),
  _dof_map             (mf._dof_map),
  _system_vars         (mf._system_vars),
  _out_of_mesh_mode    (mf._out_of_mesh_mode)
{
  // Initialize the mf and set the point locator if the
  // input mf had done so.
  if(mf.initialized())
  {
    this->MeshFunction::init();

    if(mf.get_point_locator().initialized())
      this->set_point_locator_tolerance(mf.get_point_locator().get_close_to_point_tol());

  }

  if (mf._subdomain_ids)
    _subdomain_ids =
      std::make_unique<std::set<subdomain_id_type>>
        (*mf._subdomain_ids);
}

MeshFunction::~MeshFunction () = default;



void MeshFunction::init ()
{
  // are indices of the desired variable(s) provided?
  libmesh_assert_greater (this->_system_vars.size(), 0);

  // Don't do twice...
  if (this->_initialized)
    {
      libmesh_assert(_point_locator);
      return;
    }

  // The Mesh owns the "master" PointLocator, while handing us a
  // PointLocator "proxy" that forwards all requests to the master.
  const MeshBase & mesh = this->_eqn_systems.get_mesh();
  _point_locator = mesh.sub_point_locator();

  // ready for use
  this->_initialized = true;
}



void
MeshFunction::clear ()
{
  // only delete the point locator when we are the master
  if (_point_locator && !_master)
    _point_locator.reset();

  this->_initialized = false;
}



std::unique_ptr<FunctionBase<Number>> MeshFunction::clone () const
{
  return std::make_unique<MeshFunction>(*this);
}



Number MeshFunction::operator() (const Point & p,
                                 const Real time)
{
  libmesh_assert (this->initialized());

  DenseVector<Number> buf (1);
  this->operator() (p, time, buf);
  return buf(0);
}

std::map<const Elem *, Number> MeshFunction::discontinuous_value (const Point & p,
                                                                  const Real time)
{
  libmesh_assert (this->initialized());

  std::map<const Elem *, DenseVector<Number>> buffer;
  this->discontinuous_value (p, time, buffer);
  std::map<const Elem *, Number> return_value;
  for (const auto & [elem, vec] : buffer)
    return_value[elem] = vec(0);
  // NOTE: If no suitable element is found, then the map return_value is empty. This
  // puts burden on the user of this function but I don't really see a better way.
  return return_value;
}

Gradient MeshFunction::gradient (const Point & p,
                                 const Real time)
{
  libmesh_assert (this->initialized());

  std::vector<Gradient> buf (1);
  this->gradient(p, time, buf);
  return buf[0];
}

std::map<const Elem *, Gradient> MeshFunction::discontinuous_gradient (const Point & p,
                                                                       const Real time)
{
  libmesh_assert (this->initialized());

  std::map<const Elem *, std::vector<Gradient>> buffer;
  this->discontinuous_gradient (p, time, buffer);
  std::map<const Elem *, Gradient> return_value;
  for (const auto & [elem, vec] : buffer)
    return_value[elem] = vec[0];
  // NOTE: If no suitable element is found, then the map return_value is empty. This
  // puts burden on the user of this function but I don't really see a better way.
  return return_value;
}

#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_SECOND_DERIVATIVES
Tensor MeshFunction::hessian (const Point & p,
                              const Real time)
{
  libmesh_assert (this->initialized());

  std::vector<Tensor> buf (1);
  this->hessian(p, time, buf);
  return buf[0];
}
#endif

void MeshFunction::operator() (const Point & p,
                               const Real time,
                               DenseVector<Number> & output)
{
  this->operator() (p, time, output, this->_subdomain_ids.get());
}

void MeshFunction::operator() (const Point & p,
                               const Real,
                               DenseVector<Number> & output,
                               const std::set<subdomain_id_type> * subdomain_ids)
{
  libmesh_assert (this->initialized());

  const Elem * element = this->find_element(p,subdomain_ids);

  if (!element)
    {
      // We'd better be in out_of_mesh_mode if we couldn't find an
      // element in the mesh
      libmesh_assert (_out_of_mesh_mode);
      output = _out_of_mesh_value;
    }
  else
    {
      {
        const unsigned int dim = element->dim();


        // Get local coordinates to feed these into compute_data().
        // Note that the fe_type can safely be used from the 0-variable,
        // since the inverse mapping is the same for all FEFamilies
        const Point mapped_point (FEMap::inverse_map (dim, element,
                                                      p));

        // resize the output vector to the number of output values
        // that the user told us, this include multiple entries for
        // the spatial components of vector variable
        unsigned int output_size = 0;
        for (auto index : index_range(this->_system_vars))
          {
            const unsigned int var = _system_vars[index];

            if (var == libMesh::invalid_uint)
              {
                libmesh_assert (_out_of_mesh_mode &&
                                index < _out_of_mesh_value.size());
                output(index) = _out_of_mesh_value(index);
                continue;
              }

            const FEType & fe_type = this->_dof_map.variable_type(var);

            // Adding entries for each scalar variable and spatial components of
            // vector variables
            switch (fe_type.family)
              {
              case HIERARCHIC_VEC:
              case L2_HIERARCHIC_VEC:
              case LAGRANGE_VEC:
              case L2_LAGRANGE_VEC:
              case MONOMIAL_VEC:
              case NEDELEC_ONE:
              case RAVIART_THOMAS:
              case L2_RAVIART_THOMAS:
                {
                  output_size = output_size + dim;
                  break;
                }
              default:
                {
                  output_size++;
                  break;
                }
              }

          }
        output.resize(output_size);

        // Adding a counter to keep the output indexing correct for mix scalar-vector output sets
        unsigned int vec_count = 0;

        // loop over all vars
        for (auto index : index_range(this->_system_vars))
          {
            // the data for this variable
            const unsigned int var = _system_vars[index];

            if (var == libMesh::invalid_uint)
              {
                libmesh_assert (_out_of_mesh_mode &&
                                index < _out_of_mesh_value.size());
                output(index) = _out_of_mesh_value(index);
                continue;
              }

            const FEType & fe_type = this->_dof_map.variable_type(var);

            // The method between vector and scalar variable are different:
            // For scalar variables, we use the previous established method of using FEInterface::compute_data
            // For vector variables, we call the phi() data directly to build the variable solution
            switch (fe_type.family)
              {
              case HIERARCHIC_VEC:
              case L2_HIERARCHIC_VEC:
              case LAGRANGE_VEC:
              case L2_LAGRANGE_VEC:
              case MONOMIAL_VEC:
              case NEDELEC_ONE:
              case RAVIART_THOMAS:
              case L2_RAVIART_THOMAS:
                {
                  // Calling the physical mesh point needed for the shape function
                  FEComputeData data (this->_eqn_systems, mapped_point);
                  const Point & pt = data.p;

                  // where the solution values for the var-th variable are stored
                  std::vector<dof_id_type> dof_indices;
                  this->_dof_map.dof_indices (element, dof_indices, var);

                  // Calling the properly-transformed shape function using get_phi()
                  std::unique_ptr<FEVectorBase> vec_fe = FEVectorBase::build(dim, fe_type);
                  std::vector<Point> vec_pt = {pt};
                  const std::vector<std::vector<RealGradient>> & vec_phi = vec_fe->get_phi();
                  vec_fe->reinit(element, &vec_pt);

                  // interpolate the solution
                  {
                    for (unsigned int d = 0; d < dim; d++)
                    {
                      Number value = 0.;

                      for (auto i : index_range(dof_indices))
                        value += this->_vector(dof_indices[i]) * (vec_phi[i][0](d));

                      output(index+vec_count*(dim-1)+d) = value;
                    }
                  }

                  vec_count++;
                  break;
                }
              default:
                {
                  // Build an FEComputeData that contains both input and output data
                  // for the specific compute_data method.

                  FEComputeData data (this->_eqn_systems, mapped_point);

                  FEInterface::compute_data (dim, fe_type, element, data);

                  // where the solution values for the var-th variable are stored
                  std::vector<dof_id_type> dof_indices;
                  this->_dof_map.dof_indices (element, dof_indices, var);

                  // interpolate the solution
                  {
                    Number value = 0.;

                    for (auto i : index_range(dof_indices))
                      value += this->_vector(dof_indices[i]) * data.shape[i];

                    output(index+vec_count*(dim-1)) = value;
                  }
                  break;
                }
              }

            // next variable
          }
      }
    }
}

void MeshFunction::discontinuous_value (const Point & p,
                                        const Real time,
                                        std::map<const Elem *, DenseVector<Number>> & output)
{
  this->discontinuous_value (p, time, output, this->_subdomain_ids.get());
}



void MeshFunction::discontinuous_value (const Point & p,
                                        const Real,
                                        std::map<const Elem *, DenseVector<Number>> & output,
                                        const std::set<subdomain_id_type> * subdomain_ids)
{
  libmesh_assert (this->initialized());

  // clear the output map
  output.clear();

  // get the candidate elements
  std::set<const Elem *> candidate_element = this->find_elements(p,subdomain_ids);

  // loop through all candidates, if the set is empty this function will return an
  // empty map
  for (const auto & element : candidate_element)
    {
      if (!element)
        {
          // We'd better be in out_of_mesh_mode if we couldn't find an
          // element in the mesh
          libmesh_assert (_out_of_mesh_mode);
          output[element] = _out_of_mesh_value;
          continue;
        }

      const unsigned int dim = element->dim();

      // define a temporary vector to store all values
      DenseVector<Number> temp_output (cast_int<unsigned int>(this->_system_vars.size()));

      // Get local coordinates to feed these into compute_data().
      // Note that the fe_type can safely be used from the 0-variable,
      // since the inverse mapping is the same for all FEFamilies
      const Point mapped_point (FEMap::inverse_map (dim, element, p));

      // loop over all vars
      for (auto index : index_range(this->_system_vars))
        {
          // the data for this variable
          const unsigned int var = _system_vars[index];

          if (var == libMesh::invalid_uint)
            {
              libmesh_assert (_out_of_mesh_mode &&
                              index < _out_of_mesh_value.size());
              temp_output(index) = _out_of_mesh_value(index);
              continue;
            }

          const FEType & fe_type = this->_dof_map.variable_type(var);

          // Build an FEComputeData that contains both input and output data
          // for the specific compute_data method.
          {
            FEComputeData data (this->_eqn_systems, mapped_point);

            FEInterface::compute_data (dim, fe_type, element, data);

            // where the solution values for the var-th variable are stored
            std::vector<dof_id_type> dof_indices;
            this->_dof_map.dof_indices (element, dof_indices, var);

            // interpolate the solution
            {
              Number value = 0.;

              for (auto i : index_range(dof_indices))
                value += this->_vector(dof_indices[i]) * data.shape[i];

              temp_output(index) = value;
            }

          }

          // next variable
        }

      // Insert temp_output into output
      output[element] = temp_output;
    }
}



void MeshFunction::gradient (const Point & p,
                             const Real time,
                             std::vector<Gradient> & output)
{
  this->gradient(p, time, output, this->_subdomain_ids.get());
}



void MeshFunction::gradient (const Point & p,
                             const Real,
                             std::vector<Gradient> & output,
                             const std::set<subdomain_id_type> * subdomain_ids)
{
  libmesh_assert (this->initialized());

  const Elem * element = this->find_element(p,subdomain_ids);

  this->_gradient_on_elem(p, element, output);
}


void MeshFunction::discontinuous_gradient (const Point & p,
                                           const Real time,
                                           std::map<const Elem *, std::vector<Gradient>> & output)
{
  this->discontinuous_gradient (p, time, output, this->_subdomain_ids.get());
}



void MeshFunction::discontinuous_gradient (const Point & p,
                                           const Real,
                                           std::map<const Elem *, std::vector<Gradient>> & output,
                                           const std::set<subdomain_id_type> * subdomain_ids)
{
  libmesh_assert (this->initialized());

  // clear the output map
  output.clear();

  // get the candidate elements
  std::set<const Elem *> candidate_element = this->find_elements(p,subdomain_ids);

  // loop through all candidates, if the set is empty this function will return an
  // empty map
  for (const auto & element : candidate_element)
    {
      // define a temporary vector to store all values
      std::vector<Gradient> temp_output (cast_int<unsigned int>(this->_system_vars.size()));

      this->_gradient_on_elem(p, element, temp_output);

      // Insert temp_output into output
      output.emplace(element, std::move(temp_output));
    }
}



void MeshFunction::_gradient_on_elem (const Point & p,
                                      const Elem * element,
                                      std::vector<Gradient> & output)
{
  // resize the output vector to the number of output values
  // that the user told us
  output.resize (this->_system_vars.size());

  if (!element)
  {
    libmesh_error_msg_if(!_out_of_mesh_mode,
                         "MeshFunction couldn't find element at p=" <<
                         p << ", but is not in out-of-mesh mode");
    libmesh_assert_equal_to (_out_of_mesh_value.size(),
                             this->_system_vars.size());
    for (auto i : index_range(this->_system_vars))
      output[i] = Gradient(_out_of_mesh_value[i]);
    return;
  }

  const unsigned int dim = element->dim();

  // Get local coordinates to feed these into compute_data().
  // Note that the fe_type can safely be used from the 0-variable,
  // since the inverse mapping is the same for all FEFamilies
  const Point mapped_point (FEMap::inverse_map (dim, element,
                                                p));

  std::vector<Point> point_list (1, mapped_point);

  // loop over all vars
  for (auto index : index_range(this->_system_vars))
    {
      // the data for this variable
      const unsigned int var = _system_vars[index];

      if (var == libMesh::invalid_uint)
        {
          libmesh_assert (_out_of_mesh_mode &&
                          index < _out_of_mesh_value.size());
          output[index] = Gradient(_out_of_mesh_value(index));
          continue;
        }

      const FEType & fe_type = this->_dof_map.variable_type(var);

      // where the solution values for the var-th variable are stored
      std::vector<dof_id_type> dof_indices;
      this->_dof_map.dof_indices (element, dof_indices, var);

      // interpolate the solution
      Gradient grad(0.);

      // for performance-reasons, we use different algorithms now.
      // TODO: Check that both give the same result for finite elements.
      // Otherwive it is wrong...
      if (!element->infinite())
        {
          std::unique_ptr<FEBase> point_fe (FEBase::build(dim, fe_type));
          const std::vector<std::vector<RealGradient>> & dphi = point_fe->get_dphi();
          point_fe->reinit(element, &point_list);

          for (auto i : index_range(dof_indices))
            grad.add_scaled(dphi[i][0], this->_vector(dof_indices[i]));

        }
#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_INFINITE_ELEMENTS
      else
        {
          // Build an FEComputeData that contains both input and output data
          // for the specific compute_data method.
          //
          // TODO: enable this for a vector of points as well...
          FEComputeData data (this->_eqn_systems, mapped_point);
          data.enable_derivative();
          FEInterface::compute_data (dim, fe_type, element, data);

          // grad [x] = data.dshape[i](v) * dv/dx  * dof_index [i]
          // sum over all indices
          for (auto i : index_range(dof_indices))
            {
              // local coordinates
              for (std::size_t v=0; v<dim; v++)
                for (std::size_t xyz=0; xyz<LIBMESH_DIM; xyz++)
                  {
                    // FIXME: this needs better syntax: It is matrix-vector multiplication.
                    grad(xyz) += data.local_transform[v][xyz]
                      * data.dshape[i](v)
                      * this->_vector(dof_indices[i]);
                  }
            }
        }
#endif
      output[index] = grad;
    }
}


#ifdef LIBMESH_ENABLE_SECOND_DERIVATIVES
void MeshFunction::hessian (const Point & p,
                            const Real time,
                            std::vector<Tensor> & output)
{
  this->hessian(p, time, output, this->_subdomain_ids.get());
}



void MeshFunction::hessian (const Point & p,
                            const Real,
                            std::vector<Tensor> & output,
                            const std::set<subdomain_id_type> * subdomain_ids)
{
  libmesh_assert (this->initialized());

  // resize the output vector to the number of output values
  // that the user told us
  output.resize (this->_system_vars.size());

  const Elem * element = this->find_element(p,subdomain_ids);

  if (!element)
    {
      libmesh_error_msg_if(!_out_of_mesh_mode,
                           "MeshFunction couldn't find element at p=" <<
                           p << ", but is not in out-of-mesh mode");
      libmesh_assert_equal_to (_out_of_mesh_value.size(),
                               this->_system_vars.size());
      for (auto i : index_range(this->_system_vars))
        output[i] = Tensor(_out_of_mesh_value[i]);
      return;
    }
  else
    {
      if(element->infinite())
        libmesh_warning("Warning: Requested the Hessian of an Infinite element."
                        << "Second derivatives for Infinite elements"
                        << " are not yet implemented!"
                        << std::endl);

      {
        const unsigned int dim = element->dim();


        // Get local coordinates to feed these into compute_data().
        // Note that the fe_type can safely be used from the 0-variable,
        // since the inverse mapping is the same for all FEFamilies
        const Point mapped_point (FEMap::inverse_map (dim, element,
                                                      p));

        std::vector<Point> point_list (1, mapped_point);

        // loop over all vars
        for (auto index : index_range(this->_system_vars))
          {
            // the data for this variable
            const unsigned int var = _system_vars[index];

            if (var == libMesh::invalid_uint)
              {
                libmesh_assert (_out_of_mesh_mode &&
                                index < _out_of_mesh_value.size());
                output[index] = Tensor(_out_of_mesh_value(index));
                continue;
              }
            const FEType & fe_type = this->_dof_map.variable_type(var);

            std::unique_ptr<FEBase> point_fe (FEBase::build(dim, fe_type));
            const std::vector<std::vector<RealTensor>> & d2phi =
              point_fe->get_d2phi();
            point_fe->reinit(element, &point_list);

            // where the solution values for the var-th variable are stored
            std::vector<dof_id_type> dof_indices;
            this->_dof_map.dof_indices (element, dof_indices, var);

            // interpolate the solution
            Tensor hess;

            for (auto i : index_range(dof_indices))
              hess.add_scaled(d2phi[i][0], this->_vector(dof_indices[i]));

            output[index] = hess;
          }
      }
    }
}
#endif

const Elem * MeshFunction::find_element(const Point & p,
                                        const std::set<subdomain_id_type> * subdomain_ids) const
{
  // Ensure that in the case of a master mesh function, the
  // out-of-mesh mode is enabled either for both or for none.  This is
  // important because the out-of-mesh mode is also communicated to
  // the point locator.  Since this is time consuming, enable it only
  // in debug mode.
#ifdef DEBUG
  if (this->_master != nullptr)
    {
      const MeshFunction * master =
        cast_ptr<const MeshFunction *>(this->_master);
      libmesh_error_msg_if(_out_of_mesh_mode!=master->_out_of_mesh_mode,
                           "ERROR: If you use out-of-mesh-mode in connection with master mesh "
                           "functions, you must enable out-of-mesh mode for both the master and the slave mesh function.");
    }
#endif

  // locate the point in the other mesh
  const Elem * element = (*_point_locator)(p, subdomain_ids);

  // Make sure that the element found is evaluable
  return this->check_found_elem(element, p);
}

std::set<const Elem *> MeshFunction::find_elements(const Point & p,
                                                   const std::set<subdomain_id_type> * subdomain_ids) const
{
  // Ensure that in the case of a master mesh function, the
  // out-of-mesh mode is enabled either for both or for none.  This is
  // important because the out-of-mesh mode is also communicated to
  // the point locator.  Since this is time consuming, enable it only
  // in debug mode.
#ifdef DEBUG
  if (this->_master != nullptr)
    {
      const MeshFunction * master =
        cast_ptr<const MeshFunction *>(this->_master);
      libmesh_error_msg_if(_out_of_mesh_mode!=master->_out_of_mesh_mode,
                           "ERROR: If you use out-of-mesh-mode in connection with master mesh "
                           "functions, you must enable out-of-mesh mode for both the master and the slave mesh function.");
    }
#endif

  // locate the point in the other mesh
  std::set<const Elem *> candidate_elements;
  std::set<const Elem *> final_candidate_elements;
  (*_point_locator)(p, candidate_elements, subdomain_ids);

  // For each candidate Elem, if it is evaluable, add it to the set of
  // final candidate Elems.
  for (const auto & element : candidate_elements)
    final_candidate_elements.insert(this->check_found_elem(element, p));

  return final_candidate_elements;
}

const Elem *
MeshFunction::check_found_elem(const Elem * element, const Point & p) const
{
  // If the PointLocator did not find an Element containing Point p,
  // OR if the PointLocator found a local element containting Point p,
  // we can simply return it.
  if (!element || (element->processor_id() == this->processor_id()))
    return element;

  // Otherwise, the PointLocator returned a valid but non-local
  // element.  Therefore, we have to do some further checks:
  //
  // 1.) If we have a SERIAL _vector, then we can just return the
  //     non-local element, because all the DOFs are available.
  if (_vector.type() == SERIAL)
    return element;

  // 2.) If we have a GHOSTED _vector, then we can return a non-local
  //     Element provided that all of its DOFs are ghosted on this
  //     processor. That should be faster than the other option, which
  //     is to search through all the Elem's point_neighbors() for a
  //     suitable local Elem.
  if (_vector.type() == GHOSTED && _dof_map.is_evaluable(*element))
    return element;

  // 3.) If we have a PARALLEL vector, then we search the non-local
  //     Elem's point neighbors for a local one to return instead. If
  //     we don't eventually find one, we just return nullptr.
  std::set<const Elem *> point_neighbors;
  element->find_point_neighbors(p, point_neighbors);
  element = nullptr;
  for (const auto & elem : point_neighbors)
    if (elem->processor_id() == this->processor_id())
      {
        element = elem;
        break;
      }

  return element;
}

const PointLocatorBase & MeshFunction::get_point_locator () const
{
  libmesh_assert (this->initialized());
  return *_point_locator;
}

PointLocatorBase & MeshFunction::get_point_locator ()
{
  libmesh_assert (this->initialized());
  return *_point_locator;
}

void MeshFunction::enable_out_of_mesh_mode(const DenseVector<Number> & value)
{
  libmesh_assert (this->initialized());
  _point_locator->enable_out_of_mesh_mode();
  _out_of_mesh_mode = true;
  _out_of_mesh_value = value;
}

void MeshFunction::enable_out_of_mesh_mode(const Number & value)
{
  DenseVector<Number> v(1);
  v(0) = value;
  this->enable_out_of_mesh_mode(v);
}

void MeshFunction::disable_out_of_mesh_mode()
{
  libmesh_assert (this->initialized());
  _point_locator->disable_out_of_mesh_mode();
  _out_of_mesh_mode = false;
}

void MeshFunction::set_point_locator_tolerance(Real tol)
{
  _point_locator->set_close_to_point_tol(tol);
  _point_locator->set_contains_point_tol(tol);
}

void MeshFunction::unset_point_locator_tolerance()
{
  _point_locator->unset_close_to_point_tol();
}

void MeshFunction::set_subdomain_ids(const std::set<subdomain_id_type> * subdomain_ids)
{
  if (subdomain_ids)
    _subdomain_ids = std::make_unique<std::set<subdomain_id_type>>(*subdomain_ids);
  else
    _subdomain_ids.reset();
}

} // namespace libMesh