Line data    Source code

       1             : //* This file is part of the MOOSE framework
       2             : //* https://mooseframework.inl.gov
       3             : //*
       4             : //* All rights reserved, see COPYRIGHT for full restrictions
       5             : //* https://github.com/idaholab/moose/blob/master/COPYRIGHT
       6             : //*
       7             : //* Licensed under LGPL 2.1, please see LICENSE for details
       8             : //* https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-2.1.html
       9             : 
      10             : #include "WCNSFV2PInterfaceAreaSourceSink.h"
      11             : #include "NS.h"
      12             : #include "NonlinearSystemBase.h"
      13             : #include "NavierStokesMethods.h"
      14             : 
      15             : registerMooseObject("NavierStokesApp", WCNSFV2PInterfaceAreaSourceSink);
      16             : 
      17             : InputParameters
      18          57 : WCNSFV2PInterfaceAreaSourceSink::validParams()
      19             : {
      20          57 :   InputParameters params = FVElementalKernel::validParams();
      21          57 :   params.addClassDescription(
      22             :       "Source and sink of interfacial area for two-phase flow mixture model.");
      23         114 :   params.addRequiredParam<MooseFunctorName>("u", "The velocity in the x direction.");
      24         114 :   params.addParam<MooseFunctorName>("v", "The velocity in the y direction.");
      25         114 :   params.addParam<MooseFunctorName>("w", "The velocity in the z direction.");
      26             : 
      27         114 :   params.addParam<MooseFunctorName>("L", 1.0, "The characteristic dissipation length.");
      28          57 :   params.addRequiredParam<MooseFunctorName>(NS::density, "Continuous phase density.");
      29         114 :   params.addRequiredParam<MooseFunctorName>(NS::density + std::string("_d"),
      30             :                                             "Dispersed phase density.");
      31          57 :   params.addRequiredParam<MooseFunctorName>(NS::pressure, "Continuous phase density.");
      32         114 :   params.addParam<MooseFunctorName>(
      33         114 :       "k_c", 0.0, "Mass exchange coefficients from continous to dispersed phases.");
      34         114 :   params.addParam<MooseFunctorName>("fd", 0.0, "Fraction dispersed phase.");
      35         114 :   params.addParam<Real>("fd_max", 1.0, "Maximum dispersed phase fraction.");
      36             : 
      37         114 :   params.addParam<MooseFunctorName>("sigma", 1.0, "Surface tension between phases.");
      38         114 :   params.addParam<MooseFunctorName>("particle_diameter", 1.0, "Maximum particle diameter.");
      39             : 
      40         114 :   params.addParam<Real>("cutoff_fraction",
      41         114 :                         0.1,
      42             :                         "Void fraction at which the interface area density mass transfer model is "
      43             :                         "activated. Below this fraction, spherical bubbles are assumed.");
      44             : 
      45          57 :   params.set<unsigned short>("ghost_layers") = 2;
      46             : 
      47          57 :   return params;
      48           0 : }
      49             : 
      50          30 : WCNSFV2PInterfaceAreaSourceSink::WCNSFV2PInterfaceAreaSourceSink(const InputParameters & params)
      51             :   : FVElementalKernel(params),
      52          30 :     _dim(_subproblem.mesh().dimension()),
      53          60 :     _u_var(getFunctor<ADReal>("u")),
      54          90 :     _v_var(params.isParamValid("v") ? &(getFunctor<ADReal>("v")) : nullptr),
      55          30 :     _w_var(params.isParamValid("w") ? &(getFunctor<ADReal>("w")) : nullptr),
      56          60 :     _characheristic_length(getFunctor<ADReal>("L")),
      57          30 :     _rho_mixture(getFunctor<ADReal>(NS::density)),
      58          90 :     _rho_d(getFunctor<ADReal>(NS::density + std::string("_d"))),
      59          30 :     _pressure(getFunctor<ADReal>(NS::pressure)),
      60          60 :     _mass_exchange_coefficient(getFunctor<ADReal>("k_c")),
      61          60 :     _f_d(getFunctor<ADReal>("fd")),
      62          60 :     _f_d_max(getParam<Real>("fd_max")),
      63          60 :     _sigma(getFunctor<ADReal>("sigma")),
      64          60 :     _particle_diameter(getFunctor<ADReal>("particle_diameter")),
      65          90 :     _cutoff_fraction(getParam<Real>("cutoff_fraction"))
      66             : {
      67          30 :   if (_dim >= 2 && !_v_var)
      68           0 :     paramError("v", "In two or more dimensions, the v velocity must be supplied!");
      69             : 
      70          30 :   if (_dim >= 3 && !_w_var)
      71           0 :     paramError("w", "In three or more dimensions, the w velocity must be supplied!");
      72          30 : }
      73             : 
      74             : ADReal
      75       63100 : WCNSFV2PInterfaceAreaSourceSink::computeQpResidual()
      76             : {
      77             :   using std::max, std::pow, std::exp, std::sqrt;
      78             : 
      79             :   // Useful Arguments
      80       63100 :   const auto state = determineState();
      81       63100 :   const auto elem_arg = makeElemArg(_current_elem);
      82       63100 :   const bool is_transient = _subproblem.isTransient();
      83             : 
      84             :   // Current Variables
      85       63100 :   const auto u = _u_var(elem_arg, state);
      86       63100 :   const auto rho_d = _rho_d(elem_arg, state);
      87       63100 :   const auto rho_d_grad = _rho_d.gradient(elem_arg, state);
      88       63100 :   const auto xi = _var(elem_arg, state);
      89       63100 :   const auto rho_m = _rho_mixture(elem_arg, state);
      90       63100 :   const auto f_d = _f_d(elem_arg, state);
      91       63100 :   const auto sigma = _sigma(elem_arg, state);
      92       63100 :   const auto rho_l = (rho_m - f_d * rho_d) / (1.0 - f_d + libMesh::TOLERANCE);
      93      126200 :   const auto complement_fd = max(_f_d_max - f_d, libMesh::TOLERANCE);
      94       63100 :   const auto f_d_o_xi = f_d / (_var(elem_arg, state) + libMesh::TOLERANCE) + libMesh::TOLERANCE;
      95             :   const auto f_d_o_xi_old =
      96      126200 :       f_d / (raw_value(_var(elem_arg, state)) + libMesh::TOLERANCE) + libMesh::TOLERANCE;
      97             : 
      98             :   // Adding bubble compressibility term
      99             :   ADReal material_time_derivative_rho_d = u * rho_d_grad(0);
     100       63100 :   if (_dim > 1)
     101             :   {
     102      126200 :     material_time_derivative_rho_d += (*_v_var)(elem_arg, state) * rho_d_grad(1);
     103       63100 :     if (_dim > 2)
     104             :     {
     105           0 :       material_time_derivative_rho_d += (*_w_var)(elem_arg, state) * rho_d_grad(2);
     106             :     }
     107             :   }
     108       63100 :   if (is_transient)
     109             :     material_time_derivative_rho_d +=
     110       90200 :         raw_value(_rho_d(elem_arg, state) - _rho_d(elem_arg, Moose::oldState())) / _dt;
     111      126200 :   const auto bubble_compressibility = material_time_derivative_rho_d * xi / 3.0;
     112             : 
     113             :   // Adding area growth due to added mass
     114             :   ADReal bubble_added_mass;
     115       63100 :   if (f_d < _cutoff_fraction)
     116           0 :     bubble_added_mass = raw_value(_rho_d(elem_arg, state)) *
     117           0 :                         (f_d * 6.0 / _particle_diameter(elem_arg, state) - _var(elem_arg, state));
     118             :   else
     119       63100 :     bubble_added_mass = 2. / 3. * _mass_exchange_coefficient(elem_arg, state) *
     120      126200 :                         (1.0 / (f_d + libMesh::TOLERANCE) - 2.0);
     121             : 
     122             :   // Model parameters
     123       63100 :   const auto db = _shape_factor * f_d_o_xi_old + libMesh::TOLERANCE;
     124             : 
     125      126200 :   ADRealVectorValue velocity(u);
     126       63100 :   if (_v_var)
     127       63100 :     velocity(1) = (*_v_var)(elem_arg, state);
     128       63100 :   if (_w_var)
     129           0 :     velocity(2) = (*_w_var)(elem_arg, state);
     130             : 
     131       63100 :   const ADReal velocity_norm = NS::computeSpeed<ADReal>(velocity);
     132      126200 :   const auto pressure_gradient = raw_value(_pressure.gradient(elem_arg, state));
     133             :   const Real pressure_grad_norm =
     134       63100 :       MooseUtils::isZero(pressure_gradient) ? 1e-42 : pressure_gradient.norm();
     135             : 
     136             :   const auto u_eps =
     137      126200 :       pow(velocity_norm * _characheristic_length(elem_arg, state) * pressure_grad_norm / rho_m,
     138      126200 :           1. / 3.);
     139             : 
     140             :   const auto interaction_prefactor =
     141      126200 :       Utility::pow<2>(f_d_o_xi) * u_eps / (pow(db, 11. / 3.) / complement_fd);
     142             : 
     143             :   // Adding coalescence term
     144       63100 :   const auto f_c = interaction_prefactor * _gamma_c * Utility::pow<2>(f_d);
     145      126200 :   const auto exp_c = exp(-_Kc * pow(db, 5. / 6.) * sqrt(rho_l / sigma) * u_eps);
     146             :   const auto s_rc = f_c * exp_c;
     147             : 
     148             :   // Adding breakage term
     149      126200 :   const auto f_b = interaction_prefactor * _gamma_b * f_d * (1. - f_d);
     150      189300 :   const auto exp_b = exp(-_Kb * sigma / (rho_l * pow(db, 5. / 3.) * Utility::pow<2>(u_eps)));
     151             :   const auto s_rb = f_b * exp_b;
     152             : 
     153      126200 :   return -bubble_added_mass + bubble_compressibility + s_rc - s_rb;
     154             : }