Heat and fluid responses in 1D bars

Classic Newton cooling in a bar

Without fluids, mechanical deformation and sinks, the heat equation is where is the porosity, is the rock grain density (kg.m), is the rock grain specific heat capacity (J.kg.K), is the temperature, and is the tensorial thermal conductivity of the porous material (J.s.K.m).

Below, the dynamics of this equation is explored, while this section concentrates on the steady-state situation. Consider the one-dimensional case where a bar sits between and with a fixed temperature at : and a sink flux at the other end: (1) Here is a fixed quantity ("e" stands for "external"), and is a constant conductance (J.m.s.K).

The solution is the linear function The heat sink in Eq. (1) is a linear function of , so the PorousFlowPiecewiseLinearSink may be employed.

The simulation is run in MOOSE using , , , and . The solution is shown in Figure 1

Figure 1: The steady-state temperature in the bar. MOOSE agrees well with theory illustrating that piecewise-linear heat sinks/sources and heat conduction are correctly implemented in MOOSE.

# Newton cooling from a bar.  Heat conduction
[Mesh]
  type = GeneratedMesh
  dim = 2
  nx = 100
  ny = 1
  xmin = 0
  xmax = 100
  ymin = 0
  ymax = 1
[]

[GlobalParams]
  PorousFlowDictator = dictator
[]

[UserObjects]
  [dictator]
    type = PorousFlowDictator
    porous_flow_vars = 'temp'
    number_fluid_phases = 0
    number_fluid_components = 0
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [temp]
  []
[]

[ICs]
  [temp]
    type = FunctionIC
    variable = temp
    function = '2-x/100'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [conduction]
    type = PorousFlowHeatConduction
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [temperature]
    type = PorousFlowTemperature
    temperature = temp
  []
  [thermal_conductivity_irrelevant]
    type = PorousFlowThermalConductivityIdeal
    dry_thermal_conductivity = '1E2 0 0 0 1E2 0 0 0 1E2'
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [left]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = left
    value = 2
  []
  [newton]
    type = PorousFlowPiecewiseLinearSink
    variable = temp
    boundary = right
    pt_vals = '0 1 2'
    multipliers = '-1 0 1'
    flux_function = 1
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [temp]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = temp
    start_point = '0 0.5 0'
    end_point = '100 0.5 0'
    sort_by = x
    num_points = 11
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [andy]
    type = SMP
    full = true
    petsc_options = '-snes_converged_reason'
    petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_type -pc_type -sub_pc_type -snes_max_it -sub_pc_factor_shift_type -pc_asm_overlap -snes_atol -snes_rtol '
    petsc_options_value = 'gmres asm lu 100 NONZERO 2 1E-14 1E-12'
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Steady
[]

[Outputs]
  file_base = nc04
  execute_on = timestep_end
  exodus = false
  [along_line]
    type = CSV
    execute_vector_postprocessors_on = timestep_end
  []
[]
(modules/porous_flow/test/tests/newton_cooling/nc04.i)

Porepressure sink in a bar

These tests demonstrate that MOOSE behaves correctly when a simulation contains a sink. The sink is a piecewise linear function of pressure.

Darcy's equation for (single-phase) flow through a fully saturated medium without gravity and without sources is with the following notation:

  • is the medium's porosity;

  • is the fluid density;

  • is the permeability tensor;

  • is the fluid viscosity;

  • and denote the time and spatial derivatives, respectively.

Using , where is the fluid bulk modulus, Darcy's equation becomes with Here the porosity and bulk modulus are assumed to be constant in space and time.

Consider the one-dimensional case where a bar sits between and with initial pressure distribution so . Maintain the end at constant pressure, so that . At the end , prescribe a sink flux where is a fixed quantity ("e" stands for "external"), and is a constant conductance. This corresponds to the flux which can easily be coded into a MOOSE input file: the flux is , and this may be represented by a piecewise linear function of pressure.

The solution of this problem is well known and is where is the positive root of the equation ( is a little bigger than ), and is determined from which may be solved numerically (Mathematica is used to generate the solution in Figure 2).

The problem is solved in MOOSE using the following parameters:

Table 1: Parameter values used in the porepressure evolution tests

ParameterValue
Bar lengthm
Bar porosity0.1
Bar permeabilitym
Gravity0
Water density1000kg.m
Water viscosity0.001Pa.s
Water bulk modulus1MPa
Initial porepressure 2MPa
Environmental pressure 0
Conductance 0.05389m

This conductance is chosen so at steadystate kg.m.

The problem is solved using 1000 elements along the direction (m), and using 100 time-steps of size s. Using fewer elements or fewer timesteps means the agreement with the theory is marginally poorer. Two tests are performed: one with transient flow, and one using the steadystate solver. In steady-state case the initial condition is MPa, since the uniform MPa does not converge. The results are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: The porepressure in the bar at 1E8s, and at steadystate. The pressure at is held fixed on the left-hand end, while the sink is applied at the right end. MOOSE agrees well with theory demonstrating that piecewise-linear sinks/sources and single-phase Darcy fluid flow are correctly implemented in MOOSE.

The transient simulation:

# Newton cooling from a bar.  1-phase transient
[Mesh]
  type = GeneratedMesh
  dim = 2
  nx = 1000
  ny = 1
  xmin = 0
  xmax = 100
  ymin = 0
  ymax = 1
[]

[GlobalParams]
  PorousFlowDictator = dictator
[]

[UserObjects]
  [dictator]
    type = PorousFlowDictator
    porous_flow_vars = 'pressure'
    number_fluid_phases = 1
    number_fluid_components = 1
  []
  [pc]
    type = PorousFlowCapillaryPressureVG
    m = 0.8
    alpha = 1e-5
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [pressure]
    initial_condition = 2E6
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [mass0]
    type = PorousFlowMassTimeDerivative
    fluid_component = 0
    variable = pressure
  []
  [flux]
    type = PorousFlowAdvectiveFlux
    fluid_component = 0
    gravity = '0 0 0'
    variable = pressure
  []
[]

[FluidProperties]
  [simple_fluid]
    type = SimpleFluidProperties
    bulk_modulus = 1e6
    density0 = 1000
    thermal_expansion = 0
    viscosity = 1e-3
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [temperature]
    type = PorousFlowTemperature
  []
  [ppss]
    type = PorousFlow1PhaseP
    porepressure = pressure
    capillary_pressure = pc
  []
  [massfrac]
    type = PorousFlowMassFraction
  []
  [simple_fluid]
    type = PorousFlowSingleComponentFluid
    fp = simple_fluid
    phase = 0
  []
  [porosity]
    type = PorousFlowPorosityConst
    porosity = 0.1
  []
  [permeability]
    type = PorousFlowPermeabilityConst
    permeability = '1E-15 0 0 0 1E-15 0 0 0 1E-15'
  []
  [relperm]
    type = PorousFlowRelativePermeabilityCorey # irrelevant in this fully-saturated situation
    n = 2
    phase = 0
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [left]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = pressure
    boundary = left
    value = 2E6
  []
  [newton]
    type = PorousFlowPiecewiseLinearSink
    variable = pressure
    boundary = right
    pt_vals = '0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 800000 900000 1000000 1100000 1200000 1300000 1400000 1500000 1600000 1700000 1800000 1900000 2000000'
    multipliers = '0. 5.6677197748570516e-6 0.000011931518841831313 0.00001885408740732065 0.000026504708864284114 0.000034959953203725676 0.000044304443352900224 0.00005463170211001232 0.00006604508815181467 0.00007865883048198513 0.00009259917167338928 0.00010800563134618119 0.00012503240252705603 0.00014384989486488752 0.00016464644014777016 0.00018763017719085535 0.0002130311349595711 0.00024110353477682344 0.00027212833465544285 0.00030641604122040985 0.00034430981736352295'
    use_mobility = false
    use_relperm = false
    fluid_phase = 0
    flux_function = 1
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [porepressure]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = pressure
    start_point = '0 0.5 0'
    end_point = '100 0.5 0'
    sort_by = x
    num_points = 20
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [andy]
    type = SMP
    full = true
    petsc_options = '-snes_converged_reason'
    petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_type -pc_type -snes_atol -snes_rtol -snes_max_it'
    petsc_options_value = 'bcgs bjacobi 1E-12 1E-15 10000'
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = Newton
  end_time = 1E8
  dt = 1E6
[]

[Outputs]
  file_base = nc01
  [along_line]
    type = CSV
    execute_vector_postprocessors_on = final
  []
[]
(modules/porous_flow/test/tests/newton_cooling/nc01.i)

The steady-state simulation:

# Newton cooling from a bar.  1-phase steady
[Mesh]
  type = GeneratedMesh
  dim = 2
  nx = 1000
  ny = 1
  xmin = 0
  xmax = 100
  ymin = 0
  ymax = 1
[]

[GlobalParams]
  PorousFlowDictator = dictator
[]

[UserObjects]
  [dictator]
    type = PorousFlowDictator
    porous_flow_vars = 'pressure'
    number_fluid_phases = 1
    number_fluid_components = 1
  []
  [pc]
    type = PorousFlowCapillaryPressureVG
    m = 0.8
    alpha = 1e-5
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [pressure]
  []
[]

[ICs]
  [pressure]
    type = FunctionIC
    variable = pressure
    function = '(2-x/100)*1E6'
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [flux]
    type = PorousFlowAdvectiveFlux
    fluid_component = 0
    gravity = '0 0 0'
    variable = pressure
  []
[]

[FluidProperties]
  [simple_fluid]
    type = SimpleFluidProperties
    bulk_modulus = 1e6
    density0 = 1000
    thermal_expansion = 0
    viscosity = 1e-3
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [temperature]
    type = PorousFlowTemperature
  []
  [ppss]
    type = PorousFlow1PhaseP
    porepressure = pressure
    capillary_pressure = pc
  []
  [massfrac]
    type = PorousFlowMassFraction
  []
  [simple_fluid]
    type = PorousFlowSingleComponentFluid
    fp = simple_fluid
    phase = 0
  []
  [porosity]
    type = PorousFlowPorosityConst
    porosity = 0.1
  []
  [permeability]
    type = PorousFlowPermeabilityConst
    permeability = '1E-15 0 0 0 1E-15 0 0 0 1E-15'
  []
  [relperm]
    type = PorousFlowRelativePermeabilityCorey # irrelevant in this fully-saturated situation
    n = 2
    phase = 0
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [left]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = pressure
    boundary = left
    value = 2E6
  []
  [newton]
    type = PorousFlowPiecewiseLinearSink
    variable = pressure
    boundary = right
    pt_vals = '0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 800000 900000 1000000 1100000 1200000 1300000 1400000 1500000 1600000 1700000 1800000 1900000 2000000'
    multipliers = '0. 5.6677197748570516e-6 0.000011931518841831313 0.00001885408740732065 0.000026504708864284114 0.000034959953203725676 0.000044304443352900224 0.00005463170211001232 0.00006604508815181467 0.00007865883048198513 0.00009259917167338928 0.00010800563134618119 0.00012503240252705603 0.00014384989486488752 0.00016464644014777016 0.00018763017719085535 0.0002130311349595711 0.00024110353477682344 0.00027212833465544285 0.00030641604122040985 0.00034430981736352295'
    use_mobility = false
    use_relperm = false
    fluid_phase = 0
    flux_function = 1
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [porepressure]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = pressure
    start_point = '0 0.5 0'
    end_point = '100 0.5 0'
    sort_by = x
    num_points = 20
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  active = 'andy'
  [andy]
    type = SMP
    full = true
    petsc_options = '-snes_converged_reason'
    petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_type -pc_type -sub_pc_type -snes_max_it -sub_pc_factor_shift_type -pc_asm_overlap -snes_atol -snes_rtol '
    petsc_options_value = 'gmres asm lu 100 NONZERO 2 1E-12 1E-15'
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Steady
[]

[Outputs]
  file_base = nc02
  execute_on = timestep_end
  exodus = false
  [along_line]
    type = CSV
    execute_vector_postprocessors_on = timestep_end
  []
[]
(modules/porous_flow/test/tests/newton_cooling/nc02.i)

Porepressure sink in a bar with heat

The simulation of the previous section is re-run, but this time heat flow is included. In this section it is assumed that the fluid specific enthalpy (J.kg) is exactly equal to the fluid internal energy, and that internal energy is ideal: This makes the arguments below simple without having to consider real fluids with complicated enthalpy and density expressions.

At the left end of the bar, the temperature is kept fixed: At the other end of the bar, heat is removed only by the fluid flowing out of the system (see sink documentation). That is, there is a heat sink: No other sinks or sources are applied to the heat equation.

With this setup, the steady-state temperature in the bar must be exactly For consider the fluid flowing from to in order to assume steady-state. At it must have temperature because that temperature is fixed at . It advects this temperature with it as it moves, so therefore at , this temperature has permeated throughout the entire bar. This occurs even without heat conduction, and is independent of the initial temperature of the bar.

MOOSE produces this result exactly. The input file is

# Newton cooling from a bar.  1-phase and heat, steady
[Mesh]
  type = GeneratedMesh
  dim = 2
  nx = 100
  ny = 1
  xmin = 0
  xmax = 100
  ymin = 0
  ymax = 1
[]

[GlobalParams]
  PorousFlowDictator = dictator
[]

[UserObjects]
  [dictator]
    type = PorousFlowDictator
    porous_flow_vars = 'pressure temp'
    number_fluid_phases = 1
    number_fluid_components = 1
  []
  [pc]
    type = PorousFlowCapillaryPressureVG
    m = 0.8
    alpha = 1e-5
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [pressure]
  []
  [temp]
  []
[]

[ICs]
  # have to start these reasonably close to their steady-state values
  [pressure]
    type = FunctionIC
    variable = pressure
    function = '(2-x/100)*1E6'
  []
  [temperature]
    type = FunctionIC
    variable = temp
    function = 100+0.1*x
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [flux]
    type = PorousFlowAdvectiveFlux
    fluid_component = 0
    gravity = '0 0 0'
    variable = pressure
  []
  [heat_advection]
    type = PorousFlowHeatAdvection
    gravity = '0 0 0'
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[FluidProperties]
  [simple_fluid]
    type = SimpleFluidProperties
    bulk_modulus = 1e6
    density0 = 1000
    thermal_expansion = 0
    viscosity = 1e-3
    cv = 1e6
    porepressure_coefficient = 0
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [temperature]
    type = PorousFlowTemperature
    temperature = temp
  []
  [ppss]
    type = PorousFlow1PhaseP
    porepressure = pressure
    capillary_pressure = pc
  []
  [massfrac]
    type = PorousFlowMassFraction
  []
  [simple_fluid]
    type = PorousFlowSingleComponentFluid
    fp = simple_fluid
    phase = 0
  []
  [permeability]
    type = PorousFlowPermeabilityConst
    permeability = '1E-15 0 0 0 1E-15 0 0 0 1E-15'
  []
  [relperm]
    type = PorousFlowRelativePermeabilityCorey # irrelevant in this fully-saturated situation
    n = 2
    phase = 0
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [leftp]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = pressure
    boundary = left
    value = 2E6
  []
  [leftt]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = left
    value = 100
  []
  [newtonp]
    type = PorousFlowPiecewiseLinearSink
    variable = pressure
    boundary = right
    pt_vals = '0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 800000 900000 1000000 1100000 1200000 1300000 1400000 1500000 1600000 1700000 1800000 1900000 2000000'
    multipliers = '0. 5.6677197748570516e-6 0.000011931518841831313 0.00001885408740732065 0.000026504708864284114 0.000034959953203725676 0.000044304443352900224 0.00005463170211001232 0.00006604508815181467 0.00007865883048198513 0.00009259917167338928 0.00010800563134618119 0.00012503240252705603 0.00014384989486488752 0.00016464644014777016 0.00018763017719085535 0.0002130311349595711 0.00024110353477682344 0.00027212833465544285 0.00030641604122040985 0.00034430981736352295'
    use_mobility = false
    use_relperm = false
    fluid_phase = 0
    flux_function = 1
  []
  [newton]
    type = PorousFlowPiecewiseLinearSink
    variable = temp
    boundary = right
    pt_vals = '0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 800000 900000 1000000 1100000 1200000 1300000 1400000 1500000 1600000 1700000 1800000 1900000 2000000'
    multipliers = '0. 5.6677197748570516e-6 0.000011931518841831313 0.00001885408740732065 0.000026504708864284114 0.000034959953203725676 0.000044304443352900224 0.00005463170211001232 0.00006604508815181467 0.00007865883048198513 0.00009259917167338928 0.00010800563134618119 0.00012503240252705603 0.00014384989486488752 0.00016464644014777016 0.00018763017719085535 0.0002130311349595711 0.00024110353477682344 0.00027212833465544285 0.00030641604122040985 0.00034430981736352295'
    use_mobility = false
    use_relperm = false
    use_internal_energy = true
    fluid_phase = 0
    flux_function = 1
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [porepressure]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = pressure
    start_point = '0 0.5 0'
    end_point = '100 0.5 0'
    sort_by = x
    num_points = 11
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [temperature]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = temp
    start_point = '0 0.5 0'
    end_point = '100 0.5 0'
    sort_by = x
    num_points = 11
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [andy]
    type = SMP
    full = true
    petsc_options = '-snes_converged_reason'
    petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_type -pc_type -sub_pc_type -snes_max_it -sub_pc_factor_shift_type -pc_asm_overlap -snes_atol -snes_rtol '
    petsc_options_value = 'gmres asm lu 100 NONZERO 2 1E-8 1E-15'
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Steady
  solve_type = Newton
[]

[Outputs]
  file_base = nc06
  execute_on = timestep_end
  [along_line]
    type = CSV
    execute_vector_postprocessors_on = timestep_end
  []
[]
(modules/porous_flow/test/tests/newton_cooling/nc06.i)

Hot ideal fluid in a bar

This test uses a similar setup to the previous section, except that here an ideal fluid is used. The use of an ideal gas simplifies the equations. Only the steady-state is studied in this section.

The governing equation for the fluid's porepressure is It is assumed that and are constant, and that holds (this is the ideal gas equation of state). In this formula is the gas molar mass, is the gas constant and is the temperature.

The equation governing the temperature is assumed to be just the fluid advection equation As in the previous section, heat conduction could be added, but it is actually irrelevant since the solution to the problem below is constant . The enthalpy, , for an ideal gas is

The boundary conditions at the left-hand end are Physically these correspond to fluid and heat being removed or added to the left-hand end by some external source in order to keep the porepressure and temperature fixed.

The porepressure boundary condition at the right-hand end of the bar is (2) Physically this corresponds to the mass-flow through the boundary being proportional to . Here is a fixed "environmental" porepressure, and this acts as a source or sink of fluid. is the "conductance" of the boundary. Notice the appearance of in the LHS of this equation means that this is truly a flux of fluid mass (measured in kg.m.s), and the appearance of on the RHS means that a PorousFlowPiecewiseLinearFlux may be used with use_mobility=true.

The temperature boundary condition at the right-hand end of the bar is Comparing this with Eq. (2), it is seen that this is exactly the heat loss (or gain) at the boundary corresponding to the loss (or gain) of the fluid. Notice the appearance of in the LHS of this equation means that this is truly a flux of fluid mass (measured in J.m.s), and the appearance of on the RHS means that a PorousFlowPiecewiseLinearFlux may be used with use_mobility=true and use_enthalpy=true.

There is a clear similarity between the fluid and heat equations. The heat equation does not actually depend on temperature, and is simply which is solved by The fluid equation then yields The constant may be determined from the either of the boundary conditions. For the special case of and , the solution is MOOSE produces this result exactly, as illustrated in Figure 3

Figure 3: The steady-state porepressure and temperature distributions in the bar. MOOSE agrees well with theory illustrating that piecewise-linear fluid and heat sinks/sources as well as ideal fluids are correctly implemented in MOOSE.

# Newton cooling from a bar.  1-phase ideal fluid and heat, steady
[Mesh]
  type = GeneratedMesh
  dim = 2
  nx = 100
  ny = 1
  xmin = 0
  xmax = 100
  ymin = 0
  ymax = 1
[]

[GlobalParams]
  PorousFlowDictator = dictator
[]

[UserObjects]
  [dictator]
    type = PorousFlowDictator
    porous_flow_vars = 'pressure temp'
    number_fluid_phases = 1
    number_fluid_components = 1
  []
  [pc]
    type = PorousFlowCapillaryPressureVG
    m = 0.8
    alpha = 1e-5
  []
[]

[Variables]
  [pressure]
  []
  [temp]
  []
[]

[ICs]
  # have to start these reasonably close to their steady-state values
  [pressure]
    type = FunctionIC
    variable = pressure
    function = '200-0.5*x'
  []
  [temperature]
    type = FunctionIC
    variable = temp
    function = 180+0.1*x
  []
[]

[Kernels]
  [flux]
    type = PorousFlowAdvectiveFlux
    fluid_component = 0
    gravity = '0 0 0'
    variable = pressure
  []
  [heat_advection]
    type = PorousFlowHeatAdvection
    gravity = '0 0 0'
    variable = temp
  []
[]

[FluidProperties]
  [idealgas]
    type = IdealGasFluidProperties
    molar_mass = 1.4
    gamma = 1.2
    mu = 1.2
  []
[]

[Materials]
  [temperature]
    type = PorousFlowTemperature
    temperature = temp
  []
  [ppss]
    type = PorousFlow1PhaseP
    porepressure = pressure
    capillary_pressure = pc
  []
  [massfrac]
    type = PorousFlowMassFraction
  []
  [dens0]
    type = PorousFlowSingleComponentFluid
    fp = idealgas
    phase = 0
  []
  [permeability]
    type = PorousFlowPermeabilityConst
    permeability = '1.1 0 0 0 1.1 0 0 0 1.1'
  []
  [relperm]
    type = PorousFlowRelativePermeabilityCorey # irrelevant in this fully-saturated situation
    n = 2
    phase = 0
  []
[]

[BCs]
  [leftp]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = pressure
    boundary = left
    value = 200
  []
  [leftt]
    type = DirichletBC
    variable = temp
    boundary = left
    value = 180
  []
  [newtonp]
    type = PorousFlowPiecewiseLinearSink
    variable = pressure
    boundary = right
    pt_vals = '-200 0 200'
    multipliers = '-200 0 200'
    use_mobility = true
    use_relperm = true
    fluid_phase = 0
    flux_function = 0.005 # 1/2/L
  []
  [newtont]
    type = PorousFlowPiecewiseLinearSink
    variable = temp
    boundary = right
    pt_vals = '-200 0 200'
    multipliers = '-200 0 200'
    use_mobility = true
    use_relperm = true
    use_enthalpy = true
    fluid_phase = 0
    flux_function = 0.005 # 1/2/L
  []
[]

[VectorPostprocessors]
  [porepressure]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = pressure
    start_point = '0 0.5 0'
    end_point = '100 0.5 0'
    sort_by = x
    num_points = 11
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
  [temperature]
    type = LineValueSampler
    variable = temp
    start_point = '0 0.5 0'
    end_point = '100 0.5 0'
    sort_by = x
    num_points = 11
    execute_on = timestep_end
  []
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [andy]
    type = SMP
    full = true
  []
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Steady
  solve_type = Newton
  nl_rel_tol = 1E-10
  nl_abs_tol = 1E-15
[]

[Outputs]
  file_base = nc08
  execute_on = timestep_end
  [along_line]
    type = CSV
    execute_vector_postprocessors_on = timestep_end
  []
[]
(modules/porous_flow/test/tests/newton_cooling/nc08.i)