HeatSourceFromTotalPower

This component is a heat structure heat source from a total power $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-17000bda-c240-436b-b671-8fd922cc4e76");katex.render("Q", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\eqc":"\\,,","\\eqp":"\\,.","\\pd":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}","\\pr":"\\left(#1\\right)","\\ddt":"\\frac{d #1}{d t}"}});$ , provided by a power component. A fraction $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-e11f1a90-c404-4b3f-a208-537cb072de48");katex.render("f", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\eqc":"\\,,","\\eqp":"\\,.","\\pd":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}","\\pr":"\\left(#1\\right)","\\ddt":"\\frac{d #1}{d t}"}});$ of this total power may be specified, as well as a shape function $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-9b42bfac-223e-46b9-8400-63b052791c2d");katex.render("a(\\mathbf{x})", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\eqc":"\\,,","\\eqp":"\\,.","\\pd":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}","\\pr":"\\left(#1\\right)","\\ddt":"\\frac{d #1}{d t}"}});$ if a non-uniform distribution is desired.

Usage

The user must supply the name of the heat structure via the parameter "hs" and then the applicable regions of the heat structure using the "regions" parameter. For a 2D heat structure, "regions" may include any set of the heat structure's names parameter. For HeatStructureFromFile3D, "regions" may include any set of blocks existing in the mesh file.

The user is required to specify the name of a power component via the "power" parameter. This power can be scaled with the parameter "power_fraction". If a non-uniform power distribution is desired, the parameter "power_shape_function" may be used to specify a spatial shape function, which gets normalized internally.

Input Parameters

hsHeat structure in which to apply heat source
C++ Type:std::string
Unit:(no unit assumed)
Controllable:No
Description:Heat structure in which to apply heat source
powerComponent that provides total power
C++ Type:std::string
Unit:(no unit assumed)
Controllable:No
Description:Component that provides total power
regionsHeat structure regions where heat generation is to be applied
C++ Type:std::vector<std::string>
Unit:(no unit assumed)
Controllable:No
Description:Heat structure regions where heat generation is to be applied

Required Parameters

power_fraction1Fraction of the total power that goes into the heat structure [-]
Default:1
C++ Type:double
Unit:(no unit assumed)
Controllable:Yes
Description:Fraction of the total power that goes into the heat structure [-]
power_shape_functionAxial power shape [-]
C++ Type:FunctionName
Unit:(no unit assumed)
Controllable:No
Description:Axial power shape [-]

Optional Parameters

control_tagsAdds user-defined labels for accessing object parameters via control logic.
C++ Type:std::vector<std::string>
Unit:(no unit assumed)
Controllable:No
Description:Adds user-defined labels for accessing object parameters via control logic.
enableTrueSet the enabled status of the MooseObject.
Default:True
C++ Type:bool
Unit:(no unit assumed)
Controllable:No
Description:Set the enabled status of the MooseObject.

Advanced Parameters

Formulation

The heat conduction equation is the following: $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-518c1506-cb82-4642-a80b-a3c2d1f44afe");katex.render(" \\rho c_p \\pd{T}{t} - \\nabla \\cdot (k \\nabla T) = q''' \\eqc", element, {displayMode:true,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\eqc":"\\,,","\\eqp":"\\,.","\\pd":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}","\\pr":"\\left(#1\\right)","\\ddt":"\\frac{d #1}{d t}"}});$ where

$var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-d06d5a89-b391-43c8-adbd-012c0e56cb2d");katex.render("\\rho", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\eqc":"\\,,","\\eqp":"\\,.","\\pd":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}","\\pr":"\\left(#1\\right)","\\ddt":"\\frac{d #1}{d t}"}});$ is density,
$var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-b9ac2a1a-9a56-4480-ae7f-4fd01feaa4e1");katex.render("c_p", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\eqc":"\\,,","\\eqp":"\\,.","\\pd":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}","\\pr":"\\left(#1\\right)","\\ddt":"\\frac{d #1}{d t}"}});$ is specific heat capacity,
$var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-62fbdf66-ff53-4733-a5c0-b3aa378a3784");katex.render("k", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\eqc":"\\,,","\\eqp":"\\,.","\\pd":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}","\\pr":"\\left(#1\\right)","\\ddt":"\\frac{d #1}{d t}"}});$ is thermal conductivity,
$var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-9a57279a-b540-4f27-9e8d-fbcb40ee43a7");katex.render("T", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\eqc":"\\,,","\\eqp":"\\,.","\\pd":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}","\\pr":"\\left(#1\\right)","\\ddt":"\\frac{d #1}{d t}"}});$ is temperature, and
$var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-f622ad0b-3cfc-4dea-8a31-13cf954906c6");katex.render("q'''", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\eqc":"\\,,","\\eqp":"\\,.","\\pd":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}","\\pr":"\\left(#1\\right)","\\ddt":"\\frac{d #1}{d t}"}});$ is a volumetric heat source.

Multiplying by a test function $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-5bec7181-9f8f-4a6f-b091-6c0b443cc5a3");katex.render("\\phi_i", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\eqc":"\\,,","\\eqp":"\\,.","\\pd":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}","\\pr":"\\left(#1\\right)","\\ddt":"\\frac{d #1}{d t}"}});$ and integrating by parts over the domain $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-e4996124-9baa-449d-b87f-46c5fc10d7ed");katex.render("\\Omega", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\eqc":"\\,,","\\eqp":"\\,.","\\pd":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}","\\pr":"\\left(#1\\right)","\\ddt":"\\frac{d #1}{d t}"}});$ gives $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-3b2ec4d4-630c-4f39-8805-5ddffad14ce7");katex.render(" \\pr{\\rho c_p \\pd{T}{t}, \\phi_i}_\\Omega + \\pr{k \\nabla T, \\nabla\\phi_i}_\\Omega - \\left\\langle k \\nabla T, \\phi_i\\mathbf{n}\\right\\rangle_{\\partial\\Omega} = \\pr{q''', \\phi_i}_\\Omega \\eqc", element, {displayMode:true,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\eqc":"\\,,","\\eqp":"\\,.","\\pd":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}","\\pr":"\\left(#1\\right)","\\ddt":"\\frac{d #1}{d t}"}});$ where $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-40e86854-cf5a-459f-bb71-ff801a1c3357");katex.render("\\partial\\Omega", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\eqc":"\\,,","\\eqp":"\\,.","\\pd":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}","\\pr":"\\left(#1\\right)","\\ddt":"\\frac{d #1}{d t}"}});$ is the boundary of the domain $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-2f480006-9084-4b5d-94d7-1e8204527880");katex.render("\\Omega", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\eqc":"\\,,","\\eqp":"\\,.","\\pd":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}","\\pr":"\\left(#1\\right)","\\ddt":"\\frac{d #1}{d t}"}});$ .

The power density from this component is the following:

var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-9c79fd0a-c6f5-4f49-85a9-6179df4ad9bd");katex.render("q'''(\\mathbf{x}) = f Q \\frac{a(\\mathbf{x})}{\\tilde{A}} \\eqc", element, {displayMode:true,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\eqc":"\\,,","\\eqp":"\\,.","\\pd":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}","\\pr":"\\left(#1\\right)","\\ddt":"\\frac{d #1}{d t}"}});

where $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-467bc888-7964-46f1-9562-ecfe9dbceee0");katex.render("\\tilde{A}", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\eqc":"\\,,","\\eqp":"\\,.","\\pd":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}","\\pr":"\\left(#1\\right)","\\ddt":"\\frac{d #1}{d t}"}});$ denotes the discrete approximation to

var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-8d452d12-dc57-4204-a161-d7609e17a9b5");katex.render("A \\equiv \\int\\limits_\\Omega a(\\mathbf{x}) d\\Omega \\eqc", element, {displayMode:true,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\eqc":"\\,,","\\eqp":"\\,.","\\pd":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}","\\pr":"\\left(#1\\right)","\\ddt":"\\frac{d #1}{d t}"}});

where $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-e7751c49-5e28-4ed5-9c03-4d21550e5ca3");katex.render("\\Omega", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\eqc":"\\,,","\\eqp":"\\,.","\\pd":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}","\\pr":"\\left(#1\\right)","\\ddt":"\\frac{d #1}{d t}"}});$ is the heat source domain. Note that the discrete integral of the power density over $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-6c950396-262a-49e8-a260-4c4ddeb16aec");katex.render("\\Omega", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\eqc":"\\,,","\\eqp":"\\,.","\\pd":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}","\\pr":"\\left(#1\\right)","\\ddt":"\\frac{d #1}{d t}"}});$ is exactly equal to $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-ec8e9aea-b716-4fb8-beac-e51ab884e497");katex.render("f Q", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\eqc":"\\,,","\\eqp":"\\,.","\\pd":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}","\\pr":"\\left(#1\\right)","\\ddt":"\\frac{d #1}{d t}"}});$ .

Input Files

(modules/thermal_hydraulics/tutorials/single_phase_flow/04_loop.i)
(modules/thermal_hydraulics/tutorials/single_phase_flow/06_custom_closures.i)
(modules/thermal_hydraulics/test/tests/components/heat_structure_cylindrical/part_base.i)
(modules/thermal_hydraulics/test/tests/components/heat_structure_base/2nd_order.i)
(modules/thermal_hydraulics/test/tests/components/heat_source_from_total_power/phy.conservation.i)
(modules/thermal_hydraulics/tutorials/single_phase_flow/02_core.i)
(modules/thermal_hydraulics/test/tests/components/heat_source_from_total_power/phy.plate.i)
(modules/thermal_hydraulics/test/tests/components/heat_source_from_total_power/phy.cylinder_power_shape_fn.i)
(modules/thermal_hydraulics/test/tests/problems/brayton_cycle/recuperated_brayton_cycle.i)
(modules/thermal_hydraulics/tutorials/single_phase_flow/05_secondary_side.i)
(modules/thermal_hydraulics/test/tests/components/heat_transfer_from_heat_structure_1phase/phy.energy_heatstructure_ss_1phase.i)
(modules/thermal_hydraulics/test/tests/components/heat_structure_base/err.no_2nd_order_with_trap.i)
(modules/thermal_hydraulics/test/tests/components/heat_structure_cylindrical/steady.i)
(modules/thermal_hydraulics/test/tests/components/heat_source_from_total_power/phy.conservation_from_file_3d.i)
(modules/thermal_hydraulics/test/tests/components/heat_source_from_total_power/err.base.i)
(modules/thermal_hydraulics/tutorials/single_phase_flow/03_upper_loop.i)

(modules/thermal_hydraulics/tutorials/single_phase_flow/04_loop.i)

T_in = 300. # K
m_dot_in = 1e-2 # kg/s
press = 10e5 # Pa

# core parameters
core_length = 1. # m
core_n_elems = 25
core_dia = '${units 2. cm -> m}'
core_pitch = '${units 8.7 cm -> m}'

# pipe parameters
pipe_dia = '${units 10. cm -> m}'
A_pipe = '${fparse 0.25 * pi * pipe_dia^2}'
A_core = '${fparse core_pitch^2 - 0.25 *pi * core_dia^2}'
P_wet_core = '${fparse 4*core_pitch + pi * core_dia}'
Dh_core = '${fparse 4 * A_core / P_wet_core}'

tot_power = 2000 # W

[GlobalParams]
  initial_p = ${press}
  initial_vel = 0.0001
  initial_T = ${T_in}
  initial_vel_x = 0
  initial_vel_y = 0
  initial_vel_z = 0
  gravity_vector = '0 0 0'

  rdg_slope_reconstruction = minmod
  scaling_factor_1phase = '1 1e-2 1e-4'
  scaling_factor_rhoV = 1
  scaling_factor_rhouV = 1e-2
  scaling_factor_rhovV = 1e-2
  scaling_factor_rhowV = 1e-2
  scaling_factor_rhoEV = 1e-4
  closures = simple_closures
  fp = he
[]

[FluidProperties]
  [he]
    type = IdealGasFluidProperties
    molar_mass = 4e-3
    gamma = 1.67
    k = 0.2556
    mu = 3.22639e-5
  []
[]

[Closures]
  [simple_closures]
    type = Closures1PhaseTHM
  []
[]

[SolidProperties]
  [steel]
    type = ThermalFunctionSolidProperties
    rho = 8050
    k = 45
    cp = 466
  []
[]

[Components]
  [total_power]
    type = TotalPower
    power = ${tot_power}
  []
  [up_pipe_1]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0 0 0'
    orientation = '0 0 1'
    length = 0.5
    n_elems = 15
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [jct1]
    type = JunctionParallelChannels1Phase
    position = '0 0 0.5'
    connections = 'up_pipe_1:out core_chan:in'
    volume = 1e-5
    use_scalar_variables = false
  []
  [core_chan]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0 0 0.5'
    orientation = '0 0 1'
    length = ${core_length}
    n_elems = ${core_n_elems}
    roughness = .0001
    A = '${A_core}'
    D_h = ${Dh_core}
  []

  [core_hs]
    type = HeatStructureCylindrical
    position = '0 0 0.5'
    orientation = '0 0 1'
    length = ${core_length}
    n_elems = ${core_n_elems}
    names = 'block'
    widths = '${fparse core_dia / 2.}'
    solid_properties = 'steel'
    solid_properties_T_ref = '300'
    n_part_elems = 3
  []

  [core_heating]
    type = HeatSourceFromTotalPower
    hs = core_hs
    regions = block
    power = total_power
  []

  [core_ht]
    type = HeatTransferFromHeatStructure1Phase
    flow_channel = core_chan
    hs = core_hs
    hs_side = outer
    P_hf = '${fparse pi * core_dia}'
  []

  [jct2]
    type = JunctionParallelChannels1Phase
    position = '0 0 1.5'
    connections = 'core_chan:out up_pipe_2:in'
    volume = 1e-5
    use_scalar_variables = false
  []

  [up_pipe_2]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0 0 1.5'
    orientation = '0 0 1'
    length = 0.5
    n_elems = 10
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [jct3]
    type = JunctionOneToOne1Phase
    connections = 'up_pipe_2:out top_pipe_1:in'
  []

  [top_pipe_1]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0 0 2'
    orientation = '1 0 0'
    length = 0.5
    n_elems = 10
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [top_pipe_2]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0.5 0 2'
    orientation = '1 0 0'
    length = 0.5
    n_elems = 10
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [jct4]
    type = VolumeJunction1Phase
    position = '0.5 0 2'
    volume = 1e-5
    connections = 'top_pipe_1:out top_pipe_2:in press_pipe:in'
    use_scalar_variables = false
  []

  [press_pipe]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0.5 0 2'
    orientation = '0 0 1'
    length = 0.2
    n_elems = 5
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [pressurizer]
    type = InletStagnationPressureTemperature1Phase
    p0 = ${press}
    T0 = ${T_in}
    input = press_pipe:out
  []

  [jct5]
    type = JunctionOneToOne1Phase
    connections = 'top_pipe_2:out down_pipe_1:in'
  []

  [down_pipe_1]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '1 0 2'
    orientation = '0 0 -1'
    length = 0.25
    A = ${A_pipe}
    n_elems = 5
  []

  [jct6]
    type = JunctionOneToOne1Phase
    connections = 'down_pipe_1:out cooling_pipe:in'
  []

  [cooling_pipe]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '1 0 1.75'
    orientation = '0 0 -1'
    length = 1.5
    n_elems = 25
    A = ${A_pipe}
  []

  [cold_wall]
    type = HeatTransferFromSpecifiedTemperature1Phase
    flow_channel = cooling_pipe
    T_wall = 300
    P_hf = '${fparse pi * pipe_dia}'
  []

  [jct7]
    type = JunctionOneToOne1Phase
    connections = 'cooling_pipe:out down_pipe_2:in'
  []

  [down_pipe_2]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '1 0 0.25'
    orientation = '0 0 -1'
    length = 0.25
    n_elems = 10
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [jct8]
    type = JunctionOneToOne1Phase
    connections = 'down_pipe_2:out bottom_1:in'
  []

  [bottom_1]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '1 0 0'
    orientation = '-1 0 0'
    length = 0.5
    n_elems = 5
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [pump]
    type = Pump1Phase
    position = '0.5 0 0'
    connections = 'bottom_1:out bottom_2:in'
    volume = 1e-4
    A_ref = ${A_pipe}
    head = 0
    use_scalar_variables = false
  []

  [bottom_2]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0.5 0 0'
    orientation = '-1 0 0'
    length = 0.5
    n_elems = 5
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [jct10]
    type = JunctionOneToOne1Phase
    connections = 'bottom_2:out up_pipe_1:in'
  []
[]

[ControlLogic]
  [set_point]
    type = GetFunctionValueControl
    function = ${m_dot_in}
  []

  [pid]
    type = PIDControl
    initial_value = 0
    set_point = set_point:value
    input = m_dot_pump
    K_p = 1.
    K_i = 4.
    K_d = 0
  []

  [set_pump_head]
    type = SetComponentRealValueControl
    component = pump
    parameter = head
    value = pid:output
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [power_to_coolant]
    type = ADHeatRateConvection1Phase
    block = core_chan
    P_hf = '${fparse pi *core_dia}'
  []

  [m_dot_pump]
    type = ADFlowJunctionFlux1Phase
    boundary = core_chan:in
    connection_index = 1
    equation = mass
    junction = jct7
  []

  [core_T_out]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = core_chan:out
    variable = T
  []

  [core_p_in]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = core_chan:in
    variable = p
  []

  [core_p_out]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = core_chan:out
    variable = p
  []

  [core_delta_p]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'core_p_in core_p_out'
    expression = 'core_p_in - core_p_out'
  []

  [hx_pri_T_out]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = cooling_pipe:out
    variable = T
  []
  [pump_head]
    type = RealComponentParameterValuePostprocessor
    component = pump
    parameter = head
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [pc]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  start_time = 0

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1
  []
  dtmax = 5
  end_time = 500

  line_search = basic
  solve_type = NEWTON

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu'

  nl_rel_tol = 0
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-8
  nl_max_its = 25

[]

[Outputs]
  exodus = true

  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 1
    outlier_variable_norms = false
  []
  print_linear_residuals = false
[]

(modules/thermal_hydraulics/tutorials/single_phase_flow/06_custom_closures.i)

T_in = 300. # K
m_dot_in = 1e-2 # kg/s
press = 10e5 # Pa

# core parameters
core_length = 1. # m
core_n_elems = 25
core_dia = '${units 2. cm -> m}'
core_pitch = '${units 8.7 cm -> m}'
A_core = '${fparse core_pitch^2 - 0.25 *pi * core_dia^2}'
P_wet_core = '${fparse 4*core_pitch + pi * core_dia}'
Dh_core = '${fparse 4 * A_core / P_wet_core}'

# pipe parameters
pipe_dia = '${units 10. cm -> m}'
A_pipe = '${fparse 0.25 * pi * pipe_dia^2}'

tot_power = 2000 # W

# heat exchanger parameters
hx_dia_inner = '${units 12. cm -> m}'
hx_wall_thickness = '${units 5. mm -> m}'
hx_dia_outer = '${units 50. cm -> m}'
hx_radius_wall = '${fparse hx_dia_inner / 2. + hx_wall_thickness}'
hx_length = 1.5 # m
hx_n_elems = 25

m_dot_sec_in = 1. # kg/s

[GlobalParams]
  initial_p = ${press}
  initial_vel = 0.0001
  initial_T = ${T_in}
  initial_vel_x = 0
  initial_vel_y = 0
  initial_vel_z = 0
  gravity_vector = '0 0 0'

  rdg_slope_reconstruction = minmod
  scaling_factor_1phase = '1 1e-2 1e-4'
  scaling_factor_rhoV = 1
  scaling_factor_rhouV = 1e-2
  scaling_factor_rhovV = 1e-2
  scaling_factor_rhowV = 1e-2
  scaling_factor_rhoEV = 1e-4
  closures = thm_closures
  fp = he
[]

[Functions]
  [m_dot_sec_fn]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    xy_data = '
      0    0
      10 ${m_dot_sec_in}'
  []
[]

[FluidProperties]
  [he]
    type = IdealGasFluidProperties
    molar_mass = 4e-3
    gamma = 1.67
    k = 0.2556
    mu = 3.22639e-5
  []

  [water]
    type = StiffenedGasFluidProperties
    gamma = 2.35
    cv = 1816.0
    q = -1.167e6
    p_inf = 1.0e9
    q_prime = 0
  []
[]

[Closures]
  [thm_closures]
    type = Closures1PhaseTHM
  []
  [none_closures]
    type = Closures1PhaseNone
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [Re_mat]
    type = ADReynoldsNumberMaterial
    Re = Re
    rho = rho
    vel = vel
    D_h = D_h
    mu = mu
    block = hx/pri
  []
  [f_mat]
    type = ADParsedMaterial
    property_name = f_D
    constant_names = 'a b c'
    constant_expressions = '1 0.1 -0.5'
    material_property_names = 'Re'
    expression = 'a + b * Re^c'
    block = hx/pri
  []
  [Pr_mat]
    type = ADPrandtlNumberMaterial
    Pr = Pr
    cp = cp
    mu = mu
    k = k
    block = hx/pri
  []
  [Nu_mat]
    type = ADParsedMaterial
    property_name = 'Nu'
    constant_names = 'a b c'
    constant_expressions = '0.03 0.9 0.5'
    material_property_names = 'Re Pr'
    expression = 'a * Re ^b * Pr^c'
    block = hx/pri
  []
  [Hw_mat]
    type = ADConvectiveHeatTransferCoefficientMaterial
    D_h = D_h
    k = k
    Nu = Nu
    Hw = Hw
    block = hx/pri
  []
[]
[SolidProperties]
  [steel]
    type = ThermalFunctionSolidProperties
    rho = 8050
    k = 45
    cp = 466
  []
[]

[Components]
  [total_power]
    type = TotalPower
    power = ${tot_power}
  []
  [up_pipe_1]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0 0 0'
    orientation = '0 0 1'
    length = 0.5
    n_elems = 15
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [jct1]
    type = JunctionParallelChannels1Phase
    position = '0 0 0.5'
    connections = 'up_pipe_1:out core_chan:in'
    volume = 1e-5
    use_scalar_variables = false
  []
  [core_chan]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0 0 0.5'
    orientation = '0 0 1'
    length = ${core_length}
    n_elems = ${core_n_elems}
    roughness = .0001
    A = ${A_core}
    D_h = ${Dh_core}
  []

  [core_hs]
    type = HeatStructureCylindrical
    position = '0 0 0.5'
    orientation = '0 0 1'
    length = ${core_length}
    n_elems = ${core_n_elems}
    names = 'block'
    widths = '${fparse core_dia / 2.}'
    solid_properties = 'steel'
    solid_properties_T_ref = '300'
    n_part_elems = 3
  []

  [core_heating]
    type = HeatSourceFromTotalPower
    hs = core_hs
    regions = block
    power = total_power
  []

  [core_ht]
    type = HeatTransferFromHeatStructure1Phase
    flow_channel = core_chan
    hs = core_hs
    hs_side = outer
    P_hf = '${fparse pi * core_dia}'
  []

  [jct2]
    type = JunctionParallelChannels1Phase
    position = '0 0 1.5'
    connections = 'core_chan:out up_pipe_2:in'
    volume = 1e-5
    use_scalar_variables = false
  []

  [up_pipe_2]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0 0 1.5'
    orientation = '0 0 1'
    length = 0.5
    n_elems = 10
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [jct3]
    type = JunctionOneToOne1Phase
    connections = 'up_pipe_2:out top_pipe_1:in'
  []

  [top_pipe_1]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0 0 2'
    orientation = '1 0 0'
    length = 0.5
    n_elems = 10
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [top_pipe_2]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0.5 0 2'
    orientation = '1 0 0'
    length = 0.5
    n_elems = 10
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [jct4]
    type = VolumeJunction1Phase
    position = '0.5 0 2'
    volume = 1e-5
    connections = 'top_pipe_1:out top_pipe_2:in press_pipe:in'
    use_scalar_variables = false
  []

  [press_pipe]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0.5 0 2'
    orientation = '0 1 0'
    length = 0.2
    n_elems = 5
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [pressurizer]
    type = InletStagnationPressureTemperature1Phase
    p0 = ${press}
    T0 = ${T_in}
    input = press_pipe:out
  []

  [jct5]
    type = JunctionOneToOne1Phase
    connections = 'top_pipe_2:out down_pipe_1:in'
  []

  [down_pipe_1]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '1 0 2'
    orientation = '0 0 -1'
    length = 0.25
    A = ${A_pipe}
    n_elems = 5
  []

  [jct6]
    type = JunctionParallelChannels1Phase
    position = '1 0 1.75'
    connections = 'down_pipe_1:out hx/pri:in'
    volume = 1e-5
    use_scalar_variables = false
  []

  [hx]
    [pri]
      type = FlowChannel1Phase
      position = '1 0 1.75'
      orientation = '0 0 -1'
      length = ${hx_length}
      n_elems = ${hx_n_elems}
      roughness = 1e-5
      A = '${fparse pi * hx_dia_inner * hx_dia_inner / 4.}'
      D_h = ${hx_dia_inner}
      closures = none_closures
    []

    [ht_pri]
      type = HeatTransferFromHeatStructure1Phase
      hs = hx/wall
      hs_side = inner
      flow_channel = hx/pri
      P_hf = '${fparse pi * hx_dia_inner}'
    []

    [wall]
      type = HeatStructureCylindrical
      position = '1 0 1.75'
      orientation = '0 0 -1'
      length = ${hx_length}
      n_elems = ${hx_n_elems}
      widths = '${hx_wall_thickness}'
      n_part_elems = '3'
      solid_properties = 'steel'
      solid_properties_T_ref = '300'
      names = '0'
      inner_radius = '${fparse hx_dia_inner / 2.}'
    []

    [ht_sec]
      type = HeatTransferFromHeatStructure1Phase
      hs = hx/wall
      hs_side = outer
      flow_channel = hx/sec
      P_hf = '${fparse 2 * pi * hx_radius_wall}'
    []

    [sec]
      type = FlowChannel1Phase
      position = '${fparse 1 + hx_wall_thickness} 0 0.25'
      orientation = '0 0 1'
      length = ${hx_length}
      n_elems = ${hx_n_elems}
      A = '${fparse pi * (hx_dia_outer * hx_dia_outer / 4. - hx_radius_wall * hx_radius_wall)}'
      D_h = '${fparse hx_dia_outer - (2 * hx_radius_wall)}'
      fp = water
      initial_T = 300
    []
  []

  [jct7]
    type = JunctionParallelChannels1Phase
    position = '1 0 0.5'
    connections = 'hx/pri:out down_pipe_2:in'
    volume = 1e-5
    use_scalar_variables = false
  []

  [down_pipe_2]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '1 0 0.25'
    orientation = '0 0 -1'
    length = 0.25
    n_elems = 10
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [jct8]
    type = JunctionOneToOne1Phase
    connections = 'down_pipe_2:out bottom_1:in'
  []

  [bottom_1]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '1 0 0'
    orientation = '-1 0 0'
    length = 0.5
    n_elems = 5
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [pump]
    type = Pump1Phase
    position = '0.5 0 0'
    connections = 'bottom_1:out bottom_2:in'
    volume = 1e-4
    A_ref = ${A_pipe}
    head = 0
    use_scalar_variables = false
  []

  [bottom_2]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0.5 0 0'
    orientation = '-1 0 0'
    length = 0.5
    n_elems = 5
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [jct9]
    type = JunctionOneToOne1Phase
    connections = 'bottom_2:out up_pipe_1:in'
  []

  [inlet_sec]
    type = InletMassFlowRateTemperature1Phase
    input = 'hx/sec:in'
    m_dot = 0
    T = 300
  []

  [outlet_sec]
    type = Outlet1Phase
    input = 'hx/sec:out'
    p = 1e5
  []
[]

[ControlLogic]
  [set_point]
    type = GetFunctionValueControl
    function = ${m_dot_in}
  []

  [pid]
    type = PIDControl
    initial_value = 0.0
    set_point = set_point:value
    input = m_dot_pump
    K_p = 1.
    K_i = 4.
    K_d = 0
  []

  [set_pump_head]
    type = SetComponentRealValueControl
    component = pump
    parameter = head
    value = pid:output
  []

  [m_dot_sec_inlet_ctrl]
    type = GetFunctionValueControl
    function = m_dot_sec_fn
  []

  [set_m_dot_sec_ctrl]
    type = SetComponentRealValueControl
    component = inlet_sec
    parameter = m_dot
    value = m_dot_sec_inlet_ctrl:value
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [power_to_coolant]
    type = ADHeatRateConvection1Phase
    block = core_chan
    P_hf = '${fparse pi *core_dia}'
  []

  [m_dot_pump]
    type = ADFlowJunctionFlux1Phase
    boundary = core_chan:in
    connection_index = 1
    equation = mass
    junction = jct7
  []

  [core_T_out]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = core_chan:out
    variable = T
  []

  [core_p_in]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = core_chan:in
    variable = p
  []

  [core_p_out]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = core_chan:out
    variable = p
  []

  [core_delta_p]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'core_p_in core_p_out'
    expression = 'core_p_in - core_p_out'
  []

  [hx_pri_T_out]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = hx/pri:out
    variable = T
  []

  [hx_sec_T_in]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = inlet_sec
    variable = T
  []

  [hx_sec_T_out]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = outlet_sec
    variable = T
  []
  [m_dot_sec]
    type = ADFlowBoundaryFlux1Phase
    boundary = inlet_sec
    equation = mass
  []

  [Hw_hx_pri]
    type = ADElementAverageMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = Hw
    block = hx/pri
  []
  [fD_hx_pri]
    type = ADElementAverageMaterialProperty
    mat_prop = f_D
    block = hx/pri
  []

[]

[Preconditioning]
  [pc]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  start_time = 0

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1
  []
  dtmax = 5
  end_time = 500

  line_search = basic
  solve_type = NEWTON

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-8
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-8
  nl_max_its = 25

[]

[Outputs]
  exodus = true

  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 1
    outlier_variable_norms = false
  []
  print_linear_residuals = false
[]

(modules/thermal_hydraulics/test/tests/components/heat_structure_cylindrical/part_base.i)

[Functions]
  [power_profile_fn]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '1.570796326794897 * sin(x / 3.6576 * pi)'
  []
[]

[Components]
  [reactor]
    type = TotalPower
    power = 296153.84615384615385
  []

  [hs]
    type = HeatStructureCylindrical
    position = '0 0 1'
    orientation = '1 0 0'

    length = 3.6576
    n_elems = 20
    names = 'FUEL GAP CLAD'
    widths = '0.0046955  0.0000955  0.000673'
    n_part_elems = '3 1 1'

    initial_T = 564.15
  []

  [hg]
    type = HeatSourceFromTotalPower
    hs = hs
    regions = 'FUEL'
    power_fraction = 3.33672612e-1
    power = reactor
    power_shape_function = power_profile_fn
  []

  [temp_outside]
    type = HSBoundarySpecifiedTemperature
    hs = hs
    boundary = hs:outer
    T = 600
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [pc]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  scheme = 'bdf2'

  start_time = 0
  dt = 2
  num_steps = 10
  abort_on_solve_fail = true

  solve_type = 'NEWTON'
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-6
  nl_max_its = 30

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 300
[]

[Outputs]
  file_base = transient
  exodus = true
  [console]
    type = Console
    execute_scalars_on = none
  []
[]

(modules/thermal_hydraulics/test/tests/components/heat_structure_base/2nd_order.i)

# This tests ensures that 2nd-order meshes can be used; it checks for the
# "Solve Converged" string at the end of a time step.

[GlobalParams]
  2nd_order_mesh = true
[]

[SolidProperties]
  [fuel-mat]
    type = ThermalFunctionSolidProperties
    k = 3.65
    cp = 288.734
    rho = 1.0412e2
  []
  [gap-mat]
    type = ThermalFunctionSolidProperties
    k = 1.084498
    cp = 1.0
    rho = 1.0
  []
  [clad-mat]
    type = ThermalFunctionSolidProperties
    k = 16.48672
    cp = 321.384
    rho = 6.6e1
  []
[]

[Components]
  [reactor]
    type = TotalPower
    power = 296153.84615384615385
  []

  [hs]
    type = HeatStructureCylindrical
    position = '0 0 0'
    orientation = '1 0 0'

    length = 1
    n_elems = 1
    names = 'FUEL GAP CLAD'
    widths = '0.0046955  0.0000955  0.000673'
    n_part_elems = '1 1 1'
    solid_properties = 'fuel-mat gap-mat clad-mat'
    solid_properties_T_ref = '300 300 300'

    initial_T = 564.15
  []

  [hg]
    type = HeatSourceFromTotalPower
    hs = hs
    regions = 'FUEL'
    power_fraction = 3.33672612e-1
    power = reactor
  []

  [temp_outside]
    type = HSBoundarySpecifiedTemperature
    hs = hs
    boundary = hs:outer
    T = 600
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP_PJFNK]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  scheme = 'bdf2'

  start_time = 0
  dt = 0.1
  num_steps = 1
  abort_on_solve_fail = true

  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-6
  nl_max_its = 30

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 300
[]

(modules/thermal_hydraulics/test/tests/components/heat_source_from_total_power/phy.conservation.i)

# Tests energy conservation for HeatGeneration component when a power component is used

n_units = 5
power = 1e5
power_fraction = 0.3
t = 1

energy_change = ${fparse power_fraction * power * t}

[GlobalParams]
  scaling_factor_temperature = 1e-3
[]

[Functions]
  [power_shape]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 0.4
  []
[]

[SolidProperties]
  [main-material]
    type = ThermalFunctionSolidProperties
    k = 1e4
    cp = 500.0
    rho = 100.0
  []
[]

[Components]
  [heat_structure]
    type = HeatStructureCylindrical
    num_rods = ${n_units}

    position = '0 1 0'
    orientation = '1 0 0'
    length = 0.8
    n_elems = 100

    names = 'rgn1 rgn2 rgn3'
    solid_properties = 'main-material main-material main-material'
    solid_properties_T_ref = '300 300 300'
    widths = '0.4 0.1 0.5'
    n_part_elems = '2 2 2'

    initial_T = 300
  []
  [heat_generation]
    type = HeatSourceFromTotalPower
    hs = heat_structure
    regions = 'rgn1 rgn2'
    power = total_power
    power_fraction = ${power_fraction}
  []
  [total_power]
    type = TotalPower
    power = ${power}
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [E_tot]
    type = ADHeatStructureEnergyRZ
    block = 'heat_structure:rgn1 heat_structure:rgn2 heat_structure:rgn3'
    n_units = ${n_units}
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [E_tot_change]
    type = ChangeOverTimePostprocessor
    change_with_respect_to_initial = true
    postprocessor = E_tot
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [E_tot_change_rel_err]
    type = RelativeDifferencePostprocessor
    value1 = E_tot_change
    value2 = ${energy_change}
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [pc]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  scheme = 'bdf2'

  solve_type = 'NEWTON'
  line_search = 'basic'
  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type'
  petsc_options_value = ' lu'

  nl_rel_tol = 0
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-6
  nl_max_its = 15

  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 10

  start_time = 0.0
  dt = ${t}
  num_steps = 1

  abort_on_solve_fail = true

  [Quadrature]
    type = GAUSS
    order = SECOND
  []
[]

[Outputs]
  csv = true
  show = 'E_tot_change_rel_err'
  execute_on = 'final'
[]

(modules/thermal_hydraulics/tutorials/single_phase_flow/02_core.i)

T_in = 300. # K
m_dot_in = 1e-2 # kg/s
press = 10e5 # Pa

# core parameters
core_length = 1. # m
core_n_elems = 25
core_dia = '${units 2. cm -> m}'
core_pitch = '${units 8.7 cm -> m}'
A_core = '${fparse core_pitch^2 - 0.25 *pi * core_dia^2}'
P_wet_core = '${fparse 4*core_pitch + pi * core_dia}'
Dh_core = '${fparse 4 * A_core / P_wet_core}'

tot_power = 2000 # W

[GlobalParams]
  initial_p = ${press}
  initial_vel = 0.0001
  initial_T = ${T_in}
  gravity_vector = '0 0 0'

  rdg_slope_reconstruction = minmod
  scaling_factor_1phase = '1 1e-2 1e-4'
  closures = thm_closures
  fp = he
[]

[FluidProperties]
  [he]
    type = IdealGasFluidProperties
    molar_mass = 4e-3
    gamma = 1.67
    k = 0.2556
    mu = 3.22639e-5
  []
[]

[Closures]
  [thm_closures]
    type = Closures1PhaseTHM
  []
[]

[SolidProperties]
  [steel]
    type = ThermalFunctionSolidProperties
    rho = 8050
    k = 45
    cp = 466
  []
[]

[Components]
  [total_power]
    type = TotalPower
    power = ${tot_power}
  []
  [inlet]
    type = InletMassFlowRateTemperature1Phase
    input = 'core_chan:in'
    m_dot = ${m_dot_in}
    T = ${T_in}
  []

  [core_chan]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0 0 0'
    orientation = '0 0 1'
    length = ${core_length}
    n_elems = ${core_n_elems}
    roughness = .0001
    A = '${A_core}'
    D_h = ${Dh_core}
  []

  [core_hs]
    type = HeatStructureCylindrical
    position = '0 0 0'
    orientation = '0 0 1'
    length = ${core_length}
    n_elems = ${core_n_elems}
    names = 'block'
    widths = '${fparse core_dia / 2.}'
    solid_properties = 'steel'
    solid_properties_T_ref = '300'
    n_part_elems = 3
  []

  [core_heating]
    type = HeatSourceFromTotalPower
    hs = core_hs
    regions = block
    power = total_power
  []

  [core_ht]
    type = HeatTransferFromHeatStructure1Phase
    flow_channel = core_chan
    hs = core_hs
    hs_side = outer
    P_hf = '${fparse pi * core_dia}'
  []

  [outlet]
    type = Outlet1Phase
    input = 'core_chan:out'
    p = ${press}
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [power_to_coolant]
    type = ADHeatRateConvection1Phase
    block = core_chan
    P_hf = '${fparse pi *core_dia}'
  []

  [core_T_out]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = core_chan:out
    variable = T
  []

  [core_p_in]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = core_chan:in
    variable = p
  []

  [core_p_out]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = core_chan:out
    variable = p
  []

  [core_delta_p]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'core_p_in core_p_out'
    expression = 'core_p_in - core_p_out'
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [pc]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  start_time = 0

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 10
  []
  end_time = 5000

  line_search = basic
  solve_type = NEWTON

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-8
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-8
  nl_max_its = 25

[]

[Outputs]
  exodus = true

  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 1
    outlier_variable_norms = false
  []
  print_linear_residuals = false
[]

(modules/thermal_hydraulics/test/tests/components/heat_source_from_total_power/phy.plate.i)

[GlobalParams]
  scaling_factor_temperature = 1e0
[]

[Functions]
  [psf]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 1
  []
[]

[SolidProperties]
  [fuel-mat]
    type = ThermalFunctionSolidProperties
    k = 16
    cp = 191.67
    rho = 1.4583e4
  []
  [gap-mat]
    type = ThermalFunctionSolidProperties
    k = 64
    cp = 1272
    rho = 865
  []
  [clad-mat]
    type = ThermalFunctionSolidProperties
    k = 26
    cp = 638
    rho = 7.646e3
  []
[]

[Components]
  [reactor]
    type = TotalPower
    power = 3.0e4
  []

  [CH1:solid]
    type = HeatStructurePlate
    position = '0 -0.024 0'
    orientation = '0 0 1'
    length = 0.8
    n_elems = 16

    initial_T = 628.15

    names = 'fuel gap clad'
    widths = '0.003015 0.000465  0.00052'
    depth = 1
    n_part_elems = '20 2 2'
    solid_properties = 'fuel-mat gap-mat clad-mat'
    solid_properties_T_ref = '300 300 300'
  []

  [CH1:hgen]
    type = HeatSourceFromTotalPower
    hs = CH1:solid
    regions = 'fuel'
    power = reactor
    power_fraction = 1
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP_PJFNK]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]


[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  scheme = 'bdf2'

  start_time = 0
  dt = 1e-3
  num_steps = 1
  abort_on_solve_fail = true

  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-10
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7
  nl_max_its = 40

  l_tol = 1e-5
  l_max_its = 50
[]

[Outputs]
  [out]
    type = Exodus
  []
[]

(modules/thermal_hydraulics/test/tests/components/heat_source_from_total_power/phy.cylinder_power_shape_fn.i)

[GlobalParams]
  scaling_factor_temperature = 1e0
[]

[Functions]
  [psf]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 1
  []
[]

[SolidProperties]
  [fuel-mat]
    type = ThermalFunctionSolidProperties
    k = 16
    cp = 191.67
    rho = 1.4583e4
  []
  [gap-mat]
    type = ThermalFunctionSolidProperties
    k = 64
    cp = 1272
    rho = 865
  []
  [clad-mat]
    type = ThermalFunctionSolidProperties
    k = 26
    cp = 638
    rho = 7.646e3
  []
[]

[Components]
  [reactor]
    type = TotalPower
    power = 3.0e4
  []

  [CH1:solid]
    type = HeatStructureCylindrical
    position = '0 -0.024 0'
    orientation = '0 0 1'
    length = 0.8
    n_elems = 16

    initial_T = 628.15

    names = 'fuel gap clad'
    widths = '0.003015 0.000465  0.00052'
    n_part_elems = '20 2 2'
    solid_properties = 'fuel-mat gap-mat clad-mat'
    solid_properties_T_ref = '300 300 300'
  []

  [CH1:hgen]
    type = HeatSourceFromTotalPower
    hs = CH1:solid
    regions = 'fuel'
    power = reactor
    power_shape_function = psf
    power_fraction = 1
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP_PJFNK]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]


[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  scheme = 'bdf2'

  start_time = 0
  dt = 1e-3
  num_steps = 1
  abort_on_solve_fail = true

  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-10
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-7
  nl_max_its = 40

  l_tol = 1e-5
  l_max_its = 50
[]

[Outputs]
  [out]
    type = Exodus
  []
[]

(modules/thermal_hydraulics/test/tests/problems/brayton_cycle/recuperated_brayton_cycle.i)

# This input file models an open, recuperated Brayton cycle with a PID
# controlled start up using a coupled motor.
#
# Heat is supplied to the system by a volumetric heat source, and a second heat
# source is used to model a recuperator. The recuperator transfers heat from the
# turbine exhaust gas to the compressor outlet gas.
#
# Initially the fluid and heat structures are at rest at ambient conditions,
# and the shaft speed is zero.
# The transient is controlled as follows:
#   * 0   - 2000 s: Motor increases shaft speed to approx. 85,000 RPM by PID control
#   * 1000 - 8600 s: Power in main heat source increases from 0 - 104 kW
#   * 2000 - 200000 s: Torque supplied by turbine increases to steady state level
#                      as working fluid temperature increases. Torque supplied by
#                      the motor is ramped down to 0 N-m transitioning shaft control
#                      to the turbine at its rated speed of 96,000 RPM.


I_motor = 1.0

I_generator = 1.0
generator_torque_per_shaft_speed = -0.00025

motor_ramp_up_duration = 3605
motor_ramp_down_duration = 1800
post_motor_time = 2160000
t1 = ${motor_ramp_up_duration}
t2 = ${fparse t1 + motor_ramp_down_duration}
t3 = ${fparse t2 + post_motor_time}

D1 = 0.15
D2 = ${D1}
D3 = ${D1}
D4 = ${D1}
D5 = ${D1}
D6 = ${D1}
D7 = ${D1}
D8 = ${D1}

A1 = ${fparse 0.25 * pi * D1^2}
A2 = ${fparse 0.25 * pi * D2^2}
A3 = ${fparse 0.25 * pi * D3^2}
A4 = ${fparse 0.25 * pi * D4^2}
A5 = ${fparse 0.25 * pi * D5^2}
A6 = ${fparse 0.25 * pi * D6^2}
A7 = ${fparse 0.25 * pi * D7^2}
A8 = ${fparse 0.25 * pi * D8^2}

recuperator_width = 0.15

L1 = 5.0
L2 = ${L1}
L3 = ${fparse 2 * L1}
L4 = ${fparse 2 * L1}
L5 = ${L1}
L6 = ${L1}
L7 = ${fparse L1 + recuperator_width}
L8 = ${L1}

x1 = 0.0
x2 = ${fparse x1 + L1}
x3 = ${fparse x2 + L2}
x4 = ${x3}
x5 = ${fparse x4 - L4}
x6 = ${x5}
x7 = ${fparse x6 + L6}
x8 = ${fparse x7 + L7}

y1 = 0
y2 = ${y1}
y3 = ${y2}
y4 = ${fparse y3 - L3}
y5 = ${y4}
y6 = ${fparse y5 + L5}
y7 = ${y6}
y8 = ${y7}

x1_out = ${fparse x1 + L1 - 0.001}
x2_in = ${fparse x2 + 0.001}
y5_in = ${fparse y5 + 0.001}
x6_out = ${fparse x6 + L6 - 0.001}
x7_in = ${fparse x7 + 0.001}
y8_in = ${fparse y8 + 0.001}
y8_out = ${fparse y8 + L8 - 0.001}
hot_leg_in = ${y8_in}
hot_leg_out = ${y8_out}
cold_leg_in = ${fparse y3 - 0.001}
cold_leg_out = ${fparse y3 - (L3/2) - 0.001}

n_elems1 = 5
n_elems2 = ${n_elems1}
n_elems3 = ${fparse 2 * n_elems1}
n_elems4 = ${fparse 2 * n_elems1}
n_elems5 = ${n_elems1}
n_elems6 = ${n_elems1}
n_elems7 = ${n_elems1}
n_elems8 = ${n_elems1}

A_ref_comp = ${fparse 0.5 * (A1 + A2)}
V_comp = ${fparse A_ref_comp * 1.0}
I_comp = 1.0

A_ref_turb = ${fparse 0.5 * (A4 + A5)}
V_turb = ${fparse A_ref_turb * 1.0}
I_turb = 1.0

c0_rated_comp = 351.6925137
rho0_rated_comp = 1.146881112

rated_mfr = 0.25

speed_rated_rpm = 96000
speed_rated = ${fparse speed_rated_rpm * 2 * pi / 60.0}

speed_initial = 0

eff_comp = 0.79
eff_turb = 0.843

T_ambient = 300
p_ambient = 1e5

hs_power = 105750
[GlobalParams]
  gravity_vector = '0 0 0'

  initial_p = ${p_ambient}
  initial_T = ${T_ambient}
  initial_vel = 0
  initial_vel_x = 0
  initial_vel_y = 0
  initial_vel_z = 0

  fp = fp_air
  closures = closures
  f = 0

  scaling_factor_1phase = '1 1 1e-5'
  scaling_factor_rhoV = 1
  scaling_factor_rhouV = 1e-2
  scaling_factor_rhovV = 1e-2
  scaling_factor_rhowV = 1e-2
  scaling_factor_rhoEV = 1e-5
  scaling_factor_temperature = 1e-2
  rdg_slope_reconstruction = none
[]

[FluidProperties]
  [fp_air]
    type = IdealGasFluidProperties
    emit_on_nan = none
  []
[]

[SolidProperties]
  [steel]
    type = ThermalFunctionSolidProperties
    rho = 8050
    k = 45
    cp = 466
  []
[]

[Closures]
  [closures]
    type = Closures1PhaseSimple
  []
[]

[Functions]

  ##########################
  # Motor
  ##########################


  # Functions for control logic that determines when to shut off the PID system
  [is_tripped_fn]
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_names = 'motor_torque turbine_torque'
    symbol_values = 'motor_torque turbine_torque'
    expression = 'turbine_torque > motor_torque'
  []
  [PID_tripped_constant_value]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 1
  []
  [PID_tripped_status_fn]
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_values = 'PID_trip_status'
    symbol_names = 'PID_trip_status'
    expression = 'PID_trip_status'
  []
  [time_fn]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = t
  []

  # Shutdown function which ramps down the motor once told by the control logic
  [motor_torque_fn_shutdown]
    type = ParsedFunction
    symbol_values = 'PID_trip_status time_trip'
    symbol_names = 'PID_trip_status time_trip'
    expression = 'if(PID_trip_status = 1, max(2.4 - (2.4 * ((t - time_trip) / 35000)),0.0), 1)'
  []

  # Generates motor power curve
  [motor_power_fn]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'torque * speed'
    symbol_names = 'torque speed'
    symbol_values = 'motor_torque shaft:omega'
  []

  ##########################
  # Generator
  ##########################

  # Generates generator torque curve
  [generator_torque_fn]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'slope * t'
    symbol_names = 'slope'
    symbol_values = '${generator_torque_per_shaft_speed}'
  []
  # Generates generator power curve
  [generator_power_fn]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = 'torque * speed'
    symbol_names = 'torque speed'
    symbol_values = 'generator_torque shaft:omega'
  []

  ##########################
  # Reactor
  ##########################

  # Ramps up reactor power when activated by control logic
  [power_fn]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    x = '0 1000 8600'
    y = '0 0 ${hs_power}'
  []

  ##########################
  # Compressor
  ##########################

  # compressor pressure ratios
  [rp_comp1]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = 'rp_comp1.csv'
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 1
    format = columns
    extrap = true
  []
  [rp_comp2]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = 'rp_comp2.csv'
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 1
    format = columns
    extrap = true
  []
  [rp_comp3]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = 'rp_comp3.csv'
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 1
    format = columns
    extrap = true
  []
  [rp_comp4]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = 'rp_comp4.csv'
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 1
    format = columns
    extrap = true
  []
  [rp_comp5]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = 'rp_comp5.csv'
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 1
    format = columns
    extrap = true
  []

  # compressor efficiencies
  [eff_comp1]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = ${eff_comp}
  []
  [eff_comp2]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = ${eff_comp}
  []
  [eff_comp3]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = ${eff_comp}
  []
  [eff_comp4]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = ${eff_comp}
  []
  [eff_comp5]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = ${eff_comp}
  []

  ##########################
  # Turbine
  ##########################

  # turbine pressure ratios
  [rp_turb0]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 1
  []
  [rp_turb1]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = 'rp_turb1.csv'
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 1
    format = columns
    extrap = true
  []
  [rp_turb2]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = 'rp_turb2.csv'
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 1
    format = columns
    extrap = true
  []
  [rp_turb3]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = 'rp_turb3.csv'
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 1
    format = columns
    extrap = true
  []
  [rp_turb4]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = 'rp_turb4.csv'
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 1
    format = columns
    extrap = true
  []
  [rp_turb5]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    data_file = 'rp_turb5.csv'
    x_index_in_file = 0
    y_index_in_file = 1
    format = columns
    extrap = true
  []

  # turbine efficiency
  [eff_turb1]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = ${eff_turb}
  []
  [eff_turb2]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = ${eff_turb}
  []
  [eff_turb3]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = ${eff_turb}
  []
  [eff_turb4]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = ${eff_turb}
  []
  [eff_turb5]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = ${eff_turb}
  []
[]

[Components]

  # system inlet pulling air from the open atmosphere
  [inlet]
    type = InletStagnationPressureTemperature1Phase
    input = 'pipe1:in'
    p0 = ${p_ambient}
    T0 = ${T_ambient}
  []

  # Inlet pipe
  [pipe1]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '${x1} ${y1} 0'
    orientation = '1 0 0'
    length = ${L1}
    n_elems = ${n_elems1}
    A = ${A1}
  []

  # Compressor as defined in MAGNET PCU document (Guillen 2020)
  [compressor]
    type = ShaftConnectedCompressor1Phase
    position = '${x2} ${y2} 0'
    inlet = 'pipe1:out'
    outlet = 'pipe2:in'
    A_ref = ${A_ref_comp}
    volume = ${V_comp}

    omega_rated = ${speed_rated}
    mdot_rated = ${rated_mfr}
    c0_rated = ${c0_rated_comp}
    rho0_rated = ${rho0_rated_comp}

    # Determines which compression ratio curve and efficiency curve to use depending on ratio of speed/rated_speed
    speeds = '0.5208 0.6250 0.7292 0.8333 0.9375'
    Rp_functions = 'rp_comp1 rp_comp2 rp_comp3 rp_comp4 rp_comp5'
    eff_functions = 'eff_comp1 eff_comp2 eff_comp3 eff_comp4 eff_comp5'

    min_pressure_ratio = 1.0

    speed_cr_I = 0
    inertia_const = ${I_comp}
    inertia_coeff = '${I_comp} 0 0 0'

    # assume no shaft friction
    speed_cr_fr = 0
    tau_fr_const = 0
    tau_fr_coeff = '0 0 0 0'

    use_scalar_variables = false
  []

  # Outlet pipe from the compressor
  [pipe2]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '${x2} ${y2} 0'
    orientation = '1 0 0'
    length = ${L2}
    n_elems = ${n_elems2}
    A = ${A2}
  []

  # 90 degree connection between pipe 2 and 3
  [junction2_cold_leg]
    type = VolumeJunction1Phase
    connections = 'pipe2:out cold_leg:in'
    position = '${x3} ${y3} 0'
    volume = ${fparse A2*0.1}
    use_scalar_variables = false
  []

  # Cold leg of the recuperator
  [cold_leg]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '${x3} ${y3} 0'
    orientation = '0 -1 0'
    length = ${fparse L3/2}
    n_elems = ${fparse n_elems3/2}
    A = ${A3}
  []

  # Recuperator which transfers heat from exhaust gas to reactor inlet gas to improve thermal efficency
  [recuperator]
    type = HeatStructureCylindrical
    orientation = '0 -1 0'
    position = '${x3} ${y3} 0'
    length = ${fparse L3/2}
    widths = ${recuperator_width}
    n_elems = ${fparse n_elems3/2}
    n_part_elems = 2
    names = recuperator
    solid_properties = steel
    solid_properties_T_ref = '300'
    inner_radius = ${D1}
  []
  # heat transfer from recuperator to cold leg
  [heat_transfer_cold_leg]
    type = HeatTransferFromHeatStructure1Phase
    flow_channel = cold_leg
    hs = recuperator
    hs_side = OUTER
    Hw = 10000
  []
  # heat transfer from hot leg to recuperator
  [heat_transfer_hot_leg]
    type = HeatTransferFromHeatStructure1Phase
    flow_channel = hot_leg
    hs = recuperator
    hs_side = INNER
    Hw = 10000
  []

  [junction_cold_leg_3]
    type = JunctionOneToOne1Phase
    connections = 'cold_leg:out pipe3:in'
  []
  [pipe3]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '${x3} ${fparse y3 - (L3/2)} 0'
    orientation = '0 -1 0'
    length = ${fparse L3/2}
    n_elems = ${fparse n_elems3/2}
    A = ${A3}
  []
  # 90 degree connection between pipe 3 and 4
  [junction3_4]
    type = VolumeJunction1Phase
    connections = 'pipe3:out pipe4:in'
    position = '${x4} ${y4} 0'
    volume = ${fparse A3*0.1}
    use_scalar_variables = false
  []

  # Pipe through the "reactor core"
  [pipe4]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '${x4} ${y4} 0'
    orientation = '-1 0 0'
    length = ${L4}
    n_elems = ${n_elems4}
    A = ${A4}
  []

  # "Reactor Core" and it's associated heat transfer to pipe 4
  [reactor]
    type = HeatStructureCylindrical
    orientation = '-1 0 0'
    position = '${x4} ${y4} 0'
    length = ${L4}
    widths = 0.15
    n_elems = ${n_elems4}
    n_part_elems = 2
    names = core
    solid_properties = steel
    solid_properties_T_ref = '300'
  []
  [total_power]
    type = TotalPower
    power = 0
  []
  [heat_generation]
    type = HeatSourceFromTotalPower
    power = total_power
    hs = reactor
    regions = core
  []
  [heat_transfer]
    type = HeatTransferFromHeatStructure1Phase
    flow_channel = pipe4
    hs = reactor
    hs_side = OUTER
    Hw = 10000
  []

  # 90 degree connection between pipe 4 and 5
  [junction4_5]
    type = VolumeJunction1Phase
    connections = 'pipe4:out pipe5:in'
    position = '${x5} ${y5} 0'
    volume = ${fparse A4*0.1}
    use_scalar_variables = false
  []

  # Pipe carrying hot gas back to the PCU
  [pipe5]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '${x5} ${y5} 0'
    orientation = '0 1 0'
    length = ${L5}
    n_elems = ${n_elems5}
    A = ${A5}
  []

  # 90 degree connection between pipe 5 and 6
  [junction5_6]
    type = VolumeJunction1Phase
    connections = 'pipe5:out pipe6:in'
    position = '${x6} ${y6} 0'
    volume = ${fparse A5*0.1}
    use_scalar_variables = false
  []

  # Inlet pipe to the turbine
  [pipe6]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '${x6} ${y6} 0'
    orientation = '1 0 0'
    length = ${L6}
    n_elems = ${n_elems6}
    A = ${A6}
  []

  # Turbine as defined in MAGNET PCU document (Guillen 2020) and (Wright 2006)
  [turbine]
    type = ShaftConnectedCompressor1Phase
    position = '${x7} ${y7} 0'
    inlet = 'pipe6:out'
    outlet = 'pipe7:in'
    A_ref = ${A_ref_turb}
    volume = ${V_turb}

    # A turbine is treated as an "inverse" compressor, this value determines if component is to be treated as turbine or compressor
    # If treat_as_turbine is omitted, code automatically assumes it is a compressor
    treat_as_turbine = true

    omega_rated = ${speed_rated}
    mdot_rated = ${rated_mfr}
    c0_rated = ${c0_rated_comp}
    rho0_rated = ${rho0_rated_comp}

    # Determines which compression ratio curve and efficiency curve to use depending on ratio of speed/rated_speed
    speeds = '0 0.5208 0.6250 0.7292 0.8333 0.9375'
    Rp_functions = 'rp_turb0 rp_turb1 rp_turb2 rp_turb3 rp_turb4 rp_turb5'
    eff_functions = 'eff_turb1 eff_turb1 eff_turb2 eff_turb3 eff_turb4 eff_turb5'

    min_pressure_ratio = 1.0

    speed_cr_I = 0
    inertia_const = ${I_turb}
    inertia_coeff = '${I_turb} 0 0 0'

    # assume no shaft friction
    speed_cr_fr = 0
    tau_fr_const = 0
    tau_fr_coeff = '0 0 0 0'

    use_scalar_variables = false
  []

  # Outlet pipe from turbine
  [pipe7]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '${x7} ${y7} 0'
    orientation = '1 0 0'
    length = ${L7}
    n_elems = ${n_elems7}
    A = ${A7}
  []

  # 90 degree connection between pipe 7 and 8
  [junction7_hot_leg]
    type = VolumeJunction1Phase
    connections = 'pipe7:out hot_leg:in'
    position = '${x8} ${y8} 0'
    volume = ${fparse A7*0.1}
    use_scalar_variables = false
  []

  # Hot leg of the recuperator
  [hot_leg]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '${x8} ${y8} 0'
    orientation = '0 1 0'
    length = ${L8}
    n_elems = ${n_elems8}
    A = ${A8}
  []

  # System outlet dumping exhaust gas to the atmosphere
  [outlet]
    type = Outlet1Phase
    input = 'hot_leg:out'
    p = ${p_ambient}
  []

  # Roatating shaft connecting motor, compressor, turbine, and generator
  [shaft]
    type = Shaft
    connected_components = 'motor compressor turbine generator'
    initial_speed = ${speed_initial}
  []

  # 3-Phase electircal motor used for system start-up, controlled by PID
  [motor]
    type = ShaftConnectedMotor
    inertia = ${I_motor}
    torque = 0 # controlled
  []

  # Electric generator supplying power to the grid
  [generator]
    type = ShaftConnectedMotor
    inertia = ${I_generator}
    torque = generator_torque_fn
  []
[]


# Control logics which govern startup of the motor, startup of the "reactor core", and shutdown of the motor
[ControlLogic]

  # Sets desired shaft speed to be reached by motor NOTE: SHOULD BE SET LOWER THAN RATED TURBINE RPM
  [set_point]
    type = GetFunctionValueControl
    function = ${fparse speed_rated_rpm - 9000}
  []

  # PID with gains determined by iterative process NOTE: Gain values are system specific
  [initial_motor_PID]
    type = PIDControl
    set_point = set_point:value
    input = shaft_RPM
    initial_value = 0
    K_p = 0.0011
    K_i = 0.00000004
    K_d = 0
  []

  # Determines when the PID system should be running and when it should begin the shutdown cycle. If needed: PID output, else: shutdown function
  [logic]
    type = ParsedFunctionControl
    function = 'if(motor+0.5 > turb, PID, shutdown_fn)'
    symbol_names = 'motor turb PID shutdown_fn'
    symbol_values = 'motor_torque turbine_torque initial_motor_PID:output motor_torque_fn_shutdown'
  []

  # Takes the output generated in [logic] and applies it to the motor torque
  [motor_PID]
    type = SetComponentRealValueControl
    component = motor
    parameter = torque
    value = logic:value
  []
  # Determines when to turn on heat source
  [power_logic]
    type = ParsedFunctionControl
    function = 'power_fn'
    symbol_names = 'power_fn'
    symbol_values = 'power_fn'
  []
  # Applies heat source to the total_power block
  [power_applied]
    type = SetComponentRealValueControl
    component = total_power
    parameter = power
    value = power_logic:value
  []
[]

[Controls]

  # Enables set_PID_tripped
  [PID_trip_status]
    type = ConditionalFunctionEnableControl
    conditional_function = is_tripped_fn
    enable_objects = 'AuxScalarKernels::PID_trip_status_aux'
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_END'
  []

  # Enables set_time_PID
  [time_PID]
    type = ConditionalFunctionEnableControl
    conditional_function = PID_tripped_status_fn
    disable_objects = 'AuxScalarKernels::time_trip_aux'
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_END'
  []
[]

[AuxVariables]

  # Creates a variable that will later be set to the time when tau_turbine > tau_motor
  [time_trip]
    order = FIRST
    family = SCALAR
  []

  # Creates variable which indicates if tau_turbine > tau_motor....... If tau_motor > tau_turbine, 0, else 1
  [PID_trip_status]
    order = FIRST
    family = SCALAR
    initial_condition = 0
  []
[]

[AuxScalarKernels]

  # Creates variable from time_fn which indicates when tau_turbine > tau_motor
  [time_trip_aux]
    type = FunctionScalarAux
    function = time_fn
    variable = time_trip
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_END'
  []

  # Overwrites variable PID_trip_status to the value from PID_tripped_constant_value (changes 0 to 1)
  [PID_trip_status_aux]
    type = FunctionScalarAux
    function = PID_tripped_constant_value
    variable = PID_trip_status
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_END'
    enable = false
  []
[]


[Postprocessors]

  # Indicates when tau_turbine > tau_motor
  [trip_time]
    type = ScalarVariable
    variable = time_trip
    execute_on = 'TIMESTEP_END'
  []

  ##########################
  # Motor
  ##########################

  [motor_torque]
    type = RealComponentParameterValuePostprocessor
    component = motor
    parameter = torque
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [motor_power]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = motor_power_fn
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []

  ##########################
  # generator
  ##########################

  [generator_torque]
    type = ShaftConnectedComponentPostprocessor
    quantity = torque
    shaft_connected_component_uo = generator:shaftconnected_uo
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [generator_power]
    type = FunctionValuePostprocessor
    function = generator_power_fn
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []

  ##########################
  # Shaft
  ##########################

  # Speed in rad/s
  [shaft_speed]
    type = ScalarVariable
    variable = 'shaft:omega'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  # speed in RPM
  [shaft_RPM]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'shaft_speed'
    expression = '(shaft_speed * 60) /( 2 * ${fparse pi})'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []

  ##########################
  # Compressor
  ##########################
  [comp_dissipation_torque]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = dissipation_torque
    block = 'compressor'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [comp_isentropic_torque]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = isentropic_torque
    block = 'compressor'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [comp_friction_torque]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = friction_torque
    block = 'compressor'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [compressor_torque]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'comp_dissipation_torque comp_isentropic_torque comp_friction_torque'
    expression = 'comp_dissipation_torque + comp_isentropic_torque + comp_friction_torque'
  []
  [p_in_comp]
    type = PointValue
    variable = p
    point = '${x1_out} ${y1} 0'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [p_out_comp]
    type = PointValue
    variable = p
    point = '${x2_in} ${y2} 0'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [p_ratio_comp]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'p_in_comp p_out_comp'
    expression = 'p_out_comp / p_in_comp'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [T_in_comp]
    type = PointValue
    variable = T
    point = '${x1_out} ${y1} 0'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [T_out_comp]
    type = PointValue
    variable = T
    point = '${x2_in} ${y2} 0'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [T_ratio_comp]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'T_in_comp T_out_comp'
    expression = '(T_out_comp - T_in_comp) / T_out_comp'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [mfr_comp]
    type = ADFlowJunctionFlux1Phase
    boundary = pipe1:out
    connection_index = 0
    equation = mass
    junction = compressor
  []

  ##########################
  # turbine
  ##########################

  [turb_dissipation_torque]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = dissipation_torque
    block = 'turbine'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [turb_isentropic_torque]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = isentropic_torque
    block = 'turbine'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [turb_friction_torque]
    type = ElementAverageValue
    variable = friction_torque
    block = 'turbine'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [turbine_torque]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'turb_dissipation_torque turb_isentropic_torque turb_friction_torque'
    expression = 'turb_dissipation_torque + turb_isentropic_torque + turb_friction_torque'
  []
  [p_in_turb]
    type = PointValue
    variable = p
    point = '${x6_out} ${y6} 0'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [p_out_turb]
    type = PointValue
    variable = p
    point = '${x7_in} ${y7} 0'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [p_ratio_turb]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'p_in_turb p_out_turb'
    expression = 'p_in_turb / p_out_turb'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [T_in_turb]
    type = PointValue
    variable = T
    point = '${x6_out} ${y6} 0'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [T_out_turb]
    type = PointValue
    variable = T
    point = '${x7_in} ${y7} 0'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [mfr_turb]
    type = ADFlowJunctionFlux1Phase
    boundary = pipe6:out
    connection_index = 0
    equation = mass
    junction = turbine
  []

  ##########################
  # Recuperator
  ##########################

  [cold_leg_in]
    type = PointValue
    variable = T
    point = '${x3} ${cold_leg_in} 0'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [cold_leg_out]
    type = PointValue
    variable = T
    point = '${x3} ${cold_leg_out} 0'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [hot_leg_in]
    type = PointValue
    variable = T
    point = '${x8} ${hot_leg_in} 0'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [hot_leg_out]
    type = PointValue
    variable = T
    point = '${x8} ${hot_leg_out} 0'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []

  ##########################
  # Reactor
  ##########################

  [reactor_inlet]
    type = PointValue
    variable = T
    point = '${x4} ${y4} 0'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
  [reactor_outlet]
    type = PointValue
    variable = T
    point = '${x5} ${y5_in} 0'
    execute_on = 'INITIAL TIMESTEP_END'
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  scheme = 'bdf2'

  end_time = ${t3}
  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 0.01
    growth_factor = 1.1
    cutback_factor = 0.9
  []
  dtmin = 1e-5
  dtmax = 1000
  steady_state_detection = true
  steady_state_start_time = 200000

  solve_type = NEWTON
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-8
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-8
  nl_max_its = 15

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 10

  petsc_options_iname  = '-pc_type'
  petsc_options_value  = ' lu     '
[]

[Outputs]
  [e]
    type = Exodus
    file_base = 'recuperated_brayton_cycle_out'
  []
  [csv]
    type = CSV
    file_base = 'recuperated_brayton_cycle'
    execute_vector_postprocessors_on = 'INITIAL'
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    show = 'shaft_speed p_ratio_comp p_ratio_turb pressure_ratio pressure_ratio'
  []
[]

(modules/thermal_hydraulics/tutorials/single_phase_flow/05_secondary_side.i)

T_in = 300. # K
m_dot_in = 1e-2 # kg/s
press = 10e5 # Pa

# core parameters
core_length = 1. # m
core_n_elems = 25
core_dia = '${units 2. cm -> m}'
core_pitch = '${units 8.7 cm -> m}'
A_core = '${fparse core_pitch^2 - 0.25 *pi * core_dia^2}'
P_wet_core = '${fparse 4*core_pitch + pi * core_dia}'
Dh_core = '${fparse 4 * A_core / P_wet_core}'

# pipe parameters
pipe_dia = '${units 10. cm -> m}'
A_pipe = '${fparse 0.25 * pi * pipe_dia^2}'

tot_power = 2000 # W

# heat exchanger parameters
hx_dia_inner = '${units 12. cm -> m}'
hx_wall_thickness = '${units 5. mm -> m}'
hx_dia_outer = '${units 50. cm -> m}'
hx_radius_wall = '${fparse hx_dia_inner / 2. + hx_wall_thickness}'
hx_length = 1.5 # m
hx_n_elems = 25

m_dot_sec_in = 1. # kg/s

[GlobalParams]
  initial_p = ${press}
  initial_vel = 0.0001
  initial_T = ${T_in}
  initial_vel_x = 0
  initial_vel_y = 0
  initial_vel_z = 0
  gravity_vector = '0 0 0'

  rdg_slope_reconstruction = minmod
  scaling_factor_1phase = '1 1e-2 1e-4'
  scaling_factor_rhoV = 1
  scaling_factor_rhouV = 1e-2
  scaling_factor_rhovV = 1e-2
  scaling_factor_rhowV = 1e-2
  scaling_factor_rhoEV = 1e-4
  closures = thm_closures
  fp = he
[]

[Functions]
  [m_dot_sec_fn]
    type = PiecewiseLinear
    xy_data = '
      0    0
      10 ${m_dot_sec_in}'
  []
[]

[FluidProperties]
  [he]
    type = IdealGasFluidProperties
    molar_mass = 4e-3
    gamma = 1.67
    k = 0.2556
    mu = 3.22639e-5
  []

  [water]
    type = StiffenedGasFluidProperties
    gamma = 2.35
    cv = 1816.0
    q = -1.167e6
    p_inf = 1.0e9
    q_prime = 0
  []
[]

[Closures]
  [thm_closures]
    type = Closures1PhaseTHM
  []
[]

[SolidProperties]
  [steel]
    type = ThermalFunctionSolidProperties
    rho = 8050
    k = 45
    cp = 466
  []
[]

[Components]
  [total_power]
    type = TotalPower
    power = ${tot_power}
  []
  [up_pipe_1]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0 0 0'
    orientation = '0 0 1'
    length = 0.5
    n_elems = 15
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [jct1]
    type = JunctionParallelChannels1Phase
    position = '0 0 0.5'
    connections = 'up_pipe_1:out core_chan:in'
    volume = 1e-5
    use_scalar_variables = false
  []
  [core_chan]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0 0 0.5'
    orientation = '0 0 1'
    length = ${core_length}
    n_elems = ${core_n_elems}
    roughness = .0001
    A = ${A_core}
    D_h = ${Dh_core}
  []

  [core_hs]
    type = HeatStructureCylindrical
    position = '0 0 0.5'
    orientation = '0 0 1'
    length = ${core_length}
    n_elems = ${core_n_elems}
    names = 'block'
    widths = '${fparse core_dia / 2.}'
    solid_properties = 'steel'
    solid_properties_T_ref = '300'
    n_part_elems = 3
  []

  [core_heating]
    type = HeatSourceFromTotalPower
    hs = core_hs
    regions = block
    power = total_power
  []

  [core_ht]
    type = HeatTransferFromHeatStructure1Phase
    flow_channel = core_chan
    hs = core_hs
    hs_side = outer
    P_hf = '${fparse pi * core_dia}'
  []

  [jct2]
    type = JunctionParallelChannels1Phase
    position = '0 0 1.5'
    connections = 'core_chan:out up_pipe_2:in'
    volume = 1e-5
    use_scalar_variables = false
  []

  [up_pipe_2]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0 0 1.5'
    orientation = '0 0 1'
    length = 0.5
    n_elems = 10
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [jct3]
    type = JunctionOneToOne1Phase
    connections = 'up_pipe_2:out top_pipe_1:in'
  []

  [top_pipe_1]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0 0 2'
    orientation = '1 0 0'
    length = 0.5
    n_elems = 10
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [top_pipe_2]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0.5 0 2'
    orientation = '1 0 0'
    length = 0.5
    n_elems = 10
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [jct4]
    type = VolumeJunction1Phase
    position = '0.5 0 2'
    volume = 1e-5
    connections = 'top_pipe_1:out top_pipe_2:in press_pipe:in'
    use_scalar_variables = false
  []

  [press_pipe]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0.5 0 2'
    orientation = '0 1 0'
    length = 0.2
    n_elems = 5
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [pressurizer]
    type = InletStagnationPressureTemperature1Phase
    p0 = ${press}
    T0 = ${T_in}
    input = press_pipe:out
  []

  [jct5]
    type = JunctionOneToOne1Phase
    connections = 'top_pipe_2:out down_pipe_1:in'
  []

  [down_pipe_1]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '1 0 2'
    orientation = '0 0 -1'
    length = 0.25
    A = ${A_pipe}
    n_elems = 5
  []

  [jct6]
    type = JunctionParallelChannels1Phase
    position = '1 0 1.75'
    connections = 'down_pipe_1:out hx/pri:in'
    volume = 1e-5
    use_scalar_variables = false
  []

  [hx]
    [pri]
      type = FlowChannel1Phase
      position = '1 0 1.75'
      orientation = '0 0 -1'
      length = ${hx_length}
      n_elems = ${hx_n_elems}
      roughness = 1e-5
      A = '${fparse pi * hx_dia_inner * hx_dia_inner / 4.}'
      D_h = ${hx_dia_inner}
    []

    [ht_pri]
      type = HeatTransferFromHeatStructure1Phase
      hs = hx/wall
      hs_side = inner
      flow_channel = hx/pri
      P_hf = '${fparse pi * hx_dia_inner}'
    []

    [wall]
      type = HeatStructureCylindrical
      position = '1 0 1.75'
      orientation = '0 0 -1'
      length = ${hx_length}
      n_elems = ${hx_n_elems}
      widths = '${hx_wall_thickness}'
      n_part_elems = '3'
      solid_properties = 'steel'
      solid_properties_T_ref = '300'
      names = '0'
      inner_radius = '${fparse hx_dia_inner / 2.}'
    []

    [ht_sec]
      type = HeatTransferFromHeatStructure1Phase
      hs = hx/wall
      hs_side = outer
      flow_channel = hx/sec
      P_hf = '${fparse 2 * pi * hx_radius_wall}'
    []

    [sec]
      type = FlowChannel1Phase
      position = '${fparse 1 + hx_wall_thickness} 0 0.25'
      orientation = '0 0 1'
      length = ${hx_length}
      n_elems = ${hx_n_elems}
      A = '${fparse pi * (hx_dia_outer * hx_dia_outer / 4. - hx_radius_wall * hx_radius_wall)}'
      D_h = '${fparse hx_dia_outer - (2 * hx_radius_wall)}'
      fp = water
      initial_T = 300
    []
  []

  [jct7]
    type = JunctionParallelChannels1Phase
    position = '1 0 0.5'
    connections = 'hx/pri:out down_pipe_2:in'
    volume = 1e-5
    use_scalar_variables = false
  []

  [down_pipe_2]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '1 0 0.25'
    orientation = '0 0 -1'
    length = 0.25
    n_elems = 10
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [jct8]
    type = JunctionOneToOne1Phase
    connections = 'down_pipe_2:out bottom_1:in'
  []

  [bottom_1]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '1 0 0'
    orientation = '-1 0 0'
    length = 0.5
    n_elems = 5
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [pump]
    type = Pump1Phase
    position = '0.5 0 0'
    connections = 'bottom_1:out bottom_2:in'
    volume = 1e-4
    A_ref = ${A_pipe}
    head = 0
    use_scalar_variables = false
  []

  [bottom_2]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0.5 0 0'
    orientation = '-1 0 0'
    length = 0.5
    n_elems = 5
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [jct9]
    type = JunctionOneToOne1Phase
    connections = 'bottom_2:out up_pipe_1:in'
  []

  [inlet_sec]
    type = InletMassFlowRateTemperature1Phase
    input = 'hx/sec:in'
    m_dot = 0
    T = 300
  []

  [outlet_sec]
    type = Outlet1Phase
    input = 'hx/sec:out'
    p = 1e5
  []
[]

[ControlLogic]
  [set_point]
    type = GetFunctionValueControl
    function = ${m_dot_in}
  []

  [pid]
    type = PIDControl
    initial_value = 0.0
    set_point = set_point:value
    input = m_dot_pump
    K_p = 1.
    K_i = 4.
    K_d = 0
  []

  [set_pump_head]
    type = SetComponentRealValueControl
    component = pump
    parameter = head
    value = pid:output
  []

  [m_dot_sec_inlet_ctrl]
    type = GetFunctionValueControl
    function = m_dot_sec_fn
  []

  [set_m_dot_sec_ctrl]
    type = SetComponentRealValueControl
    component = inlet_sec
    parameter = m_dot
    value = m_dot_sec_inlet_ctrl:value
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [power_to_coolant]
    type = ADHeatRateConvection1Phase
    block = core_chan
    P_hf = '${fparse pi *core_dia}'
  []

  [m_dot_pump]
    type = ADFlowJunctionFlux1Phase
    boundary = core_chan:in
    connection_index = 1
    equation = mass
    junction = jct7
  []

  [core_T_out]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = core_chan:out
    variable = T
  []

  [core_p_in]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = core_chan:in
    variable = p
  []

  [core_p_out]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = core_chan:out
    variable = p
  []

  [core_delta_p]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'core_p_in core_p_out'
    expression = 'core_p_in - core_p_out'
  []

  [hx_pri_T_out]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = hx/pri:out
    variable = T
  []

  [hx_sec_T_in]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = inlet_sec
    variable = T
  []

  [hx_sec_T_out]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = outlet_sec
    variable = T
  []
  [m_dot_sec]
    type = ADFlowBoundaryFlux1Phase
    boundary = inlet_sec
    equation = mass
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [pc]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  start_time = 0

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1
  []
  dtmax = 5
  end_time = 500

  line_search = basic
  solve_type = NEWTON

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu'

  nl_rel_tol = 0
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-8
  nl_max_its = 25

[]

[Outputs]
  exodus = true

  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 1
    outlier_variable_norms = false
  []
  print_linear_residuals = false
[]

(modules/thermal_hydraulics/test/tests/components/heat_transfer_from_heat_structure_1phase/phy.energy_heatstructure_ss_1phase.i)

# This test tests conservation of energy at steady state for 1-phase flow when a
# heat structure is used. Conservation is checked by comparing the integral of
# the heat flux against the difference of the boundary fluxes.

[GlobalParams]
  initial_p = 7.0e6
  initial_vel = 0
  initial_T = 513

  gravity_vector = '0.0 0.0 0.0'

  scaling_factor_1phase = '1 1 1e-4'

  closures = simple_closures
[]

[FluidProperties]
  [eos]
    type = StiffenedGasFluidProperties
    gamma = 2.35
    q = -1167e3
    q_prime = 0
    p_inf = 1.e9
    cv = 1816
  []
[]

[Closures]
  [simple_closures]
    type = Closures1PhaseSimple
  []
[]

[SolidProperties]
  [fuel-mat]
    type = ThermalFunctionSolidProperties
    k = 3.7
    cp = 3.e2
    rho = 10.42e3
  []
  [gap-mat]
    type = ThermalFunctionSolidProperties
    k = 0.7
    cp = 5e3
    rho = 1.0
  []
  [clad-mat]
    type = ThermalFunctionSolidProperties
    k = 16
    cp = 356.
    rho = 6.551400E+03
  []
[]

[Components]
  [reactor]
    type = TotalPower
    power = 1e3
  []

  [core:pipe]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0 0 0'
    orientation = '0 0 1'
    length = 3.66
    n_elems = 10

    A = 1.907720E-04
    D_h = 1.698566E-02
    f = 0.0

    fp = eos
  []

  [core:solid]
    type = HeatStructureCylindrical
    position = '0 -0.0071501 0'
    orientation = '0 0 1'
    length = 3.66
    n_elems = 10

    names =  'FUEL GAP CLAD'
    widths = '6.057900E-03  1.524000E-04  9.398000E-04'
    n_part_elems = '5 1 2'
    solid_properties = 'fuel-mat gap-mat clad-mat'
    solid_properties_T_ref = '300 300 300'

    initial_T = 513
  []

  [core:hgen]
    type = HeatSourceFromTotalPower
    hs = core:solid
    regions = 'FUEL'
    power = reactor
    power_fraction = 1
  []

  [core:hx]
    type = HeatTransferFromHeatStructure1Phase
    flow_channel = core:pipe
    hs   = core:solid
    hs_side = outer
    Hw = 1.0e4
    P_hf = 4.4925e-2
  []

  [inlet]
    type = InletDensityVelocity1Phase
    input = 'core:pipe:in'
    rho = 817.382210128610836
    vel = 2.4
  []

  [outlet]
    type = Outlet1Phase
    input = 'core:pipe:out'
    p = 7e6
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [E_in]
    type = ADFlowBoundaryFlux1Phase
    boundary = inlet
    equation = energy
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [E_out]
    type = ADFlowBoundaryFlux1Phase
    boundary = outlet
    equation = energy
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [hf_pipe]
    type = ADHeatRateConvection1Phase
    block = core:pipe
    T_wall = T_wall
    T = T
    Hw = Hw
    P_hf = P_hf
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [E_diff]
    type = DifferencePostprocessor
    value1 = E_in
    value2 = E_out
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [E_conservation]
    type = SumPostprocessor
    values = 'E_diff hf_pipe'
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP_PJFNK]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  abort_on_solve_fail = true
  dt = 5

  solve_type = 'NEWTON'
  line_search = 'basic'
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-8
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-8
  nl_max_its = 50

  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 60

  start_time = 0
  end_time = 260
[]

[Outputs]
  [out]
    type = CSV
    execute_on = final
    show = 'E_conservation'
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    show = 'E_conservation'
  []
[]

(modules/thermal_hydraulics/test/tests/components/heat_structure_base/err.no_2nd_order_with_trap.i)

[GlobalParams]
  initial_p = 15.17e6
  initial_vel = 1.
  initial_T = 564.15

  2nd_order_mesh = true
[]

[SolidProperties]
  [fuel-mat]
    type = ThermalFunctionSolidProperties
    k = 3.65
    cp = 288.734
    rho = 1.0412e2
  []
  [gap-mat]
    type = ThermalFunctionSolidProperties
    k = 1.084498
    cp = 1.0
    rho = 1.0
  []
  [clad-mat]
    type = ThermalFunctionSolidProperties
    k = 16.48672
    cp = 321.384
    rho = 6.6e1
  []
[]

[Components]
  [reactor]
    type = TotalPower
    power = 296153.84615384615385
  []

  [hs]
    type = HeatStructureCylindrical
    position = '0 0 0'
    orientation = '1 0 0'

    length = 1
    n_elems = 1
    names = 'FUEL GAP CLAD'
    widths = '0.0046955  0.0000955  0.000673'
    n_part_elems = '1 1 1'
    solid_properties = 'fuel-mat gap-mat clad-mat'
    solid_properties_T_ref = '300 300 300'

    initial_T = 564.15
  []

  [hg]
    type = HeatSourceFromTotalPower
    hs = hs
    regions = 'FUEL'
    power_fraction = 3.33672612e-1
    power = reactor
  []

  [temp_outside]
    type = HSBoundarySpecifiedTemperature
    hs = hs
    boundary = hs:outer
    T = 600
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [SMP_PJFNK]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  scheme = 'bdf2'

  dt = 0.1
  dtmin = 1e-1

  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-6
  nl_max_its = 30

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 300

  start_time = 0.0
  end_time = 2.0

  [Quadrature]
    type = TRAP
    order = FIRST
  []
[]

(modules/thermal_hydraulics/test/tests/components/heat_structure_cylindrical/steady.i)

# Tests that cylindrical heat structure geometry can be used with a steady executioner.

[Functions]
  [power_profile_fn]
    type = ParsedFunction
    expression = '1.570796326794897 * sin(x / 3.6576 * pi)'
  []
[]

[SolidProperties]
  [fuel_sp]
    type = ThermalFunctionSolidProperties
    rho = 1.0412e2
    cp = 288.734
    k = 3.65
  []
  [gap_sp]
    type = ThermalFunctionSolidProperties
    rho = 1.0
    cp = 1.0
    k = 1.084498
  []
  [clad_sp]
    type = ThermalFunctionSolidProperties
    rho = 6.6e1
    cp = 321.384
    k = 16.48672
  []
[]

[Components]
  [reactor]
    type = TotalPower
    power = 296153.84615384615385
  []

  [hs]
    type = HeatStructureCylindrical
    position = '0 0 1'
    orientation = '1 0 0'

    length = 3.6576
    n_elems = 20
    names = 'FUEL GAP CLAD'
    widths = '0.0046955  0.0000955  0.000673'
    n_part_elems = '3 1 1'
    solid_properties = 'fuel_sp gap_sp clad_sp'
    solid_properties_T_ref = '300 300 300'

    initial_T = 564.15
  []

  [hg]
    type = HeatSourceFromTotalPower
    hs = hs
    regions = 'FUEL'
    power_fraction = 3.33672612e-1
    power = reactor
    power_shape_function = power_profile_fn
  []

  [temp_outside]
    type = HSBoundarySpecifiedTemperature
    hs = hs
    boundary = hs:outer
    T = 600
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [pc]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Steady

  solve_type = 'NEWTON'
  nl_rel_tol = 1e-6
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-6
  nl_max_its = 30

  l_tol = 1e-4
  l_max_its = 300
[]


[Outputs]
  [out]
    type = Exodus
  []
  [console]
    type = Console
    execute_scalars_on = none
  []
[]

(modules/thermal_hydraulics/test/tests/components/heat_source_from_total_power/phy.conservation_from_file_3d.i)

# Tests energy conservation for HeatStructureFromFile3D in combination with HeatSourceFromTotalPower

power = 1e5
power_fraction = 0.3
t = 1

energy_change = ${fparse power_fraction * power * t}

[Functions]
  [power_shape]
    type = ConstantFunction
    value = 0.4
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [mat]
    type = ADGenericConstantMaterial
    block = 'heat_structure:rgn1 heat_structure:rgn2'
    prop_names = 'density specific_heat thermal_conductivity'
    prop_values = '100 500 1e4'
  []
[]

[Components]
  [heat_structure]
    type = HeatStructureFromFile3D
    file = box.e
    position = '0 0 0'
    initial_T = 300
  []
  [heat_generation]
    type = HeatSourceFromTotalPower
    hs = heat_structure
    regions = 'rgn1'
    power = total_power
    power_fraction = ${power_fraction}
  []
  [total_power]
    type = TotalPower
    power = ${power}
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [E_tot]
    type = ADHeatStructureEnergy3D
    block = 'heat_structure:rgn1 heat_structure:rgn2'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
  [E_tot_change]
    type = ChangeOverTimePostprocessor
    change_with_respect_to_initial = true
    postprocessor = E_tot
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []

  [E_tot_change_rel_err]
    type = RelativeDifferencePostprocessor
    value1 = E_tot_change
    value2 = ${energy_change}
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [pc]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  scheme = 'bdf2'

  solve_type = 'PJFNK'
  line_search = 'basic'
  nl_rel_tol = 0
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-6
  nl_max_its = 15

  l_tol = 1e-3
  l_max_its = 10

  start_time = 0.0
  dt = ${t}
  num_steps = 1

  abort_on_solve_fail = true
[]

[Outputs]
  csv = true
  show = 'E_tot_change_rel_err'
  execute_on = 'final'
[]

(modules/thermal_hydraulics/test/tests/components/heat_source_from_total_power/err.base.i)

[SolidProperties]
  [fuel-mat]
    type = ThermalFunctionSolidProperties
    k = 2.5
    cp = 300.
    rho = 1.032e4
  []
[]

[Components]
  [reactor]
    type = TotalPower
    power = 10
  []

  [hs]
    type = HeatStructureCylindrical
    position = '0 -0.024748 0'
    orientation = '0 0 1'
    length = 3.865
    n_elems = 1

    names = 'fuel'
    widths = '0.004096'
    n_part_elems = '1'
    solid_properties = 'fuel-mat'
    solid_properties_T_ref = '300'

    initial_T = 559.15
  []

  [hgen]
    type = HeatSourceFromTotalPower
    power_fraction = 1
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  dt = 1.e-2
[]

(modules/thermal_hydraulics/tutorials/single_phase_flow/03_upper_loop.i)

T_in = 300. # K
m_dot_in = 1e-2 # kg/s
press = 10e5 # Pa

# core parameters
core_length = 1. # m
core_n_elems = 25
core_dia = '${units 2. cm -> m}'
core_pitch = '${units 8.7 cm -> m}'
A_core = '${fparse core_pitch^2 - 0.25 *pi * core_dia^2}'
P_wet_core = '${fparse 4*core_pitch + pi * core_dia}'
Dh_core = '${fparse 4 * A_core / P_wet_core}'

# pipe parameters
pipe_dia = '${units 10. cm -> m}'
A_pipe = '${fparse 0.25 * pi * pipe_dia^2}'

tot_power = 2000 # W

[GlobalParams]
  initial_p = ${press}
  initial_vel = 0.0001
  initial_T = ${T_in}
  initial_vel_x = 0
  initial_vel_y = 0
  initial_vel_z = 0
  gravity_vector = '0 0 0'

  rdg_slope_reconstruction = minmod
  scaling_factor_1phase = '1 1e-2 1e-4'
  scaling_factor_rhoV = 1
  scaling_factor_rhouV = 1e-2
  scaling_factor_rhovV = 1e-2
  scaling_factor_rhowV = 1e-2
  scaling_factor_rhoEV = 1e-4
  closures = thm_closures
  fp = he
[]

[FluidProperties]
  [he]
    type = IdealGasFluidProperties
    molar_mass = 4e-3
    gamma = 1.67
    k = 0.2556
    mu = 3.22639e-5
  []
[]

[Closures]
  [thm_closures]
    type = Closures1PhaseTHM
  []
[]

[SolidProperties]
  [steel]
    type = ThermalFunctionSolidProperties
    rho = 8050
    k = 45
    cp = 466
  []
[]

[Components]
  [total_power]
    type = TotalPower
    power = ${tot_power}
  []
  [inlet]
    type = InletMassFlowRateTemperature1Phase
    input = 'up_pipe_1:in'
    m_dot = ${m_dot_in}
    T = ${T_in}
  []

  [up_pipe_1]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0 0 0'
    orientation = '0 0 1'
    length = 0.5
    n_elems = 15
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [jct1]
    type = JunctionParallelChannels1Phase
    position = '0 0 0.5'
    connections = 'up_pipe_1:out core_chan:in'
    volume = 1e-5
    use_scalar_variables = false
  []
  [core_chan]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0 0 0.5'
    orientation = '0 0 1'
    length = ${core_length}
    n_elems = ${core_n_elems}
    roughness = .0001
    A = '${A_core}'
    D_h = ${Dh_core}
  []

  [core_hs]
    type = HeatStructureCylindrical
    position = '0 0 0.5'
    orientation = '0 0 1'
    length = ${core_length}
    n_elems = ${core_n_elems}
    names = 'block'
    widths = '${fparse core_dia / 2.}'
    solid_properties = 'steel'
    solid_properties_T_ref = '300'
    n_part_elems = 3
  []

  [core_heating]
    type = HeatSourceFromTotalPower
    hs = core_hs
    regions = block
    power = total_power
  []

  [core_ht]
    type = HeatTransferFromHeatStructure1Phase
    flow_channel = core_chan
    hs = core_hs
    hs_side = outer
    P_hf = '${fparse pi * core_dia}'
  []

  [jct2]
    type = JunctionParallelChannels1Phase
    position = '0 0 1.5'
    connections = 'core_chan:out up_pipe_2:in'
    volume = 1e-5
    use_scalar_variables = false
  []

  [up_pipe_2]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0 0 1.5'
    orientation = '0 0 1'
    length = 0.5
    n_elems = 10
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [jct3]
    type = JunctionOneToOne1Phase
    connections = 'up_pipe_2:out top_pipe:in'
  []

  [top_pipe]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '0 0 2'
    orientation = '1 0 0'
    length = 1
    n_elems = 10
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [jct4]
    type = JunctionOneToOne1Phase
    connections = 'top_pipe:out down_pipe_1:in'
  []

  [down_pipe_1]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '1 0 2'
    orientation = '0 0 -1'
    length = 0.25
    A = ${A_pipe}
    n_elems = 5
  []

  [jct5]
    type = JunctionOneToOne1Phase
    connections = 'down_pipe_1:out cooling_pipe:in'
  []

  [cooling_pipe]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '1 0 1.75'
    orientation = '0 0 -1'
    length = 1.5
    n_elems = 25
    A = ${A_pipe}
  []

  [cold_wall]
    type = HeatTransferFromSpecifiedTemperature1Phase
    flow_channel = cooling_pipe
    T_wall = 300
    P_hf = '${fparse pi * pipe_dia}'
  []

  [jct6]
    type = JunctionOneToOne1Phase
    connections = 'cooling_pipe:out down_pipe_2:in'
  []

  [down_pipe_2]
    type = FlowChannel1Phase
    position = '1 0 0.25'
    orientation = '0 0 -1'
    length = 0.25
    n_elems = 10
    A = ${A_pipe}
    D_h = ${pipe_dia}
  []

  [outlet]
    type = Outlet1Phase
    input = 'down_pipe_2:out'
    p = ${press}
  []
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [power_to_coolant]
    type = ADHeatRateConvection1Phase
    block = core_chan
    P_hf = '${fparse pi *core_dia}'
  []

  [core_T_out]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = core_chan:out
    variable = T
  []

  [core_p_in]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = core_chan:in
    variable = p
  []

  [core_p_out]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = core_chan:out
    variable = p
  []

  [core_delta_p]
    type = ParsedPostprocessor
    pp_names = 'core_p_in core_p_out'
    expression = 'core_p_in - core_p_out'
  []

  [hx_pri_T_out]
    type = SideAverageValue
    boundary = cooling_pipe:out
    variable = T
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [pc]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  start_time = 0

  [TimeStepper]
    type = IterationAdaptiveDT
    dt = 1
  []
  end_time = 500

  line_search = basic
  solve_type = NEWTON

  petsc_options_iname = '-pc_type'
  petsc_options_value = 'lu'

  nl_rel_tol = 1e-8
  nl_abs_tol = 1e-8
  nl_max_its = 25

[]

[Outputs]
  exodus = true

  [console]
    type = Console
    max_rows = 1
    outlier_variable_norms = false
  []
  print_linear_residuals = false
[]

Usage
Input Parameters
Formulation
Input Files