Pressure-pulses in 1D

The PorousFlow fluid equation for single-phase flow through a fully saturated medium without gravity and without sources is just Darcy's equation $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-0792f83b-20dd-48df-b455-4975186a4b23");katex.render("\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial t}\\phi\\rho = \\nabla_{i}\\left(\\frac{\\rho \\kappa_{ij}}{\\mu} \\nabla_{j}P \\right) \\ ,", element, {displayMode:true,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\pf":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}"}});$ with notation described in the governing equations. Using $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-71cb9fc2-618d-4abd-b571-ce4851a24184");katex.render("\\rho \\propto \\exp(P/K)", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\pf":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}"}});$ , where $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-e25fed95-ae3b-4665-bfe0-9721a17504cc");katex.render("K", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\pf":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}"}});$ is the fluid bulk modulus, Darcy's equation becomes $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-c431ddec-51fe-43c3-914e-564f2d444364");katex.render("\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial t}\\rho = \\nabla_{i}\\alpha_{ij}\\nabla\\rho \\ ,", element, {displayMode:true,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\pf":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}"}});$ with $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-4b84833c-d4ea-4663-b9a7-aeace3a31b77");katex.render("\\alpha_{ij} = \\frac{\\kappa_{ij}B}{\\mu\\phi} \\ .", element, {displayMode:true,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\pf":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}"}});$ Here I've assumed the porosity and bulk modulus are constant in space and time.

Consider the one-dimensional case were the spatial dimension is the semi-infinite line $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-5731f024-fd55-4ca0-a5b7-2f0c1e3b6294");katex.render("x\\geq 0", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\pf":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}"}});$ . Suppose that initially the pressure is constant, so that $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-59cde997-06cd-4e94-b960-7cb67852dc34");katex.render("\\rho(x, t=0) = \\rho_{0} \\ \\ \\ \\mathrm{for }\\ \\ x\\geq 0 \\ .", element, {displayMode:true,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\pf":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}"}});$ Then apply a fixed-pressure Dirichlet boundary condition at $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-98012800-d5db-4f04-aaf6-55be9d3ef5c8");katex.render("x=0", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\pf":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}"}});$ so that $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-4b083704-09f4-47cb-85b1-11045b5d2fc9");katex.render("\\rho(x=0, t>0) = \\rho_{\\infty}", element, {displayMode:true,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\pf":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}"}});$ The solution of the above differential equation is well known to be $(1)var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-0a949f1f-6757-4129-8fbd-dee3b760a848");katex.render("\\rho(x, t) = \\rho_{\\infty} + (\\rho_{0} - \\rho_{\\infty})\\,\\mathrm{Erf}\\left( \\frac{x}{\\sqrt{4\\alpha t}} \\right) \\ , ", element, {displayMode:true,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\pf":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}"}});$ where Erf is the error function.

A number of PorousFlow tests verify that this solution is produced with parameters shown in Table 1

Table 1: Parameter values used in the pressure-pulse tests

Parameter	Value
length of 1D bar	100 m
number of elements	10
end time (for transient simulations)	10000 s
number of time steps	10
Fluid bulk modulus ( $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-b985e4eb-e4c5-4327-9c83-652f1c881eb1");katex.render("B", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\pf":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}"}});$ )	2 GPa
Fluid viscosity ( $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-529ae80c-6a35-4caa-b514-f2c39b99a0b8");katex.render("\\mu", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\pf":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}"}});$ )	0.001 Pa.s
Permeability ( $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-5aa3f82e-2a7a-4bdd-babb-655b1a282739");katex.render("\\kappa_{xx}", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\pf":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}"}});$ )	$var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-4dfd711d-4886-4d8a-a4e5-17acb3810faa");katex.render("10^{-15}\\,", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\pf":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}"}});$ m $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-02dff330-96de-4614-bd76-7d050bb09671");katex.render("^{2}", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\pf":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}"}});$
Porosity	0.1
Initial pressure	2 MPa
Applied pressure	3 MPa

The tests include:

Steady state 1-phase analysis to demonstrate that the steady-state of $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-bb8c0306-c6af-42c2-84e8-b57403ec0d70");katex.render("\\rho = \\rho_{\\infty}", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\pf":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}"}});$ is achieved.

# Pressure pulse in 1D with 1 phase - steady
[Mesh]
  type = GeneratedMesh
  dim = 1
  nx = 10
  xmin = 0
  xmax = 100
[]

[GlobalParams]
  PorousFlowDictator = dictator
[]

[Variables]
  [./pp]
    initial_condition = 2E6
  [../]
[]

[Kernels]
  active = flux
  [./mass0]
    type = PorousFlowMassTimeDerivative
    fluid_component = 0
    variable = pp
  [../]
  [./flux]
    type = PorousFlowAdvectiveFlux
    variable = pp
    gravity = '0 0 0'
    fluid_component = 0
  [../]
[]

[UserObjects]
  [./dictator]
    type = PorousFlowDictator
    porous_flow_vars = 'pp'
    number_fluid_phases = 1
    number_fluid_components = 1
  [../]
  [./pc]
    type = PorousFlowCapillaryPressureVG
    m = 0.5
    alpha = 1e-7
  [../]
[]

[Modules]
  [./FluidProperties]
    [./simple_fluid]
      type = SimpleFluidProperties
      bulk_modulus = 2e9
      density0 = 1000
      thermal_expansion = 0
      viscosity = 1e-3
    [../]
  [../]
[]

[Materials]
  [./temperature]
    type = PorousFlowTemperature
  [../]
  [./ppss]
    type = PorousFlow1PhaseP
    porepressure = pp
    capillary_pressure = pc
  [../]
  [./massfrac]
    type = PorousFlowMassFraction
  [../]
  [./simple_fluid]
    type = PorousFlowSingleComponentFluid
    fp = simple_fluid
    phase = 0
  [../]
  [./porosity]
    type = PorousFlowPorosityConst
    porosity = 0.1
  [../]
  [./permeability]
    type = PorousFlowPermeabilityConst
    permeability = '1E-15 0 0 0 1E-15 0 0 0 1E-15'
  [../]
  [./relperm]
    type = PorousFlowRelativePermeabilityCorey
    n = 0
    phase = 0
  [../]
[]

[BCs]
  [./left]
    type = DirichletBC
    boundary = left
    value = 3E6
    variable = pp
  [../]
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [./andy]
    type = SMP
    full = true
    petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_type -pc_type -snes_atol -snes_rtol -snes_max_it'
    petsc_options_value = 'bcgs bjacobi 1E-15 1E-20 10000'
  [../]
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Steady
  solve_type = Newton
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [./p000]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '0 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p010]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '10 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p020]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '20 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p030]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '30 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p040]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '40 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p050]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '50 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p060]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '60 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p070]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '70 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p080]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '80 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p090]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '90 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p100]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '100 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
[]

[Outputs]
  file_base = pressure_pulse_1d_steady
  print_linear_residuals = false
  csv = true
[]

/opt/civet/build_0/moose/modules/porous_flow/test/tests/pressure_pulse/pressure_pulse_1d_steady.i

# Pressure pulse in 1D with 1 phase - steady
[Mesh]
  type = GeneratedMesh
  dim = 1
  nx = 10
  xmin = 0
  xmax = 100
[]

[GlobalParams]
  PorousFlowDictator = dictator
[]

[Variables]
  [./pp]
    initial_condition = 2E6
  [../]
[]

[Kernels]
  active = flux
  [./mass0]
    type = PorousFlowMassTimeDerivative
    fluid_component = 0
    variable = pp
  [../]
  [./flux]
    type = PorousFlowAdvectiveFlux
    variable = pp
    gravity = '0 0 0'
    fluid_component = 0
  [../]
[]

[UserObjects]
  [./dictator]
    type = PorousFlowDictator
    porous_flow_vars = 'pp'
    number_fluid_phases = 1
    number_fluid_components = 1
  [../]
  [./pc]
    type = PorousFlowCapillaryPressureVG
    m = 0.5
    alpha = 1e-7
  [../]
[]

[Modules]
  [./FluidProperties]
    [./simple_fluid]
      type = SimpleFluidProperties
      bulk_modulus = 2e9
      density0 = 1000
      thermal_expansion = 0
      viscosity = 1e-3
    [../]
  [../]
[]

[Materials]
  [./temperature]
    type = PorousFlowTemperature
  [../]
  [./ppss]
    type = PorousFlow1PhaseP
    porepressure = pp
    capillary_pressure = pc
  [../]
  [./massfrac]
    type = PorousFlowMassFraction
  [../]
  [./simple_fluid]
    type = PorousFlowSingleComponentFluid
    fp = simple_fluid
    phase = 0
  [../]
  [./porosity]
    type = PorousFlowPorosityConst
    porosity = 0.1
  [../]
  [./permeability]
    type = PorousFlowPermeabilityConst
    permeability = '1E-15 0 0 0 1E-15 0 0 0 1E-15'
  [../]
  [./relperm]
    type = PorousFlowRelativePermeabilityCorey
    n = 0
    phase = 0
  [../]
[]

[BCs]
  [./left]
    type = DirichletBC
    boundary = left
    value = 3E6
    variable = pp
  [../]
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [./andy]
    type = SMP
    full = true
    petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_type -pc_type -snes_atol -snes_rtol -snes_max_it'
    petsc_options_value = 'bcgs bjacobi 1E-15 1E-20 10000'
  [../]
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Steady
  solve_type = Newton
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [./p000]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '0 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p010]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '10 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p020]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '20 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p030]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '30 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p040]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '40 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p050]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '50 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p060]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '60 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p070]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '70 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p080]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '80 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p090]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '90 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p100]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '100 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
[]

[Outputs]
  file_base = pressure_pulse_1d_steady
  print_linear_residuals = false
  csv = true
[]

Transient 1-phase analysis.

# Pressure pulse in 1D with 1 phase - transient
[Mesh]
  type = GeneratedMesh
  dim = 1
  nx = 10
  xmin = 0
  xmax = 100
[]

[GlobalParams]
  PorousFlowDictator = dictator
[]

[Variables]
  [./pp]
    initial_condition = 2E6
  [../]
[]

[Kernels]
  [./mass0]
    type = PorousFlowMassTimeDerivative
    fluid_component = 0
    variable = pp
  [../]
  [./flux]
    type = PorousFlowAdvectiveFlux
    variable = pp
    gravity = '0 0 0'
    fluid_component = 0
  [../]
[]

[UserObjects]
  [./dictator]
    type = PorousFlowDictator
    porous_flow_vars = 'pp'
    number_fluid_phases = 1
    number_fluid_components = 1
  [../]
  [./pc]
    type = PorousFlowCapillaryPressureVG
    m = 0.5
    alpha = 1e-7
  [../]
[]

[Modules]
  [./FluidProperties]
    [./simple_fluid]
      type = SimpleFluidProperties
      bulk_modulus = 2e9
      density0 = 1000
      thermal_expansion = 0
      viscosity = 1e-3
    [../]
  [../]
[]

[Materials]
  [./temperature]
    type = PorousFlowTemperature
  [../]
  [./ppss]
    type = PorousFlow1PhaseP
    porepressure = pp
    capillary_pressure = pc
  [../]
  [./massfrac]
    type = PorousFlowMassFraction
  [../]
  [./simple_fluid]
    type = PorousFlowSingleComponentFluid
    fp = simple_fluid
    phase = 0
  [../]
  [./porosity]
    type = PorousFlowPorosityConst
    porosity = 0.1
  [../]
  [./permeability]
    type = PorousFlowPermeabilityConst
    permeability = '1E-15 0 0 0 1E-15 0 0 0 1E-15'
  [../]
  [./relperm]
    type = PorousFlowRelativePermeabilityCorey
    n = 0
    phase = 0
  [../]
[]

[BCs]
  [./left]
    type = DirichletBC
    boundary = left
    value = 3E6
    variable = pp
  [../]
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [./andy]
    type = SMP
    full = true
    petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_type -pc_type -snes_atol -snes_rtol -snes_max_it'
    petsc_options_value = 'bcgs bjacobi 1E-15 1E-20 10000'
  [../]
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = Newton
  dt = 1E3
  end_time = 1E4
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [./p000]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '0 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p010]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '10 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p020]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '20 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p030]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '30 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p040]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '40 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p050]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '50 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p060]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '60 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p070]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '70 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p080]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '80 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p090]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '90 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p100]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '100 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
[]

[Outputs]
  file_base = pressure_pulse_1d
  print_linear_residuals = false
  csv = true
[]

/opt/civet/build_0/moose/modules/porous_flow/test/tests/pressure_pulse/pressure_pulse_1d.i

# Pressure pulse in 1D with 1 phase - transient
[Mesh]
  type = GeneratedMesh
  dim = 1
  nx = 10
  xmin = 0
  xmax = 100
[]

[GlobalParams]
  PorousFlowDictator = dictator
[]

[Variables]
  [./pp]
    initial_condition = 2E6
  [../]
[]

[Kernels]
  [./mass0]
    type = PorousFlowMassTimeDerivative
    fluid_component = 0
    variable = pp
  [../]
  [./flux]
    type = PorousFlowAdvectiveFlux
    variable = pp
    gravity = '0 0 0'
    fluid_component = 0
  [../]
[]

[UserObjects]
  [./dictator]
    type = PorousFlowDictator
    porous_flow_vars = 'pp'
    number_fluid_phases = 1
    number_fluid_components = 1
  [../]
  [./pc]
    type = PorousFlowCapillaryPressureVG
    m = 0.5
    alpha = 1e-7
  [../]
[]

[Modules]
  [./FluidProperties]
    [./simple_fluid]
      type = SimpleFluidProperties
      bulk_modulus = 2e9
      density0 = 1000
      thermal_expansion = 0
      viscosity = 1e-3
    [../]
  [../]
[]

[Materials]
  [./temperature]
    type = PorousFlowTemperature
  [../]
  [./ppss]
    type = PorousFlow1PhaseP
    porepressure = pp
    capillary_pressure = pc
  [../]
  [./massfrac]
    type = PorousFlowMassFraction
  [../]
  [./simple_fluid]
    type = PorousFlowSingleComponentFluid
    fp = simple_fluid
    phase = 0
  [../]
  [./porosity]
    type = PorousFlowPorosityConst
    porosity = 0.1
  [../]
  [./permeability]
    type = PorousFlowPermeabilityConst
    permeability = '1E-15 0 0 0 1E-15 0 0 0 1E-15'
  [../]
  [./relperm]
    type = PorousFlowRelativePermeabilityCorey
    n = 0
    phase = 0
  [../]
[]

[BCs]
  [./left]
    type = DirichletBC
    boundary = left
    value = 3E6
    variable = pp
  [../]
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [./andy]
    type = SMP
    full = true
    petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_type -pc_type -snes_atol -snes_rtol -snes_max_it'
    petsc_options_value = 'bcgs bjacobi 1E-15 1E-20 10000'
  [../]
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = Newton
  dt = 1E3
  end_time = 1E4
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [./p000]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '0 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p010]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '10 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p020]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '20 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p030]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '30 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p040]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '40 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p050]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '50 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p060]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '60 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p070]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '70 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p080]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '80 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p090]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '90 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p100]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '100 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
[]

[Outputs]
  file_base = pressure_pulse_1d
  print_linear_residuals = false
  csv = true
[]

Transient 1-phase, 3 component analysis to check that the components diffuse at the same rate.

# Pressure pulse in 1D with 1 phase but 3 components (viscosity, relperm, etc are independent of mass-fractions) - transient
[Mesh]
  type = GeneratedMesh
  dim = 1
  nx = 10
  xmin = 0
  xmax = 100
[]

[GlobalParams]
  PorousFlowDictator = dictator
[]

[Variables]
  [./pp]
    initial_condition = 2E6
  [../]
  [./massfrac0]
    initial_condition = 0.1
  [../]
  [./massfrac1]
    initial_condition = 0.3
  [../]
[]

[Kernels]
  [./mass0]
    type = PorousFlowMassTimeDerivative
    fluid_component = 0
    variable = pp
  [../]
  [./flux0]
    type = PorousFlowAdvectiveFlux
    variable = pp
    gravity = '0 0 0'
    fluid_component = 0
  [../]
  [./mass1]
    type = PorousFlowMassTimeDerivative
    fluid_component = 1
    variable = massfrac0
  [../]
  [./flux1]
    type = PorousFlowAdvectiveFlux
    variable = massfrac0
    gravity = '0 0 0'
    fluid_component = 1
  [../]
  [./mass2]
    type = PorousFlowMassTimeDerivative
    fluid_component = 2
    variable = massfrac1
  [../]
  [./flux2]
    type = PorousFlowAdvectiveFlux
    variable = massfrac1
    gravity = '0 0 0'
    fluid_component = 2
  [../]
[]

[UserObjects]
  [./dictator]
    type = PorousFlowDictator
    porous_flow_vars = 'pp massfrac0 massfrac1'
    number_fluid_phases = 1
    number_fluid_components = 3
  [../]
  [./pc]
    type = PorousFlowCapillaryPressureVG
    m = 0.5
    alpha = 1e-7
  [../]
[]

[Modules]
  [./FluidProperties]
    [./simple_fluid]
      type = SimpleFluidProperties
      bulk_modulus = 2e9
      density0 = 1000
      thermal_expansion = 0
      viscosity = 1e-3
    [../]
  [../]
[]

[Materials]
  [./temperature]
    type = PorousFlowTemperature
  [../]
  [./ppss]
    type = PorousFlow1PhaseP
    porepressure = pp
    capillary_pressure = pc
  [../]
  [./massfrac]
    type = PorousFlowMassFraction
    mass_fraction_vars = 'massfrac0 massfrac1'
  [../]
  [./simple_fluid]
    type = PorousFlowSingleComponentFluid
    fp = simple_fluid
    phase = 0
  [../]
  [./porosity]
    type = PorousFlowPorosityConst
    porosity = 0.1
  [../]
  [./permeability]
    type = PorousFlowPermeabilityConst
    permeability = '1E-15 0 0 0 1E-15 0 0 0 1E-15'
  [../]
  [./relperm]
    type = PorousFlowRelativePermeabilityCorey
    n = 0
    phase = 0
  [../]
[]

[BCs]
  [./left]
    type = DirichletBC
    boundary = left
    value = 3E6
    variable = pp
  [../]
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [./andy]
    type = SMP
    full = true
    petsc_options = '-snes_converged_reason -ksp_diagonal_scale -ksp_diagonal_scale_fix -ksp_gmres_modifiedgramschmidt -snes_linesearch_monitor'
    petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_type -pc_type -sub_pc_type -sub_pc_factor_shift_type -pc_asm_overlap -snes_atol -snes_rtol -snes_max_it -ksp_rtol -ksp_atol'
    petsc_options_value = 'gmres      asm      lu           NONZERO                   2               1E-7 1E-10 20 1E-10 1E-100'
  [../]
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = Newton
  dt = 1E3
  end_time = 1E4
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [./p000]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '0 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p010]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '10 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p020]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '20 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p030]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '30 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p040]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '40 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p050]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '50 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p060]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '60 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p070]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '70 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p080]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '80 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p090]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '90 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p100]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '100 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./mf_0_010]
    type = PointValue
    variable = massfrac0
    point = '10 0 0'
    execute_on = 'timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./mf_1_010]
    type = PointValue
    variable = massfrac1
    point = '10 0 0'
    execute_on = 'timestep_end'
  [../]
[]

[Outputs]
  file_base = pressure_pulse_1d_3comp
  print_linear_residuals = true
  exodus = true
  csv = true
[]

/opt/civet/build_0/moose/modules/porous_flow/test/tests/pressure_pulse/pressure_pulse_1d_3comp.i

# Pressure pulse in 1D with 1 phase but 3 components (viscosity, relperm, etc are independent of mass-fractions) - transient
[Mesh]
  type = GeneratedMesh
  dim = 1
  nx = 10
  xmin = 0
  xmax = 100
[]

[GlobalParams]
  PorousFlowDictator = dictator
[]

[Variables]
  [./pp]
    initial_condition = 2E6
  [../]
  [./massfrac0]
    initial_condition = 0.1
  [../]
  [./massfrac1]
    initial_condition = 0.3
  [../]
[]

[Kernels]
  [./mass0]
    type = PorousFlowMassTimeDerivative
    fluid_component = 0
    variable = pp
  [../]
  [./flux0]
    type = PorousFlowAdvectiveFlux
    variable = pp
    gravity = '0 0 0'
    fluid_component = 0
  [../]
  [./mass1]
    type = PorousFlowMassTimeDerivative
    fluid_component = 1
    variable = massfrac0
  [../]
  [./flux1]
    type = PorousFlowAdvectiveFlux
    variable = massfrac0
    gravity = '0 0 0'
    fluid_component = 1
  [../]
  [./mass2]
    type = PorousFlowMassTimeDerivative
    fluid_component = 2
    variable = massfrac1
  [../]
  [./flux2]
    type = PorousFlowAdvectiveFlux
    variable = massfrac1
    gravity = '0 0 0'
    fluid_component = 2
  [../]
[]

[UserObjects]
  [./dictator]
    type = PorousFlowDictator
    porous_flow_vars = 'pp massfrac0 massfrac1'
    number_fluid_phases = 1
    number_fluid_components = 3
  [../]
  [./pc]
    type = PorousFlowCapillaryPressureVG
    m = 0.5
    alpha = 1e-7
  [../]
[]

[Modules]
  [./FluidProperties]
    [./simple_fluid]
      type = SimpleFluidProperties
      bulk_modulus = 2e9
      density0 = 1000
      thermal_expansion = 0
      viscosity = 1e-3
    [../]
  [../]
[]

[Materials]
  [./temperature]
    type = PorousFlowTemperature
  [../]
  [./ppss]
    type = PorousFlow1PhaseP
    porepressure = pp
    capillary_pressure = pc
  [../]
  [./massfrac]
    type = PorousFlowMassFraction
    mass_fraction_vars = 'massfrac0 massfrac1'
  [../]
  [./simple_fluid]
    type = PorousFlowSingleComponentFluid
    fp = simple_fluid
    phase = 0
  [../]
  [./porosity]
    type = PorousFlowPorosityConst
    porosity = 0.1
  [../]
  [./permeability]
    type = PorousFlowPermeabilityConst
    permeability = '1E-15 0 0 0 1E-15 0 0 0 1E-15'
  [../]
  [./relperm]
    type = PorousFlowRelativePermeabilityCorey
    n = 0
    phase = 0
  [../]
[]

[BCs]
  [./left]
    type = DirichletBC
    boundary = left
    value = 3E6
    variable = pp
  [../]
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [./andy]
    type = SMP
    full = true
    petsc_options = '-snes_converged_reason -ksp_diagonal_scale -ksp_diagonal_scale_fix -ksp_gmres_modifiedgramschmidt -snes_linesearch_monitor'
    petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_type -pc_type -sub_pc_type -sub_pc_factor_shift_type -pc_asm_overlap -snes_atol -snes_rtol -snes_max_it -ksp_rtol -ksp_atol'
    petsc_options_value = 'gmres      asm      lu           NONZERO                   2               1E-7 1E-10 20 1E-10 1E-100'
  [../]
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = Newton
  dt = 1E3
  end_time = 1E4
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [./p000]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '0 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p010]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '10 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p020]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '20 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p030]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '30 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p040]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '40 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p050]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '50 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p060]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '60 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p070]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '70 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p080]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '80 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p090]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '90 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p100]
    type = PointValue
    variable = pp
    point = '100 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./mf_0_010]
    type = PointValue
    variable = massfrac0
    point = '10 0 0'
    execute_on = 'timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./mf_1_010]
    type = PointValue
    variable = massfrac1
    point = '10 0 0'
    execute_on = 'timestep_end'
  [../]
[]

[Outputs]
  file_base = pressure_pulse_1d_3comp
  print_linear_residuals = true
  exodus = true
  csv = true
[]

Transient 2-phase analysis, with the "water" state fully saturated.

# Pressure pulse in 1D with 2 phases (with one having zero saturation), 2components - transient
[Mesh]
  type = GeneratedMesh
  dim = 1
  nx = 10
  xmin = 0
  xmax = 100
[]

[GlobalParams]
  PorousFlowDictator = dictator
[]

[Variables]
  [./ppwater]
    initial_condition = 2E6
  [../]
  [./ppgas]
    initial_condition = 2E6
  [../]
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [./massfrac_ph0_sp0]
    initial_condition = 1
  [../]
  [./massfrac_ph1_sp0]
    initial_condition = 0
  [../]
[]

[Kernels]
  [./mass0]
    type = PorousFlowMassTimeDerivative
    fluid_component = 0
    variable = ppwater
  [../]
  [./flux0]
    type = PorousFlowAdvectiveFlux
    variable = ppwater
    gravity = '0 0 0'
    fluid_component = 0
  [../]
  [./mass1]
    type = PorousFlowMassTimeDerivative
    fluid_component = 1
    variable = ppgas
  [../]
  [./flux1]
    type = PorousFlowAdvectiveFlux
    variable = ppgas
    gravity = '0 0 0'
    fluid_component = 1
  [../]
[]

[UserObjects]
  [./dictator]
    type = PorousFlowDictator
    porous_flow_vars = 'ppwater ppgas'
    number_fluid_phases = 2
    number_fluid_components = 2
  [../]
  [./pc]
    type = PorousFlowCapillaryPressureVG
    m = 0.5
    alpha = 1
  [../]
[]

[Modules]
  [./FluidProperties]
    [./simple_fluid0]
      type = SimpleFluidProperties
      bulk_modulus = 2e9
      density0 = 1000
      thermal_expansion = 0
      viscosity = 1e-3
    [../]
    [./simple_fluid1]
      type = SimpleFluidProperties
      bulk_modulus = 2e6
      density0 = 1
      thermal_expansion = 0
      viscosity = 1e-5
    [../]
  [../]
[]

[Materials]
  [./temperature]
    type = PorousFlowTemperature
  [../]
  [./ppss]
    type = PorousFlow2PhasePP
    phase0_porepressure = ppwater
    phase1_porepressure = ppgas
    capillary_pressure = pc
  [../]
  [./massfrac]
    type = PorousFlowMassFraction
    mass_fraction_vars = 'massfrac_ph0_sp0 massfrac_ph1_sp0'
  [../]
  [./simple_fluid0]
    type = PorousFlowSingleComponentFluid
    fp = simple_fluid0
    phase = 0
  [../]
  [./simple_fluid1]
    type = PorousFlowSingleComponentFluid
    fp = simple_fluid1
    phase = 1
  [../]
  [./porosity]
    type = PorousFlowPorosityConst
    porosity = 0.1
  [../]
  [./permeability]
    type = PorousFlowPermeabilityConst
    permeability = '1E-15 0 0 0 1E-15 0 0 0 1E-15'
  [../]
  [./relperm_water]
    type = PorousFlowRelativePermeabilityCorey
    n = 1
    phase = 0
  [../]
  [./relperm_gas]
    type = PorousFlowRelativePermeabilityCorey
    n = 1
    phase = 1
  [../]
[]

[BCs]
  [./leftwater]
    type = DirichletBC
    boundary = left
    value = 3E6
    variable = ppwater
  [../]
  [./leftgas]
    type = DirichletBC
    boundary = left
    value = 3E6
    variable = ppgas
  [../]
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [./andy]
    type = SMP
    full = true
    petsc_options = '-snes_converged_reason -ksp_diagonal_scale -ksp_diagonal_scale_fix -ksp_gmres_modifiedgramschmidt -snes_linesearch_monitor'
    petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_type -pc_type -sub_pc_type -sub_pc_factor_shift_type -pc_asm_overlap -snes_atol -snes_rtol -snes_max_it'
    petsc_options_value = 'gmres      asm      lu           NONZERO                   2               1E-15       1E-20 20'
  [../]
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = Newton
  dt = 1E3
  end_time = 1E4
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [./p000]
    type = PointValue
    variable = ppwater
    point = '0 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p010]
    type = PointValue
    variable = ppwater
    point = '10 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p020]
    type = PointValue
    variable = ppwater
    point = '20 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p030]
    type = PointValue
    variable = ppwater
    point = '30 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p040]
    type = PointValue
    variable = ppwater
    point = '40 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p050]
    type = PointValue
    variable = ppwater
    point = '50 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p060]
    type = PointValue
    variable = ppwater
    point = '60 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p070]
    type = PointValue
    variable = ppwater
    point = '70 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p080]
    type = PointValue
    variable = ppwater
    point = '80 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p090]
    type = PointValue
    variable = ppwater
    point = '90 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p100]
    type = PointValue
    variable = ppwater
    point = '100 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
[]

[Outputs]
  file_base = pressure_pulse_1d_2phase
  print_linear_residuals = false
  csv = true
[]

/opt/civet/build_0/moose/modules/porous_flow/test/tests/pressure_pulse/pressure_pulse_1d_2phase.i

# Pressure pulse in 1D with 2 phases (with one having zero saturation), 2components - transient
[Mesh]
  type = GeneratedMesh
  dim = 1
  nx = 10
  xmin = 0
  xmax = 100
[]

[GlobalParams]
  PorousFlowDictator = dictator
[]

[Variables]
  [./ppwater]
    initial_condition = 2E6
  [../]
  [./ppgas]
    initial_condition = 2E6
  [../]
[]

[AuxVariables]
  [./massfrac_ph0_sp0]
    initial_condition = 1
  [../]
  [./massfrac_ph1_sp0]
    initial_condition = 0
  [../]
[]

[Kernels]
  [./mass0]
    type = PorousFlowMassTimeDerivative
    fluid_component = 0
    variable = ppwater
  [../]
  [./flux0]
    type = PorousFlowAdvectiveFlux
    variable = ppwater
    gravity = '0 0 0'
    fluid_component = 0
  [../]
  [./mass1]
    type = PorousFlowMassTimeDerivative
    fluid_component = 1
    variable = ppgas
  [../]
  [./flux1]
    type = PorousFlowAdvectiveFlux
    variable = ppgas
    gravity = '0 0 0'
    fluid_component = 1
  [../]
[]

[UserObjects]
  [./dictator]
    type = PorousFlowDictator
    porous_flow_vars = 'ppwater ppgas'
    number_fluid_phases = 2
    number_fluid_components = 2
  [../]
  [./pc]
    type = PorousFlowCapillaryPressureVG
    m = 0.5
    alpha = 1
  [../]
[]

[Modules]
  [./FluidProperties]
    [./simple_fluid0]
      type = SimpleFluidProperties
      bulk_modulus = 2e9
      density0 = 1000
      thermal_expansion = 0
      viscosity = 1e-3
    [../]
    [./simple_fluid1]
      type = SimpleFluidProperties
      bulk_modulus = 2e6
      density0 = 1
      thermal_expansion = 0
      viscosity = 1e-5
    [../]
  [../]
[]

[Materials]
  [./temperature]
    type = PorousFlowTemperature
  [../]
  [./ppss]
    type = PorousFlow2PhasePP
    phase0_porepressure = ppwater
    phase1_porepressure = ppgas
    capillary_pressure = pc
  [../]
  [./massfrac]
    type = PorousFlowMassFraction
    mass_fraction_vars = 'massfrac_ph0_sp0 massfrac_ph1_sp0'
  [../]
  [./simple_fluid0]
    type = PorousFlowSingleComponentFluid
    fp = simple_fluid0
    phase = 0
  [../]
  [./simple_fluid1]
    type = PorousFlowSingleComponentFluid
    fp = simple_fluid1
    phase = 1
  [../]
  [./porosity]
    type = PorousFlowPorosityConst
    porosity = 0.1
  [../]
  [./permeability]
    type = PorousFlowPermeabilityConst
    permeability = '1E-15 0 0 0 1E-15 0 0 0 1E-15'
  [../]
  [./relperm_water]
    type = PorousFlowRelativePermeabilityCorey
    n = 1
    phase = 0
  [../]
  [./relperm_gas]
    type = PorousFlowRelativePermeabilityCorey
    n = 1
    phase = 1
  [../]
[]

[BCs]
  [./leftwater]
    type = DirichletBC
    boundary = left
    value = 3E6
    variable = ppwater
  [../]
  [./leftgas]
    type = DirichletBC
    boundary = left
    value = 3E6
    variable = ppgas
  [../]
[]

[Preconditioning]
  [./andy]
    type = SMP
    full = true
    petsc_options = '-snes_converged_reason -ksp_diagonal_scale -ksp_diagonal_scale_fix -ksp_gmres_modifiedgramschmidt -snes_linesearch_monitor'
    petsc_options_iname = '-ksp_type -pc_type -sub_pc_type -sub_pc_factor_shift_type -pc_asm_overlap -snes_atol -snes_rtol -snes_max_it'
    petsc_options_value = 'gmres      asm      lu           NONZERO                   2               1E-15       1E-20 20'
  [../]
[]

[Executioner]
  type = Transient
  solve_type = Newton
  dt = 1E3
  end_time = 1E4
[]

[Postprocessors]
  [./p000]
    type = PointValue
    variable = ppwater
    point = '0 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p010]
    type = PointValue
    variable = ppwater
    point = '10 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p020]
    type = PointValue
    variable = ppwater
    point = '20 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p030]
    type = PointValue
    variable = ppwater
    point = '30 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p040]
    type = PointValue
    variable = ppwater
    point = '40 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p050]
    type = PointValue
    variable = ppwater
    point = '50 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p060]
    type = PointValue
    variable = ppwater
    point = '60 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p070]
    type = PointValue
    variable = ppwater
    point = '70 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p080]
    type = PointValue
    variable = ppwater
    point = '80 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p090]
    type = PointValue
    variable = ppwater
    point = '90 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
  [./p100]
    type = PointValue
    variable = ppwater
    point = '100 0 0'
    execute_on = 'initial timestep_end'
  [../]
[]

[Outputs]
  file_base = pressure_pulse_1d_2phase
  print_linear_residuals = false
  csv = true
[]

Transient 2-phase using the "PS" formulation
2-phase using the "PS" formulation and Kuzmin-Turek stabilisation
2 phase using the PS formulation and a van-Genuchten capillary pressure
2 phase using the PS formulation and a van-Genuchten capillary pressure with a logarithmic extension;
1 phase when the primary variable is $var element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-02cbee2a-6ec4-47ec-ae3b-067aa56dc524");katex.render("\\mathrm{log}\\,\\rho", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false,macros:{"\\pf":"\\frac{\\partial #1}{\\partial #2}"}});$
1 phase using the fully-saturated version of PorousFlow
1 phase with 3 fluid components using the fully-saturated version of PorousFlow.

An example verification is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Comparison between the MOOSE result (in dots), and the exact analytic expression given by Eq. (1). The agreement increases for greater spatial resolution and smaller timesteps. Both the multi-component single-phase simulation (using the fully-saturated non-upwinding Kernels, or the partially-saturated full-upwinding Kernels, or the log(mass-density) primary variable) and the 2-phase fully-water-saturated simulation give identical results for the water porepressure.

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Pressure-pulses in 1D