Step 4: Primary Loop
Complete input file for this step: 04_loop.i
Figure 1: Model diagram
In this step, we will complete the primary loop and set up a simple PID controller for the pump so that it maintains the prescribed mass flow rate.
Close the Loop
We add two pipes for the bottom section of the primary loop with a pump in the middle. A pump is a junction-like component that connects to two flow channels corresponding to its inlet and outlet.
[jct7]
type = JunctionOneToOne1Phase
connections = 'cooling_pipe:out down_pipe_2:in'
[]
[down_pipe_2]
type = FlowChannel1Phase
position = '1 0 0.25'
orientation = '0 0 -1'
length = 0.25
n_elems = 10
A = ${A_pipe}
D_h = ${pipe_dia}
[]The pump component needs 2 more parameters to be specified: reference area A_ref, and head, which is the pump head.
Because the system is now closed, we add a simple pressurizer to maintain the system pressure as the fluid heats up. We split the pipe at the top to create a T-junction with a pipe connected to the pressurizer using a VolumeJunction1Phase. The pressurizer is modeled by prescribing the stagnation pressure with an InletStagnationPressureTemperature1Phase component.
[jct4]
type = VolumeJunction1Phase
position = '0.5 0 2'
volume = 1e-5
connections = 'top_pipe_1:out top_pipe_2:in press_pipe:in'
[]
[press_pipe]
type = FlowChannel1Phase
position = '0.5 0 2'
orientation = '0 0 1'
length = 0.2
n_elems = 5
A = ${A_pipe}
D_h = ${pipe_dia}
[]
[pressurizer]
type = InletStagnationPressureTemperature1Phase
p0 = ${press}
T0 = ${T_in}
input = press_pipe:out
[]Control Logic
Control logic is a system that allows users to monitor the simulation and change its parameters while it is running.
The system consists of 3 layers:
input layer: which brings values from the simulation inside the control logic system
execution layer: which performs the prescribed operations
output layer: that feeds the values back into simulation
All control logic blocks should be included in the top-level [ControlLogic] block.
Setup PID
A PID control requires several values as an input: set point set_point, input value input, initial value initial_value, and three constants K_p, K_i, and K_d, which are the coefficients for the proportional, integral, and derivative terms, respectively.
For the input value, we set up a postprocessor m_dot_pump with type ADFlowJunctionFlux1Phase which will be measuring the outlet mass flow rate from the pump.
[Postprocessors<<<{"href": "../../../../syntax/Postprocessors/index.html"}>>>]
[m_dot_pump]
type = ADFlowJunctionFlux1Phase<<<{"description": "Retrieves an entry of a flux vector for a connection attached to a 1-phase junction", "href": "../../../../source/postprocessors/ADFlowJunctionFlux1Phase.html"}>>>
boundary<<<{"description": "The list of boundary IDs from the mesh where this object applies"}>>> = core_chan:in
connection_index<<<{"description": "Index of the connected flow channel"}>>> = 1
equation<<<{"description": "Equation for which to query flux vector"}>>> = mass
junction<<<{"description": "Junction component name"}>>> = jct7
[]
[]A set point will be our desired mass flow rate specified by the global parameter m_dot_in. To bring this value into the control logic system, we need to use GetFunctionValueControl block like so:
[ControlLogic<<<{"href": "../../../../syntax/ControlLogic/index.html"}>>>]
[set_point]
type = GetFunctionValueControl<<<{"description": "Sets a ControlData named 'value' with the value of a function", "href": "../../../../source/controllogic/GetFunctionValueControl.html"}>>>
function<<<{"description": "The name of the function prescribing a value."}>>> = ${m_dot_in}
[]
[]This value will be available in the control logic system as set_point:value (in general control_block_name:value).
Then, we add the PID control block as follows:
[ControlLogic<<<{"href": "../../../../syntax/ControlLogic/index.html"}>>>]
[pid]
type = PIDControl<<<{"description": "Declares a control data named 'output' and uses Proportional Integral Derivative logic on the 'value' control data to set it.", "href": "../../../../source/controllogic/PIDControl.html"}>>>
initial_value<<<{"description": "The initial value for the integral part."}>>> = 0
set_point<<<{"description": "The name of the control data with the set point."}>>> = set_point:value
input<<<{"description": "The name of the control data that we read in."}>>> = m_dot_pump
K_p<<<{"description": "The coefficient for the proportional term."}>>> = 1.
K_i<<<{"description": "The coefficient for the integral term."}>>> = 4.
K_d<<<{"description": "The coefficient for the derivative term."}>>> = 0
[]
[]The value computed by the PID control is available in the control logic system under the name pid:output, where pid is the name of the block.
As a last step, we need to feed this value back into the system. That can be done via SetComponentRealValueControl block.
[ControlLogic<<<{"href": "../../../../syntax/ControlLogic/index.html"}>>>]
[set_pump_head]
type = SetComponentRealValueControl<<<{"description": "Control to set a floating point (Real) value of a component parameter with control data boolean", "href": "../../../../source/controllogic/SetComponentRealValueControl.html"}>>>
component<<<{"description": "The name of the component to be controlled."}>>> = pump
parameter<<<{"description": "The name of the parameter in the component to be controlled."}>>> = head
value<<<{"description": "The name of control data to be set in the component."}>>> = pid:output
[]
[]The parameter to control is specified via a component and parameter parameters, which are the component name and the parameter name of that component we want to modify.